Movement Tactics Research Articles

A Fight of Gender Equality: Our Suffragist Role Models

This paper examines the legacy of Canadian suffragists in the realm of women’s political representation by analyzing some of their successes and failures and the methods in which they used to arrive at those results. Feminist movements and the fight for equality and systemic change are only increasing and becoming more widely participated in as time moves forward, making it of utmost importance to acknowledge our foundational change-makers and to pull lessons from their methods and attempt to apply them to modern-day movement tactics. Using work from various notable authors, such as Carol Bacchi, Erin Steuter and Sue Findlay, this paper follows the suffragists’ path to enfranchisement (the right to vote) and develops bridges between historical and modern feminist calls to action. While it is noted that our time periods are vastly different, many basic elements can be examined, and it is shown that these bridges are crucial to learning how to navigate current and future fights for change with the desired success.

Friend or Foe: How Social Movement Tactics Impact Firm Innovation

We investigate the impact social movements have on firm-level innovation through private politics. We distinguish between contentious private politics, or contentious targeting of firms by activists, and cooperative private politics, when activists engage firms in formal collaborations. Combining insights from behavioral theory and social movement theory, we theorize that both contentious and cooperative private politics impact innovation but in different ways. Contentious private politics is a more effective catalyst for innovation quantity because it threatens material or symbolic damage, and in so doing, promotes risk-taking by decision makers. In comparison, cooperative private politics which triggers gain framing of problems leads to less innovation overall, but by providing firms access to new knowledge and triggering distant search, is more effective at driving novel innovations. We test our arguments in a matched sample of firms contentiously targeted, and with activist collaborations, on climate change issues, and firms that were not targets of private politics on those issues but had otherwise similar environmental performance and relationships with climate change and other environmental movements. We find contentiously targeted firms increase the number of patents on the issue advocated by the movement by 7% the following year, while firms that collaborate with activists have 12% greater novel patents. Our study contributes to stakeholder perspectives on innovation by theorizing how social movements catalyze firm-level innovation. To research on movements and markets, this study offers the first comparative analysis of the impacts of contentious and cooperative private politics on firm outcomes.

Migration distance and maternal resource allocation determine timing of birth in a large herbivore.

Birth timing is a key life‐history characteristic that influences fitness and population performance. For migratory animals, however, appropriately timing birth on one seasonal range may be constrained by events occurring during other parts of the migratory cycle. We investigated how the use of capital and income resources may facilitate flexibility in reproductive phenology of migratory mule deer in western Wyoming, USA, over a 5‐yr period (2015–2019). Specifically, we examined how seasonal interactions affected three interrelated life‐history characteristics: fetal development, birth mass, and birth timing. Females in good nutritional condition at the onset of winter and those that migrated short distances had more developed fetuses (measured as fetal eye diameter in March). Variation in parturition date was explained largely by fetal development; however, there were up to 16 d of plasticity in expected birth date. Plasticity in expected birth date was shaped by income resources in the form of exposure to spring green‐up. Although individuals that experienced greater exposure to spring green‐up were able to advance expected birth date, being born early or late with respect to fetal development had no effect on birth mass of offspring. Furthermore, we investigated the trade‐offs migrating mule deer face by evaluating support for existing theory that predicts that births should be matched to local peaks in resource availability at the birth site. In contrast to this prediction, only long‐distance migrants that paced migration with the flush of spring green‐up, giving birth shortly after ending migration, were able to match birth with spring green‐up. Shorter‐distance migrants completed migration sooner and gave birth earlier, seemingly trading off more time for offspring to grow and develop over greater access to resources. Thus, movement tactic had profound downstream effects on birth timing. These findings highlight a need to reconsider classical theory on optimal birth timing, which has focused solely on conditions at the birth site.

Behavioural movement strategies in cyclic models

The spatial segregation of species is fundamental to ecosystem formation and stability. Behavioural strategies may determine where species are located and how their interactions change the local environment arrangement. In response to stimuli in the environment, individuals may move in a specific direction instead of walking randomly. This behaviour can be innate or learned from experience, and allow the individuals to conquer or the maintain territory, foraging or taking refuge. We study a generalisation of the spatial rock-paper-scissors model where individuals of one out of the species may perform directional movement tactics. Running a series of stochastic simulations, we investigate the effects of the behavioural tactics on the spatial pattern formation and the maintenance of the species diversity. We also explore a more realistic scenario, where not all individuals are conditioned to perform the behavioural strategy or have different levels of neighbourhood perception. Our outcomes show that self-preservation behaviour is more profitable in terms of territorial dominance, with the best result being achieved when all individuals are conditioned and have a long-range vicinity perception. On the other hand, invading is more advantageous if part of individuals is conditioned and if they have short-range neighbourhood perception. Finally, our findings reveal that the self-defence strategy is the least jeopardising to biodiversity which can help biologists to understand population dynamics in a setting where individuals may move strategically.

Political Terrorism in the Russian Empire in 1901-1911 and Its Role in the Historical Memory of Russia

The first outbreak of mass political terrorism in the 20th century took place in the Russian Empire, especially in the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. However, these events have not received proper attention in the historical memory of Russia and Europe and in the history of world terrorism. The author examines the factors enabling the continued existence of a huge “blank spot” in the memory of Russia and the world. The under-evaluation of the significance of terrorism in the first decade of the 20th century is closely connected with the under-evaluation of the First Russian Revolution as an independent revolution. In the Soviet Union, historians emphasized that the Revolution of 1905-1907 was “the dress rehearsal” for the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. In post-Soviet Russia, many historians and publicists consider the Revolution of 1905-1907 “the dress rehearsal” for the “Golgotha” of 1917. There is a strong tendency to idealize the autocracy and right-wing movements and to demonize socialists and liberals. Many solid monographs and articles about terrorism are now being published in Russia. However, we still do not have exhaustive investigations covering the entire period of terrorism between 1866 (attempted assassination of Tsar Alexander II on April 4, 1866 by the revolutionary D.V. Karakozov) and 1911, examining the ideologies and tactics of different parties and movements, the government’s policies on political crimes, the relationships of society, especially among different political movements, to terrorism, and the differences between terrorism and other types of mass violence such as mass protest movements of different strata of the population and criminal violence. Only through a painstaking and multi-sided analysis of the terrorist phenomenon in the European-wide historical context we can determine the place of terrorism in the historical memory of Russia and Europe.

Левые взгляды на либеральные протесты в России (рецензия на монографию Осина Р.С. «Левые силы и стихийный протест: история, уроки, современность, перспективы»)

This review is an analysis of the monograph of Roman Osin, candidate of philosophy, associate Professor of the Department of fundamental legal and social-humanitarian disciplines at synergy University "Left forces and spontaneous protest: history, lessons, modernity, prospects". The monograph examines the political and socio-class nature of the mass protests of 2011-2013 from the perspective of Marxist methodology and tactics of the Russian left movement in them. The monograph is of interest both from the point of view of studying the protest and left-wing movements of the early 2010s, and from the point of view of the methodology for understanding the phenomenon of "color" revolutions in General. The author analyzes the social composition of the protesters, their political views, as well as the political forces of the protest and their tactics based on the empirical material of sociological research, as well as personal experience of participating in the ongoing processes. Based on the study, R.S. Osin concludes that the protest was generally "petty-bourgeois" in nature and could not lead to fundamental changes in the basis of society. At the same time, from the author's point of view, this protest was an important milestone in the development of the politicization of Russian society and could not fail to be a useful experience for Russian citizens. Analyzing the tactics of the left forces, R.S. Osin notes as a disadvantage the political and ideological inconsistency of many left-wing organizations, which benefited the liberal protest forces or the authorities. From the point of view Of R.S. Osin, the most correct tactic was the tactics of those organizations that simultaneously opposed the liberal and state-Patriotic forces, which in practice means participating in protests with their own independent agenda. In conclusion, R.S. Osin expresses his own point of view on the need for fundamental changes in society, reveals the concept of social and political revolutions, and also States the thesis that only the organized labor movement and other layers of workers can change the system of industrial relations in the country. Despite the obvious ideological color of the work and the use of exclusively Marxist methodology as the research base, R.S. Osin's monograph is of scientific interest and can be used to study the modern protest and left-wing movement.

Meaning by Doing: The Making of Endurance Activism on the 1986 Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament

This article offers a consideration of physical activity within the contexts of social movement philosophies, decision making, strategies, and tactics through an examination of the 1986 Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament. Drawing from interviews with twenty activists on the Great Peace March, the author argues that physicality and endurance actions—literally, but also symbolically—signify particular meanings of movement for social movements, such as persistence, focus, and determination, to stretch sociopolitical limits and boundaries. Participants endeavor to accomplish difficult physical challenges and maintain the solidarity of their communities to analogize the coming into existence of equally extraordinary visions of social or political transformation. Physical and symbolic expressions of what the author terms “endurance activism” sustained the marchers’ vision of community and the survival of their organization. The article encourages sport historians to use a wider framework to interpret the links between physical activity, social activism, and oppositional movements.

Strikes, general assemblies and institutional insurgency: explaining the persistence of the Québec student movement

ABSTRACT Why have Québec student organizations resisted oligarchization, conservativism, complacency and demobilization since the late 1960’s? The Québec student movement has remained both radical and highly mobilized for over five decades, going on 10 unlimited student strikes and numerous other large-scale mobilizations since 1968, while the organizations which make up the movement have remained radical and non-oligarchical, maintaining similar organizational structures, beliefs and tactics since then. What explains the continuance of their radicalism and mobilization throughout this 50 plus year period? This paper explores the Québec student movements ability to circumvent the processes of oligarchization, conservativism and de-mobilization typically believed to affect social movement organizations as they age, grow and interact with government institutions. It will be argued that three major factors can explain this divergence. Firstly, the Québec student movements organization into large, highly funded, and ideologically radical student federations. Secondly, a unique legal context which protects and empowers student unions and thirdly their ideological subscription to ‘combative syndicalism’ and its embodiment through unique organizational structures: a weak executive system, holding general assemblies and the propensity to use the strike as a social movement tactic. All of this mitigates against the emergence of oligarchy, conservativism and demobilization while acting as abeyance structures helping the movement maintain its radicalism.

The Fight to Globalize Labor: Understanding the Role of Activists in the Spread of International Norms

International relations scholars have traditionally focused on state-centered accounts of international legal norm development between nations while sociolegal scholars have focused on Weberian notions of occupational authority. This study advances a constructivist sociolegal approach emphasizing activist action as playing a unique role in shaping international norms. Specifically, this study investigates labor activists' intervention in U.S. bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) to examine why labor activists chose to initiate FTA disputes as a social movement tactic and how strategic interaction with international legal systems has helped them institutionalize and proliferate the International Labor Organizations' core labor standards. Through semi-structured interviews with legal, union, and government officials, alongside a content analysis of cases filed under the U.S. FTA system, this study shows the role activists played in advancing “globalized” standards in international law. This study finds that activists spread norms through a gradual mechanism of accretion, which focuses on the creation of standards and international legal standing over the individual outcomes of any given case.

‘For us climate action never dies’: a legislative process analysis of environmental movement tactics in Oregon

ABSTRACT In this article, I discuss how environmental groups in Oregon have intervened in the legislative process in the last 5 years to advocate for climate policy. Methodologically, I draw on 76 interviews with Oregon legislators, state staff members, professional lobbyists, and environmental leaders, as well as participant observation and archival research. I describe how environmental groups work to influence policymaking by: (1) recruiting and positioning legislative champions on environmental committees, (2) building relationships with legislators and following the conventions of the arena (interactional decorum, incremental timeline), and (3) shoring up legislator’s commitments by framing climate policy as an ‘economic engine.’ I argue that relationships between environmental leaders and political elites are a key mechanism in the progression of the cap and invest bill through the legislative process and the development of the 2020 executive order on climate. However, subtle forms of polarization like bipartisan norms within unified governments remain a significant barrier to achieving policy goals on climate.

Lessons in Graphic Nonfiction: John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell'sMarchTrilogy and Civil Rights Pedagogy

Playing into the master narrative of the US civil rights movement, John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and Nate Powell'sMarchtrilogy negotiates not only the movement's tactics and achievements, but also its initial mediation through photography and television and its ongoing remediation. Taking the memoir's urge to teach as a starting point, this article assesses its didactic impulses and implications, combining a historiographic approach with an assessment of the narrative's visual construction. The article highlights the trilogy's potentials and shortcomings as an intervention into civil rights memory and outlines a metacritical pedagogy through whichMarchcan become potent classroom material.

Wave-like Patterns of Plant Phenology Determine Ungulate Movement Tactics

Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called "green-wave surfing" [3-5]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [7]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of green-up facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n= 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [8, 9]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [10], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.

The Creation of the Devil and the End of the White Man’s Rule: The Theological Influence of the Nation of Islam on Early Black Theology

This article examines the emergence of the Black Theology movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of the religiously diverse milieu of Black political movements during the same period. In particular, the theology of the Nation of Islam was widely understood by contemporary commentators as a major source of the confrontational rhetoric and tactics of the Black Power movement. Drawing upon the writings of the radical Black nationalist minister Albert B. Cleage, Jr., this article examines the importance of what Cleage termed the Nation of Islam’s “Black cultural mythology” in providing the possibility of a break in identification with white Christianity. In particular, it traces the influence of the Nation of Islam’s proclamation of God’s imminent apocalyptic destruction of white America on the theology of James H. Cone and Cleage. In doing so, this article argues for the importance of examining questions of racial and religious difference in American history alongside one another. It was precisely through creative appropriation of a non-Christian framework of biblical interpretation, rooted in faith in God’s complete identification with Black humanity and the consequent imminent judgment of white America, that early (Christian) Black Theologians were able to retain their Christian identity and sever its entanglement with white supremacy.

Annual Pronghorn Survival of a Partially Migratory Population

ABSTRACTThe importance of conserving migratory populations is recognized across a variety of ungulate taxa, yet the demographic benefits of migration remain uncertain for ungulate populations that exhibit partial migration. We hypothesized that migratory pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) would experience greater survival compared to residents by moving longer distances to avoid severe winter weather and access higher quality forage. We used a Bayesian time‐to‐event approach to analyze the fates of 175 radio‐collared adult female pronghorn monitored over 8 biological years (2004–2011) in the Northern Sagebrush Steppe ecosystem. Annual survivorship of migratory pronghorn was 7% higher on average compared to residents but not statistically different. Migratory pronghorn had higher survivorship in summer and winter compared to residents, and few mortalities were observed during the short autumn and spring migration periods. Mortality risk for both movement tactics intensified under more severe winter weather; winter weather severity alone best explained annual pronghorn mortality risk. The top model predicted survival rates to decline on average by 56% over the range of observed winter climatic conditions. To minimize human impacts to pronghorn during extreme climatic events, we recommend working with transportation departments and land managers to enhance pronghorn crossings of roads and railroads, and landholders to modify fences to wildlife‐friendly standards. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

The Ecology of Individual Differences Empirically Applied to Space-Use and Movement Tactics.

Movement provides a link between individual behavioral ecology and the spatial and temporal variation in an individual's landscape. Individual variation in movement traits is an important axis of animal personality, particularly in the context of foraging ecology. We tested whether individual caribou (Rangifer tarandus) displayed plasticity in movement and space-use behavior across a gradient of resource aggregation. We quantified first-passage time and range-use ratio as proxies for movement-related foraging behavior and examined how these traits varied at the individual level across a foraging resource gradient. Our results suggest that individuals adjusted first-passage time but not range-use ratio to maximize access to high-quality foraging resources. First-passage time was repeatable, and intercepts for first-passage time and range-use ratio were negatively correlated. Individuals matched first-passage time but not range-use ratio to the expectations of our patch-use model that maximized access to foraging resources, a result that suggests that individuals acclimated their movement patterns to accommodate both intra- and interannual variation in foraging resources on the landscape. Collectively, we highlight repeatable movement and space-use tactics and provide insight into how individual plasticity in movement interacts with landscape processes to affect the distribution of behavioral phenotypes and potentially fitness and population dynamics.

Professionals on the road to contention: Social movement unionism in healthcare labour disputes across Europe

The recent upsurge in healthcare labour disputes across Europe signals a shift in the attitude of public service professionals towards contentious politics. However, the analysis of these events so far has neglected the specific dilemmas of contention among professionals. To fill this gap, the article builds on social movements theory and claims that to achieve success, professional organizations need to adjust the protest tactics of the labour movement along the three dimensions of targeting, framing and coordination. As an alternative to mass strikes, the targeted use of the protest repertoire minimizes the costs and maximizes the visibility of collective action. Framing around service quality links wage demands to wider justification themes that resonate with the public. Coordination across groups with different skill levels strengthens the effect of both targeting and framing. A comparative study of four healthcare campaigns in four countries (Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland) confirms the key role that these dimensions play.

Metaspace, Mobility and Resistance: Understanding Vendors’ Movement Pattern as a Resistive Strategy in Kano, Nigeria

The street vendor’s (SV) potential mobility in subverting authorities’ hegemony over public space has been theorised within the contexts of urban informality and resistance. Discussions mainly revolve around movement tactics as resistance strategy while evading arrests and confiscations. This negates SV agency and limits understanding mobility in resistance. Using Bunschoten’s metaspace and Cresswell’s aspects of mobility, this paper employs semi-structured interviews with mobile SV, road users and pedestrians in Kano (Nigeria), to describe vendors’ mobile practices and how they delay hostility from the state. Observing the interplay between vendors, users and environment, this paper identifies four types of vendor movement: focused, targeted, sporadic and self-regulatory; and examines how vendors exploit Cresswell’s speed and rhythm in challenging formal urban practice hegemony through continuous operation. The paper also describes how vendors’ movement affects other actors’ mobilities. Finally, the paper discusses urban design implications for integrating SV within city plans, setting out potential proposals.

Variation in movement behavior of alligators after a major hurricane

BackgroundHurricanes can have catastrophic effects on coastal ecosystems. To minimize negative impacts of storms, animals may seek shelter in place, move to a nearby refuge, or evacuate long-distances. Crocodilians can be important predators in estuarine habitats, but little is known about how they respond to extreme weather events. We investigated the movement behaviors of eight acoustically tracked American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) before, during, and after Hurricane Irma in 2017 within the Shark River Estuary of Everglades National Park, USA. Using tracking data, we compared their movements and habitat use before and after the hurricane to similar timeframes in other years without major storms.ResultsWe observed considerable variation in movement tactics and responses to the hurricane. Of eight animals that we tracked, two showed no changes in movement or habitat use throughout the study. Two animals ceased upstream excursions that they were regularly making before the hurricane with one of these animals reducing the distance ranged across the river system. Another animal moved upstream from the lower river to the mid-estuary immediately after the hurricane despite having not done this in the 60 days prior. Two other animals moved from the marsh and mangrove forest habitats to river channels several days after the hurricane. One animal shifted to commuting downstream from its upstream habitat shortly before the storm and continued this behavior for the rest of the 2017 and 2018 wet seasons.ConclusionsWe found considerable variability in behavioral responses to the hurricane, ranging from no discernable changes in movements to one animal exhibiting a complete shift in movement tactics not observed by any animal in the long-term tracking of this population. Our research provides insight into alligator movement behavior and ecology in the context of a major hurricane disturbance.

Pedigree-free quantitative genetic approach provides evidence for heritability of movement tactics in wild roe deer.

Assessing the evolutionary potential of animal populations in the wild is crucial to understanding how they may respond to selection mediated by rapid environmental change (e.g. habitat loss and fragmentation). A growing number of studies have investigated the adaptive role of behaviour, but assessments of its genetic basis in a natural setting remain scarce. We combined intensive biologging technology with genome-wide data and a pedigree-free quantitative genetic approach to quantify repeatability, heritability and evolvability for a suite of behaviours related to the risk avoidance-resource acquisition trade-off in a wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population inhabiting a heterogeneous, human-dominated landscape. These traits, linked to the stress response, movement and space-use behaviour, were all moderately to highly repeatable. Furthermore, the repeatable among-individual component of variation in these traits was partly due to additive genetic variance, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.21±0.08 to 0.70±0.11 and evolvability ranging from 1.1% to 4.3%. Changes in the trait mean can therefore occur under hypothetical directional selection over just a few generations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical demonstration of additive genetic variation in space-use behaviour in a free-ranging population based on genomic relatedness data. We conclude that wild animal populations may have the potential to adjust their spatial behaviour to human-driven environmental modifications through microevolutionary change.

Grassroots resistance to energy project encroachment: Analyzing environmental mobilization against the Keystone XL Pipeline

ABSTRACTThe rapid expansion of the oil and gas industry, driven by intentional energy policy decisions which unlock growth, represents a distinct threat to community safety. In response to this encroaching energy landscape, localized mobilizations have emerged. While the tactics of these social movements are important, this article focuses on their concern of protecting shared natural resources. Using the grassroots opposition to the Keystone XL pipeline in rural Nebraska as a case study, we highlight how neoliberal policies and environmentally risky energy projects have facilitated civil society coalition-building to protect natural resources and fight climate change. Historically, social movements have been driven by strong civic activism and progressive organizsing efforts. This article asks: are localized, goal-oriented movements more likely to form stronger civic ties than the greater environmental movement? Landowner concern about the risks associated with pipeline were not enough to mobilize farmers, ranchers, and concerned citizens; it took the organizing efforts of the grassroots civil society organization Bold Nebraska to unify landowners and communities along the pipeline’s route. Utilizing extensive fieldwork focused on the Keystone XL opposition movement in Nebraska, this study argues that environmental movements based on local coalitions have the potential to fortify future environmental protection.