Movement Of Zone Research Articles

Decreasing summer monsoon precipitation during the Mid-Pleistocene transition revealed by a pollen record from lacustrine deposits of the Northeast Plain of China

The Mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT) was characterized not only by the transition of ice volume periodicities from 40 kyr to 100 kyr, but also by major changes in high latitude ice sheets, global sea level and CO2 / ocean carbon storage after ∼900 ka, which had a major influence on the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). However, there are different views regarding the trend of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation during the MPT and its driving mechanism. Together with published paleomagnetic and 26Al/10Be isotopic chronologies, we used pollen analysis of the lacustrine sediments of a drill core to reconstruct the vegetation history of the Northeast Plain of China. The results demonstrate a pattern of vegetation succession from coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest dominated by Pinus to woodland-steppe during the MPT, indicating a change from a semi-humid to a semi-arid climate. Palynological records from the Liaodong Peninsula, North China Plain, and the Tibetan Plateau also indicate a drying climate during the MPT, which was related to the decreasing trend of EASM precipitation. We suggest that falling global sea level caused by the expansion of high-latitude ice sheets, and the resulting the exposure of continental shelves and the increased transport distance of oceanic water vapor to the continental interior, was the main cause of the reduction in EASM precipitation. The weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the southward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the tropical Pacific may have been additional causes of the decrease in EASM precipitation.

Effect of swirler vane angle on the combustion characteristics of premixed lean hydrogen-air mixture in a swirl micro-combustor

This study analyses the influence of swirler vane angle (β) on the combustion characteristics of premixed lean hydrogen-air flame in a swirl micro-combustor via numerical simulations. The results show that lower flammability limit (LFL) under β = 15° is larger than that of β = 0°; and β = 30°, 45° and 60° have very little difference in the LFL, and their LFL are smaller than that of β = 0° Flame anchoring mainly depends on the corner recirculation zone (CRZ) when β is 0° and 15°, and when β exceeds 30°, flame anchoring is chiefly determined by the inner recirculation zone (IRZ). The flame stabilization ability of IRZ is stronger than that of CRZ, but excessive swirling intensity will increase the length of IRZ, which in turn results in a decrease in stabilization ability. Increasing β improves outer wall temperature when inlet velocity is relatively small. Under a larger inlet velocity, an enormous β reduces combustor thermal performance and combustion efficiency due to the downstream movement of flame root and reaction zone. This work helps us to better understand the swirling flame characteristics in micro-combustor and provides guidance for the design and optimization of swirl micro-combustor.

Teacher and Emergent Bilingual Student Read-Aloud Mediations

We explored (a) emergent bilingual students’ talk-turns during read-alouds, (b) how earlier talk-turns were related to later talk-turns, and (c) how talk-turns varied across more versus less culturally relevant books. One teacher and her four students’ read-alouds across two sessions each were video-recorded and transcribed. Emergent coding was used to identify talk-turn codes. Codes were categorized using Zone Theory constructs (Zone of Free Movement, Zone of Promoted Action, Zone of Proximal Development, Zone of Actual Development). Statistical discourse analysis showed that several Zone of Free Movement mediations (book/lesson/off-task) predicted comprehension talk-turns (developed connections/comparisons/contrasts). Zone of Promoted Action mediations predicted subsequent talk-turns: (a) reiteration/modeling were related to children expressing developed factual knowledge, (b) clarification/extension were related to children expressing developed opinions, (c) clarification/agreement were related to children expressing developed inferences, and (d) 11 talk-turns supported children expressing vocabulary knowledge.

A two-species distribution model for parapatric newts, with inferences on their history of spatial replacement

AbstractRelated species often engage in abutting or overlapping contact zones with various strengths of interspecific competition. Biotic interactions such as these preclude the registration of the full profile of environmental variables that would describe the otherwise larger species ranges. Here, I advocate to forego full range species distribution modelling and instead focus on the ecography of the contact zone, for example with ‘two-species distribution models’ (TSDMs), in which presence data are contrasted against the background of environmental data. The newts Triturus cristatus and Triturus marmoratus meet in the west of France. A countrywide TSDM suggests that the contact zone of the species is located at a climatic gradient, in line with their north-eastern vs. south-western ranges. The species are also ecologically segregated by elevation and forestation, which is in line with a documented movement of the contact zone caused by hedgerow removal in lowland areas. Hindcasts for the Holocene suggest that the species contact zone was positioned at either the same place as at present or more to the south, depending on the amount of forestation. A forecast under climate warming predicts a fast movement to the north, but this scenario is deemed unrealistic. One reason is that recent habitat loss compromises dispersal and range expansion. Other species pairs to which TSDMs have been applied are listed for comparison.

Limited movement of an avian hybrid zone in relation to regional variation in magnitude of climate change.

Studies of natural hybrid zones can provide documentation of range shifts in response to climate change and identify loci important to reproductive isolation. Using a temporal (36-38 years) comparison of the black-capped (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina (P. carolinensis) chickadee hybrid zone, we investigated movement of the western portion of the zone (western Missouri) and assessed whether loci and pathways underpinning reproductive isolation were similar to those in the eastern portion of the hybrid zone. Using 92 birds sampled along the hybrid zone transect in 2016 and 68 birds sampled between 1978 and 1980, we generated 11,669 SNPs via ddRADseq. These SNPs were used to assess movement of the hybrid zone through time and to evaluate variation in introgression among loci. We demonstrate that the interface has moved ~5km to the northwest over the last 36-38 years, that is, at only one-fifth the rate at which the eastern portion (e.g., Pennsylvania, Ohio) of the hybrid zone has moved. Temperature trends over the last 38 years reveal that eastern areas have warmed 50% more than western areas in terms of annual mean temperature, possibly providing an explanation for the slower movement of the hybrid zone in Missouri. Our results suggest hybrid zone movement in broadly distributed species, such as chickadees, will vary between areas in response to local differences in the impacts of climate change.

Spatially diverse hydroclimatic response to the 4.2 ka event in the Asian monsoon region

The 4.2 ka event was a widespread abrupt cooling event in the Northern Hemisphere. However, there was a spatially inconsistent hydroclimatic response to the 4.2 ka event in the Asian monsoon region. To further characterize and to determine the origin of this phenomenon, we present a pollen record spanning the interval from 10.7 ka to the present from a subalpine lake in the Hengduan Mountains, southwestern China, which are climatically influenced by the Indian monsoon; and we then reconstruct the spatial pattern of the hydroclimatic response to the 4.2 ka event across the Asian monsoon region, based on a synthesis of our own and previously published data. The results reveal the following. (i) During the interval of 4.5–3.9 ka (spanning the 4.2 ka event) in the subtropical mountains there were abrupt decreases in evergreen broadleaved trees, including evergreen Quercus, Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis. (ii) The hydroclimatic response to the 4.2 ka event across the Asian monsoon region was characterized by a tripolar precipitation pattern, with decreased rainfall over India and southwestern and northern China, and increased rainfall over central China. Therefore, we conclude that the hydroclimatic response to the 4.2 ka event in the Asian monsoon region was spatially heterogenous, which we argue was related to the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). During the interval of 4.5–3.9 ka, cooling at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, caused by AMOC weakening, led to the southward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which resulted in decreased rainfall over most of the Asian monsoon region. The wet conditions in central China may have been modulated by the southward movement of the westerlies, which was also caused by the cooling at northern high latitudes. The southward displacement of the westerlies restricted the northward penetration of the monsoonal air flow, and thus the monsoon rainbelt stagnated over central China, where there was a corresponding increase in precipitation.

Experimental research on the stability margin of a variable geometry scramjet combustor in wide flight conditions

In this paper, aiming at the situation that when fixed geometry combustors are operating for extended periods under off-design performance characterization conditions, the high thrust cannot be provided during acceleration, a variable geometry scramjet combustor is designed and studied. The experimental study was carried out by the method of interval matching under the combined flight conditions of Mach 2.0/4.0/6.0 and equivalence ratios of 0.6/0.8/1.0/1.2. In this process, the ability of the variable geometry combustor that could continuously regulate the expansion ratio from 1.4 to 3.4 was used for optimum performance. The performance could be effectively optimized by matching the expansion ratio and combustor working conditions. The combustor stability margin δ was used to divide the high-performance region, low-performance region, and instability region under limited working conditions, by which the trend of regulation under the acceleration-cruise process was obtained. Increasing the operating Mach number in the matching intervals of the equivalence ratio to the expansion ratio promoted the movement of the main heat release zone and the increase in the peak pressure ratio. The regulating paths and performance boundary of the variable geometry combustor in a wide flight domain were obtained from a large amount of steady-state/dynamic experimental data.

A multi-model fitting algorithm for extracting a fracture network from microseismic data

Fractures are increasingly employed in tectonic movement and earthquake risk analyses. Because fracture connectivity influences fluid flow pathways and flow rates, fractures are studied to evaluate sites for CO2 sequestration, radioactive waste storage and disposal, petroleum production, and geothermal energy applications. Discrete fracture networks are an effective method for imaging fractures in three-dimensional geometric models and for analyzing the fluid behavior that cause movements in fracture zones. Microseismic event monitoring data can be used to analyze the event source mechanisms and the geometry, distribution, and orientation of the fractures generated during the event. This study proposes a method for simultaneously imaging multi-fracture networks using microseismic monitoring data. The random sample consensus and propose, expand, and re-estimate labels algorithms commonly used in multi-model fitting were integrated to produce an upgraded method that accommodates geophysical data for faster and more accurate simultaneous multi-fracture model imaging within a point cloud. The accuracy of the method was improved using circular calculation and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise, such that the estimated fracture orientations correspond well to those at the actual locations. The proposed algorithm was applied to synthetic data to assess the impact of considering orientation and outlier data on the model results. The errors in the results when considering orientation were 1.32% and 0.83% for the strike and dip angles, respectively, and those without considering were 20.23% and 24.63% respectively. In addition, the errors in the results obtained from data containing many outliers were 1.89% and 1.64% for the strike and dip angles, respectively. Field microseismic data were also used to depict fractures representing the dominant orientation, and the errors of the strike and dip angle estimates were 2.89% and 2.83%, respectively. These results demonstrate the suitability of the algorithm for fast and accurate field data modeling.

Обоснование регулирования расхода дождевальных аппаратов широкозахватных машин кругового действия

The article discusses the issues of substantiating the reliability of the movement of wide-reach circular sprinkler machines on elevated slopes by eliminating surface runoff in the movement zone of their running systems, especially in the end part, by equipping sprinkler machines with advanced membrane-type flow regulators. Laboratory studies have determined that the accuracy of regulation by the im-proved regulator is within the same limits as for its serial model, and is ± 5%. It has been found that the regulation of the flow rate of sprinklers in the end part of the DM on a sloping surface increases the value of the bearing capacity of the soil, from 40-50 to 80-90 kPa, or that at a specific pressure of running systems, on average, about 85 kPa, provides sufficient permeability

Magnetic field deflection in a 100 W Hall thruster with permanent magnets

The compact structure restrains the application of magnetic shielding in low-power Hall thrusters (LpHTs), leading to an asymmetric magnetic field or partial magnetic shielding of the channel wall. This study employs a trim coil to implement an asymmetric magnetic configuration in a 100 W laboratory Hall thruster. The locations of the maximum curvature of magnetic lines are deflected toward the inner and outer channel wall corresponding to the inward and outward deflected magnetic field configurations. Effects of the magnetic field deflection on the position of the ionization zone, efficiency of the thruster, discharge oscillations, and wall erosion are studied. Optical imaging and electrostatic probes are employed to monitor and scan the plasma beam. Experimental results show that the outward deflection induces a change in the magnetic mirror effect and alters the location of the ionization zone. The radial movement of the ionization zone away from the inner channel wall decreases the near-wall conductivity, reducing the electron current by 13.5% and promoting the current efficiency. Discharge oscillations are suppressed, and the propellant utilization efficiency is improved by 8.2%. Erosion of the channel wall shows an improvement of 40%. Generally, an outward deflected magnetic configuration can significantly improve the performance of LpHTs.

Respective and Combined Impacts of North Indian Ocean and Tropical North Atlantic SST Anomalies on the Subseasonal Evolution of Anomalous Western North Pacific Anticyclones

Abstract The subseasonal variation of the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) has important implications for East Asian summer monsoon variability. How the WNPAC evolves on the subseasonal time scale under the different configurations of tropical North Atlantic (TNA) Ocean and north Indian Ocean (NIO) SST warming is elucidated in this study. The WNPAC forced by individual TNA SST warming shows an obvious subseasonal variation with a stepwise northward movement. In contrast, the WNPAC forced by individual NIO SST warming shows a weak subseasonal variation, being nearly stabilized at around 20°N from June to August and thereby causing long-lasting and intense positive mei-yu–baiu–changma rainfall anomalies. The physical mechanism for the different subseasonal variation of WNPAC is further investigated. The TNA SST warming generates a WNPAC via a Rossby wave–induced divergence/convergence chain response. In this process, the TNA SST warming-induced suppressed convection over the western Pacific moves northward with the northward movement of climatological intertropical convergence zone and summer monsoon region, which generates a northward shift of the WNPAC. However, the NIO SST warming produces a WNPAC via a Kelvin wave–induced suppressed convection over the western Pacific Ocean. This suppressed convection is stabilized at around 20°N because of the Kelvin wave activity scope being limited within 20°N, which finally produces a nearly stationary WNPAC from June to August. In addition, under the simultaneous occurrence of the TNA and NIO SST warming, the subseasonal variation of WNPAC bears a resemblance to that for the individual NIO SST warming condition, where the TNA SST warming fails to exert its impact.

Evaporation, infiltration and storage of soil water in different vegetation zones in the Qilian Mountains: a stable isotope perspective

Abstract. The processes of water storage have not been fully understood in different vegetation zones of mountainous areas, which is the main obstacle to further understanding hydrological processes and improving water resource assessments. To further understand the process of soil water movement in different vegetation zones (alpine meadow (AM), coniferous forest (CF), mountain grassland (MG) and deciduous forest (DF)) of mountainous areas, this study monitored the temporal and spatial dynamics of hydrogen- and oxygen-stable isotopes in the precipitation and soil water of the Xiying River basin. The results show that the order of soil water evaporation intensities in the four vegetation zones was MG (SWLslop: 3.4) > DF (SWLslop: 4.1) > CF (SWLslop: 4.7) > AM (SWLslop: 6.4). The soil water in the AM and CF evaporated from only the topsoil, and the rainfall input was fully mixed with each layer of soil. The evaporation signals of the MG and DF could penetrate deep into the middle and lower layers of the soil as precipitation quickly flowed into the deep soil through the soil matrix. Each vegetation zone's water storage capacity of the 0–40 cm soil layer followed the order of AM (46.9 mm) > DF (33.0 mm) > CF (32.1 mm) > MG (20.3 mm). In addition, the 0–10 cm soil layer has the smallest soil water storage capacity (AM: 43.0 mm; CF: 28.0 mm; MG: 17.5 mm; DF: 29.1 mm). This work will provide a new reference for understanding soil hydrology in arid headwater areas.

Near wall effects on the premixed head-on hydrogen/air flame

The paper focuses on laminar and turbulent premixed head-on hydrogen/air flames interacting with inert, non-reacting walls. Both adiabatic and isothermal (450K) walls are considered in a counterflow-like, statistically stationary configuration. In the laminar condition, the flame-wall distance and isothermal-wall heat flux are studied under different strain rates. In the turbulent condition, interactions between turbulent, thermal and chemical effects are analyzed via direct numerical simulations. Influences on the flame dynamics due to near wall effects are characterized by conditional statistics on the flame fronts, such as the flame front temperature, thickness and the heat release rate. Compared with the single-step chemistry results, the detailed chemical reaction mechanism brings new and more complicated physics. Because of the differential diffusion between heat and mass, the flame front topology associated with major species changes with the wall boundaries. Accounting for contributions from various reacting species, a newly defined mean flame displacement speed has been proposed to quantify the movement of the turbulent flame zone. Interestingly, the wall heat flux model developed from the single-step chemistry remains applicable even for the detailed chemistry case with good predictability for both laminar and turbulent flames.

Analysis of Movements and Behavior of Bighead Carps (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) Considering Fish Passage Energetics in an Experimental Vertical Slot Fishway.

Simple SummaryHydraulic structures have modified the natural waterways, and they have inevitably blocked fish migration routes and reduced fish habitat. To mitigate the impact on fish, fish passages have been developed as an effective way to restore riverine connectivity. The design of fish passage facilities refers to both hydrodynamics and fish behavior, and the information on the energetic expenditure of fish can be used to identify movement zones that are suitable for fish migration. Thus, this paper intended to identify fish movement behavior in response to water flow field information by means of estimating the energetic expenditure using an IBM approach. The results demonstrated that the fish required more energy in high TKE zones, and they were therefore likely to utilize the low TKE zones. This study provides a reference for optimizing the design of fish passages, and the method can be applied to assess the efficiency of fish passages and other fish bypass structures.An understanding of fish movement behavior in response to flow field variables is important for exploring the hydrodynamic strategies of fish in fish passages. In this paper, bighead carps were taken as an example. The fish movement behavior response to water flow field information by means of estimating the energetic expenditure using an IBM approach in an experimental fishway was investigated. Fish swimming velocity, drag force, and energy expenditure were analyzed in varied flow conditions related to hydraulic variables, including velocity (V), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and strain rate (SR). The result indicated that the fish will require more energy in high TKE zones. This study provides a reference for optimizing the design of fish passages and fisheries management. This method can be applied to assess the efficiency of fish bypass structures and conduct fish survival studies.

Оценка влияния температурных условий на естественную вентиляцию глубоких карьеров Арктической зоны

The Arctic zone of Russia is a territory where such minerals as gold and other precious metals are concentrated. Most often, the development of such deposits is carried out by an open method. The conditions hindering its use should be considered: the depth of distribution of permafrost and significant amplitude of changes in atmospheric air temperature during the year, month and day. The consequence of the alternation in depth of temperature zones may be the formation of recirculation zones in which harmful substances accumulate. Purpose of work. Study of the formation of velocity and temperature fields in a quarry under natural ventilation, taking into account the complex dynamics of atmospheric air temperature. Research methods. Systematization, generalization and analysis of theoretical and experimental studies in this area, including those carried out at the considered fields. Analysis of the results of mathematical modeling of aerodynamic processes in a quarry. Results. It is noted that to assess the peculiarities of formation of the mine atmosphere parameters it is sufficient to carry out only mathematical modeling of aerodynamic processes allowing to define the conditions of temperature inversions formation and dimensions of recirculation zones being potentially dangerous for accumulation of pollutants. The methodology of aerodynamic processes modeling taking into account the geometry of the pit space, temperature gradient, speed and direction of the wind flow is proposed. It is shown that at positive and negative temperature differences for the two investigated air media the development of recirculation movement zones of air masses that assure the accumulation of pollutants which in turn leads to reduced efficiency of natural ventilation in the pit, is characteristic. The conclusion has been made on the necessity to apply additional engineering measures during the period of inversion formation with negative temperature gradient in order to normalize the pit air parameters.

Мониторинг приземного озона в природном заповеднике «Карадагский» в период 2017–2021 гг.

The background environmental monitoring station in the Karadag Nature Reserve is the only point for routine measurements (since 2010) of surface ozone on the Black Sea coast of the Russian Federation. Surface ozone observations at the station over the past five years are discussed. An insignificant interannual variability of surface ozone is shown as compared to the previous years. Seasonal and diurnal variations in surface ozone averaged over the period of 2017–2021 generally coincide with the previous period and are comparable with the typical variations at foreign Mediterranean stations. The surface ozone regime at the analyzed station is characterized by an insignificant diurnal amplitude: it is about 5 μg/m3 in winter and increases by almost 3–4 times in the warm season. However, due to increased nighttime ozone, it remains significantly smaller than at lowland stations. In the dark time of the day, surface ozone is 50–55 µg/m3 in winter and autumn and about 70 µg/m3 in spring and summer. The surface ozone regime is significantly affected by the breeze circulation and, at night, by slope winds providing the influx of ozone from the free troposphere. At the background monitoring station, surface ozone values approaching the maximum single permissible concentration of ozone (MPCm.s.) are occasionally recorded. In spring, such events are associated with the movement of the upper-level frontal zone over the region. The registered cases of exceeding MPCm.s. were observed in the plumes of air polluted in remote areas and spreading to Crimea. Keywords: surface ozone, Karadag Nature Reserve, seasonal and diurnal variation, maximum permissible concentration of ozone

Seasonal variation of atmospheric total gaseous mercury and urban air quality in South India

<p>This study analyses seasonal and regular variations in ambient atmospheric concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM), ancillary air pollutant concentrations, and their relationship to weather conditions of a megacity environment in India. Further, to correlate with TGM concentrations at different megacities all around the urbanized environments in the world. The average concentration for TGM was 4.66 ± 8.35 ng/m3 and with an absorptions range of 0.41∼540 ng/m3 throughout the study period. The maximum concentration of total gaseous mercury was observed at 5.64 ng/m3 during the winter, while the minimum concentration was 3.91 ng/m3 during the southwest monsoon. The multivariate statistical analysis indicates the TGM values interacted positively with SR, WD, BP, CO, PM2.5, NO2, NOx and negatively with SO2, relative humidity, wind speed, and temperature. Meteorological parameters have an essential influence on the transport and distribution of pollutants in the monitoring site due to its location, local sources, and anthropogenic activities. Wind across India belongs to the southern hemisphere in summer and to the northern hemisphere in winter due to the movement of the intertropical convergence zone. Limited studies of atmospheric mercury concentrations have been conducted in India's city environments; however, as far as our results are concerned, they are the essentials, which exposed about environmental aggregate vaporous mercury detected in a required industrialized and coastal metropolitan zone in India.</p>

Variation in humidity and the forcing mechanism in Asian monsoon-influenced regions indicated by hematite/goethite from Baxian Lake, southern China, since AD 800

Understanding the potential mechanisms driving the precipitation pattern in the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) area is significant to reconstructing the environmental and hydrological conditions over the past 2000 years. However, robust and consistent conclusions have been hampered by the complex processes controlling the dynamics and diverse interconnected linkage of the Asian monsoon. Here, we present a reconstruction of variations in humidity since AD 800, based on the ratio of hematite to goethite (Hem/Goe) and other magnetic parameters in the sediments of Baxian Lake, southern China. The record indicates that a dramatic transition from dry to humid climate occurred during AD 800–950 and then returned to extreme drought during the second half of the Medieval Warm Period. The fluctuations between a relatively wet climate and weak drought were also demonstrated during the Little Ice Age (AD 1450–1800). Climate-influenced vegetation coverage may influence the flux of weathered detrital magnetic minerals in sediments, as it hinders the input of coarser detritus into Baxian Lake. The magnetic minerals in the sediments were not significantly altered during the post-depositional processes. Additionally, the Hem/Goe record indicates that an opposite precipitation pattern occurred in southern China when compared with precipitation records in northern China and India. We ascribe this result to the superimposition of land-ocean-atmosphere dynamics on the traditional model of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) movement forced by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This is significant for enhancing our understanding of the relationship among the continent-ocean thermal gradient, ASM variation, ITCZ movement, El Niño Southern Oscillation-like events, and extreme climates in areas influenced by the ASM.

Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Characteristics of the Hot Springs in the Litang Fault Zone, Southeast Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Based on the observation of the geochemical characteristics of 19 hot springs in the Litang Fault Zone (LFZ) from 2010 to 2019, the major elements, trace elements, and stable isotopes were investigated, and a conceptual model of ground fluid circulation in the LFZ was established. The main hydrochemical type of hot spring water samples is HCO3−-Na+. The δ2H values range from −157.6‰ to −123.4‰ and δ18O values range from −24.5‰ to −15.4‰. The hot spring water in the Litang fault zone is mainly recharged by infiltrating precipitation, with a recharge elevation of 4062~6018 m. Hydrochemical types of Litang hot springs are mainly controlled by the circulation of groundwater in a deep fault system, and are related to the rock lithology of thermal reservoir and water–rock reaction areas. Hot springs in the Litang fault zone attribute to three different heat sources, belonging to three geothermal systems. The flow direction of groundwater in the LFZ is roughly from northwest to southeast along the Litang fault. The deeper the circulation depth of hot spring water on the fault, the higher the thermal reservoir temperature and the stronger the seismic activity of the segment, which is closely related to the increase in pore fluid pressure, rock weakening, and deep fluid upwelling. This study is helpful for further study on regional hydrogeological environments and provides a scientific basis for revealing geothermal fluid movement in fault zones.

Characterizing the Thermal Demands and Mobility Performance During International Wheelchair Rugby Competition.

ObjectiveTo determine the thermoregulatory responses and mobility performance of wheelchair rugby (WCR) players during international competition.MethodsEleven male National Team WCR players volunteered for the study. Testing occurred during a four game series against international competition (temp 24.7 ± 0.7°C, relative humidity 50.1 ± 3.6%), with movement time (MT) and gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi) recorded continuously.ResultsThe mean maximal Tgi was 38.6 ± 0.6°C (37.9–39.7) and did not significantly differ among Low-Class, Mid-Class, and High-Class athletes (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was a strong and significant relationship between minutes (min) played per quarter of the game and change in Tgi (r = 0.36, p = 0.01). Athletes moved a total of 27:43 ± 9:40 min:seconds (s), spent a total of 15:02 ± 8.23 min:s in Zone 1 (53.5%), 8:19 ± 3:20 min:s in Zone 2 (31.7%), and 5:59 ± 1:51 min:s in Zone 3 (21.3%). There were no differences among classification in total movement time (p = 0.169) or for speed in Zone 1, Zone 2, or Zone 3 (p > 0.05). The relationship between peak forward speed and total movement time was strong (p = 0.021, r = 0.68).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that the time spent in absolute movement zones is not classification dependent, the change in core temperature is related to movement time per quarter. Furthermore, peak speeds obtained on-court were linked to overall movement time which suggests athletes should warm-up before going on court.