Movement Of Zone Research Articles

Seismo-Tectonic Model of Highly Naturally Risked Territories of Uzbekistan

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the results of geological-geophysical and seismological studies, neotectionic and seismotectionic models of the central part of Uzbekistan are proposed. These Annotation models are used to predict the probable kinematic type of movements in the focal zones of possible earthquakes.

Haemosporidian prevalence and community composition vary little across a chickadee hybrid zone

Abstract Within animal hybrid zones, parasites may determine competitive outcomes between host species and thus affect hybridization dynamics. We addressed this hypothesis by evaluating haemosporidian prevalence and community composition in a rapidly moving hybrid zone between Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina Chickadees (P. carolinensis). Using molecular methods, we screened for haemosporidians in multiple chickadee populations across the hybrid zone and investigated whether parasite prevalence varied as a function of admixture among these birds. We identified 36 parasite lineages from 3 haemosporidian genera (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon) but found no genera or lineages more likely to infect any particular chickadee taxon. Instead, haemosporidian prevalence varied across sites and seasons: Leucocytozoon was more prevalent during chickadees’ breeding season, whereas Haemoproteus prevalence peaked during nonbreeding periods. Leucocytozoon infected proportionally fewer birds at the leading edge of the hybrid zone than near its center. However, haemosporidian communities were similar among chickadee populations, and evidence for parasite exchanges between chickadee taxa was lacking. These results underscore the complexity of bird–parasite relationships and suggest that haemosporidians are unlikely to play a major role in the ongoing movement of this hybrid zone.

In the trading zone: The eco and the techno at the limits of ‘the human’ and compulsory schooling

This paper examines what is at stake in the trading zone, where Eco and Techno movements meet, especially in regard to the attributes generally posited as unique to “the human” and upon which compulsory schooling has been historically founded. It offers a thought experiment and investigation into how the simultaneity of Eco and Techno movements highlight what is at stake in schooling’s reliance on attributes such as consciousness and intelligence and considers how historical understandings of compulsory schooling’s projects might be reapproached as a result. Examining research, literatures and movements that frequently make appeal to signifiers like environment or Earth as a site of rescue and restoration, Including the climate strike movement, global youth surveys, EcoCrit literature and their focus on an Anthropocene (the Eco) alongside the faith placed in technological inventions, in particular those associated with artificial intelligence, the transhumanist movement, and a specific version of technofuturism, the paper maps the differential challenges to human centrism (Eco) and human primacy (Techno). Such challenges leave the field with difficult questions about the limits of intentionality, rationality and analysis and the future of violent legacies initially built around the figure of Man.

The Dynamic of Convergence Zone Displacement in Western Pacific Ocean on 2015 Super El Niňo Event

Warm pool and the existence of equatorial processes in the Pacific Ocean have an important role on El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The eastward advection of warm and less saline water from the western Pacific together with the westward advection of cold and more saline water from the central-eastern Pacific induces a convergence of water masses at the eastern edge of the warm pool. The aim of this study is to determine convergence zone displacement in Western Pacific Ocean based on oceanography parameters such as temperature, salinity and surface current from insitu Argo Float, satellite and model data. The convergence zone displacement was characterized by proxies variable of isotherm 28,5 °C and isohaline 34,6 psu. The convergence zone is zonally displaced in association with EI Niño-La Niña and wind-driven surface current variations. The displacement of the convergence zone moved as far east as 136 °W in the eastern Pacific during the 2015 Super El Niňo. Otherwise, convergence zone moved westward near 154 °E in the western Pacific, during La Niňa periods. During Super El Niňo, the stronger-than-normal speed of the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) was increased by 0,8 m/s and appears to have been a major factor in convergence zone reaching the far eastern Pacific. A strong significant positive correlation (R= 0.88, 0.82 and 0.84) between SST and skipjack tuna catch on Super El Niňo, La Niňa and Normal respectively suggested that changes in skipjack CPUE occurred in phase with movement of convergence zone.

Airborne Particulate Matter Pollution in Akure Metro City, Southwestern Nigeria, West Africa: Attribution and Meteorological Influence

We investigated the origin, seasonal air quality indices (AQI), and the likely fate of particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) across Akure, a metro capital city in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The analysis included the contributions of meteorological properties to the distribution of the particulates, especially fugitive dust. We observed that the PM concentrations exhibited significant differences in the differential, spatial, and temporal patterns. During the wet season, the air movement zones were turbulence, interception, and divergence, whereas only the interception zone was observed in the dry season. For the wet season, the average daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations (in ppm) varied from 7 to 62 and 11 to 85, respectively, while, the respective daily mean concentrations ranged from 11 to 63 and 17 to 86. Furthermore, the fine/coarse ratio (PM2.5/PM10) ranged 0.63–0.83 and 0.65–0.73 during the wet and dry seasons, respectively, with 90% of the ratio being ≈0.70. The statistical t-value for PM10, PM2.5, and AQI were 0.60, 0.61, and 0.45, respectively, while their corresponding P-values were 0.56, 0.55, and 0.66, indicating no significant seasonal variations. Overall, Akure’s air quality is majorly influenced by environmental conditions (based on anthropogenic activities) and merely by meteorological conditions. Conclusively, to achieve sustainable development, enforced environmental management that involves green and blue economies as the panacea to atmospheric pollution in Akure should be implemented.

Fibre optic sensor enabled containment zone

There are many sensitive areas like country borders, banks, forests, army cantonments, jails which requires continuous monitoring and surveillance. Intruders and illegal elements try to break the security and enter into these areas. In the same way there is another sensitive zone called containment zone required protection to prevent spread of viruses like corona. Every country has established their own protocols to maintain containment zone. Security officials monitored the sensitive areas but still it was not safe enough. In this case there is need of an invisible security mechanism which can be applicable in maintaining movements in containment zones. It will be very important to detect any movement in the sensitive area. Therefore, this paper provides a solution to protect sensitive zones. The solution consists of optical fibre sensor along with reporting and alarming system. The design and implementation is explained in the paper along with results. The proposed solution can be implemented to secure zone for multiple applications.

Structure and movement of the hybrid zone between two divergent lineages of the Japanese newtCynops pyrrhogaster(Amphibia: Urodela) in central Japan

The maintenance mechanisms of hybrid zones between two lineages/species and their gene flow dynamics are major topics for speciation studies. Elucidating these dynamics can help us to understand the process of speciation. The newt Cynops pyrrhogaster is distributed on the main islands of Japan and comprises five mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages. In this study, we surveyed the genetic relationship between two lineages (northern and central) around their boundary. We genotyped 202 individuals from 24 populations using the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and 12 microsatellite loci. MtDNA analysis revealed that the two lineages were distributed parapatrically to each other without coexistence, whereas the microsatellite analysis indicated the presence of a hybrid zone. The estimated dispersal rates were higher from both parental lineages to the hybrid populations than those in the opposite directions. These data indicate that the hybrid zone is a tension zone, which is maintained by an equilibrium between selection against hybrid individuals and the invasion of both parental individuals from adjacent areas. The two parental lineages are genetically moderately isolated from each other and appear to be biologically independent species. The overall dispersal rate was more pronounced in the south-to-north direction. More than 10 individuals having central type of mtDNA retained some genetic characteristics derived from the northern lineage, which can be regarded as genetic footprint of their northern lineage ancestor. These results suggest that the hybrid zone has shifted from south to north, resulting in replacing the range of the northern lineage to that of the central lineage.

Assessment of APCC models fidelity in simulating the Northeast monsoon rainfall variability over Southern Peninsular India

The fidelity of the eight Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Climate Center (APCC) models in representing the inter-annual variability and decadal shift in the northeast monsoon (NEM; October–December) rainfall over Southern Peninsular India (SPI) is evaluated. The hindcast data is used for the period of 28 years from 1983 to 2010 based on September initial conditions. The observations showed a clear inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of NEM rainfall during the study period. The analysis suggests that most of the models exhibited poor skill in representing the inter-annual variability. Only APCC model rainfall is in phase with observed SPI rainfall variations on the inter-annual time scale. It is noticed from the observed NEM rainfall time series that the period 1990–1999 (first decade) displays an above-normal rainfall and the period 2000–2010 (second decade) displays a below normal rainfall over the SPI region. It is also evident from the observations that NEM rainfall for most of the years displayed negative anomalies in the second decade including El Nino and La Nina years, while in the first decade positive anomalies are noted, suggesting the presence of decadal variability in the NEM. Rainfall variations in most of the coupled models are in phase with the observations during the second decade but are out of phase during the first decade. As evidenced from the observations that the intensified deep convection over the Indo-western Pacific region results in too far southward movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) during the second decade. The southward shift in the strong upper-level divergence associated with lower-level convergence over the south Indian Ocean caused negative rainfall anomalies over the SPI in this decade. Further, the difference between the second and first decade demonstrates that an anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the Indian subcontinent is accountable for the vigorous dry northerly flow towards the SPI region and the resultant decadal shift in the rainfall pattern. Though the southward shift in the rainfall and large-scale circulation patterns are mildly captured by some models from decade to decade, most of the models completely misrepresented it. This study suggests that the coupled models displayed a very limited skill not only in capturing the inter-annual variability but also in representing the decadal variability of NEM rainfall.

Mapping of Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Evacuation Routes of the Movement of the Sunda Subduction Megathrust (Case Study: Coastal Analysis of Southern Garut Regency)

Potential disaster due to the movement of the subduction zone between the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian plate, extending from the west of Sumatra to the south of Java, Bali, and Nusa Tenggara. This subduction zone is called the Sunda subduction arc. It has several segments. The Java segment has a lower seismic magnitude and frequency. Megathrust is a shallow part of the subduction lane which has a shallow dive angle, so the impact on the southern part of Garut Regency has the potential for earthquake and tsunami disaster, has been analyzed spatially and geoprocessing with geographic information systems, plotting 149 earthquake points from 1958 to 1920, planning evacuation routes for earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation, as well as measuring coordinates, height, slope, and width between the coast and settlements, tourist attractions, main roads south of West Java, and evaluation of existing evacuation routes so that the community has an evacuation route adequate and safe.

Structural Control of High-Grade Gold Shoots at the Reward Mine, Hill End, New South Wales, Australia

Abstract The Reward mine at Hill End hosts structurally controlled orogenic gold mineralization in moderately S plunging, high-grade gold shoots located at the intersection between a late, steeply W dipping reverse fault zone and E-dipping, bedding-parallel, laminated quartz veins (the Paxton’s vein system). The mineralized bedding-parallel veins are contained within the middle Silurian to Middle Devonian age, turbidite-dominated Hill End trough forming part of the Lachlan orogen in New South Wales. The Hill End trough was deformed in the Middle Devonian (Tabberabberan orogeny), forming tight, N-S–trending, macroscopic D2 folds (Hill End anticline) with S2 slaty cleavage and associated bedding-parallel veins. Structural analysis indicates that the D2 flexural-slip folding mechanism formed bedding-parallel movement zones that contained flexural-slip duplexes, bedding-parallel veins, and saddle reefs in the fold hinges. Bedding-parallel veins are concentrated in weak, narrow shale beds between competent sandstones with dip angles up to 70° indicating that the flexural slip along bedding occurred on unfavorably oriented planes until fold lockup. Gold was precipitated during folding, with fluid-flow concentrated along bedding, as fold limbs rotated, and hosted by bedding-parallel veins and associated structures. However, the gold is sporadically developed, often with subeconomic grades, and is associated with quartz, muscovite, chlorite, carbonates, pyrrhotite, and pyrite. East-west shortening of the Hill End trough resumed during the Late Devonian to early Carboniferous (Kanimblan orogeny), producing a series of steeply W dipping reverse faults that crosscut the eastern limb of the Hill End anticline. Where W-dipping reverse faults intersected major E-dipping bedding-parallel veins, gold (now associated with galena and sphalerite) was precipitated in a network of brittle fractures contained within the veins, forming moderately S plunging, high-grade gold shoots. Only where major bedding-parallel veins were intersected, displaced, and fractured by late W-dipping reverse faults is there a potential for localization of high-grade gold shoots (>10 g/t). A revised structural history for the Hill End area not only explains the location of gold shoots in the Reward mine but allows previous geochemical, dating, and isotope studies to be better understood, with the discordant W-dipping reverse faults likely acting as feeder structures introducing gold-bearing fluids sourced within deeply buried Ordovician volcanic units below the Hill End trough. A comparison is made between gold mineralization, structural style, and timing at Hill End in the eastern Lachlan orogen with the gold deposits of Victoria, in the western Lachlan orogen. Structural styles are similar where gold mineralization is formed during folding and reverse faulting during periods of regional east-west shortening. However, at Hill End, flexural-slip folding-related weakly mineralized bedding-parallel veins are reactivated to a lesser degree once folds lock up (cf. the Bendigo zone deposits in Victoria) due to the earlier effects of fold-related flattening and boudinage. The second stage of gold mineralization was formed by an array of crosscutting, steeply W dipping reverse faults fracturing preexisting bedding-parallel veins that developed high-grade gold shoots. Deformation and gold mineralization in the western Lachlan orogen started in the Late Ordovician to middle Silurian Benambran orogeny and continued with more deposits forming in the Bindian (Early Devonian) and Tabberabberan (late Early-Middle Devonian) orogenies. This differs from the Hill End trough in the eastern Lachlan orogen, where deformation and mineralization started in the Tabberabberan orogeny and culminated with the formation of high-grade gold shoots at Hill End during renewed compression in the early Carboniferous Kanimblan orogeny.

Method of development of snow mobility maps

The article discusses the need to create mobility maps as the next stage of the development of the mobility theory of Professor Belyakov. The analysis is based on data showing that the development of “snow mobility maps” is relevant for Russia. The main stages of the methodology for constructing “snow mobility maps” are given, which include: analysis of the terrain in order to determine the characteristic zones of movement, determining the parameters of moving objects and calculation of the parameters of vehicles mobility with reference to graphic information systems.

Contaminant Removal from Virtual Operation Room

Most bacterial contaminants found in operation rooms come from patient’s exhale or from wounds after surgery that make colony forming units. Thus, yearly, a lot people suffer from infections acquired during surgical procedures. Removing pollutants from operation room by investigating the influence of different locations and types of entry and exit grills is the subject of the present work. Equations of fluid flow including the continuity, momentum, energy equations and species equation have been numerically solved by using the FLUENT ANSYS v.14 for virtual symmetric operation room taken in this paper. Turbulent flow of mixture material species is applied in the model of operation room. Standard K-epsilon was used for simulating turbulent flow pattern. The present study aims to find a proper arrangement of inlet and exhaust locations to reduce the unfavorable factors in operation room such us, contamination, humidity, temperature and also air velocity. These factors were achieved according to modification in inlet and exhaust grills arrangement and then simulated through FLUENT software program. Six different arrangements of supply and exhaust were studied to determine case of best health and comfort demands. Case no 5, using local exhaust ventilation, shows good improvement in removing contaminants. However, case no 6 which uses both local exhaust ventilation and like air curtain air supply, shows the optimum removal of contaminants, because it shows lower contamination mass fraction. Meanwhile, the worst contaminant removal were in case 2 and case 1, where source of contaminant exists in low movement zone (dead zones) or region of separation of streamlines. The results showed, using both local exhaust ventilation and like air curtain air supply as in case (6) maintains an average temperature of 21.3 °C, the least amount of particles mass fraction of contaminants 6.36E-08 and moisture content of 0.009.

PS-InSAR based validated landslide susceptibility modelling: a case study of Ghizer valley, Northern Pakistan

Northern Pakistan is a rugged mountainous area that is seismically active, high gradients, disintegrated lithology, and glaciers in the high peaks. District Ghizer lies among the most vulnerable areas and experience landslides every year due to different causative factors. This study has carried out to prepare a detailed landslide inventory and to develop a susceptibility model for the area. The most followed and probabilistic approach, Frequency Ratio (FR) model and a semi-qualitative Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach were applied to find the correlation between causative factors and mapped landslides. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique was applied to check deformation movement in the susceptible zones of extracted models, which showed the high Line of Sight (LOS) deformation velocity in high susceptible zones of both models. The extracted Landslide Susceptibility Index (LSI) models showed 82.82% and 73.43% of prediction accuracy for FR and AHP method calculated by Area Under Curve (AUC) of Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method. The models revealed Slope, barrenness, and Geology are the main causative factors of landslide activities in the study area. Finally, both Landslide susceptibility index maps were classified into five susceptibility classes. As the study area is very prone to landslide disasters so these susceptibility models will be helpful to delineate hazardous zones for the medication of future landslides disasters in the area as well as it can be used as a tool in the planning strategies by decision-makers in development projects in the area.

Soil movement mechanism associated with arching effect in a multi-strutted excavation in soft clay

Arching effect behind the wall in a multi-strutted excavation is a soil stress transfer process related to differences in stiffness between the well-braced soil and the underlying soil. This effect has been demonstrated by studies on soil stress transfer and lateral wall pressure in the literature. However, the soil movement mechanism associated with the arching effect is still unknown. In this study, a multi-strutted excavation in soft clay in Ningbo was closely monitored to determine the contours of the total soil movement and engineering shear strain, and these data were then used to produce a detailed interpretation of soil arching development and its influence on soil movement. It is found that plastic flow occurs behind the wall as soil arching develops to the ground surface, resulting in a large soil movement zone and a dramatic increase in ground surface settlement. The soil in the shear zone is also disturbed and verified by cone penetration tests. In addition, this study proposes that the ratio between soil volume loss due to ground surface settlement and soil volume gain due to wall deflection can be used to characterize soil arching development and its influence on soil movement. This study improves the understanding of the soil movement mechanism behind walls in multi-strutted excavations in soft clay, which is very important for protecting adjacent structures and facilities.

Soil Stabilization Techniques for Roads on Expansive Soils and Loose Sand

There are various techniques to stabilize soil which changes in volume due to vibration. Structural foundation in regions with expansive soil or loosely filled soil have to be laid after stabilizing such soils or by adopting the depth of foundation below the zone of movement. The tunneling induced vibration or alternative swelling and shrinking of soil due to seasonal change or change in ground water table level, causes movement of soil. This movement of soil result in additional stresses on the foundation, if the foundation depth is within this zone of movement. Normally, this zone of movement will be 1.5 to 2m below ground level. In some cases, this zone of movement may extend up to 5 to 6m. In this paper we have reviewed the various methods of stabilizing the expansive soil and loosely filled soil, especially the soil subgrade below the roads. Moreover, tunneling induced vibration due to underground metro rail construction also affects the soil behavior which in turn affects roads and nearby structures. Hence we have studied the effect of vibration on sandy soil by conducting laboratory experiments in the vibration table . The experimental result showed that the sandy soil settled more due to vibration when compared to the soil stabilized with gravel column. Addition of geomaterials such as gravel/stone in the form of column reduced the settlement level of loosely packed sand. Hence installing stone columns in soil is a better method to reduce settlement due to vibration that are produced during tunneling operations. Stone columns also prevents pore water pressure that builds up during earthquake vibration.

Technical Solutions for Means of Rail Transport in Improving Accessibility for People with Disabilities and with Reduced Mobility

The article includes an analysis involving the requirements for the adaptation of rolling stock for use by people with movement dysfunction. The requirements including construction and dimensions have been summarized and detailed conditions necessary to ensure the assumed level of travel comfort for people with reduced mobility with real examples of solutions used in currently operated railway vehicles. The focus was on the requirements set out in Regulation No 1300/2014 regarding technical design and construction solutions for adapting railways to the transport of disabled people, TSI PRM. Based on the collected material, an analysis of the compliance of the actual state with the theoretical one, included in the standard, was carried out. Elements designed and manufactured in a manner consistent with the recommendations contained in the standard, as well as those that require a re-analysis of rolling stock constructors, repair or necessary changes are indicated. The components analyzed included, among others, seating positions, movement zone - including internal and external doors, toilets or platforms enabling access to the interior of the vehicle The opinion of disabled people using rail transport was also included by conducting a survey and performing analysis and then interpretation of the data obtained. Basing on this analysis, solutions that will increase the comfort of travelling for people with disabilities have been proposed.

Effect of earth curvature on long range sound propagation

Since the earth is approximately a sphere, the sound speed equivalent surface on the range-depth plane is not a parallel plane, but a concentric sphere at a long distance. Therefore, for a long-range sound propagation, the effect of the curvature of the earth cannot be ignored. In this paper, conformal mapping is used to propose a method of earth curvature correction without changing the existing sound field calculation model, and has the characteristics of good portability and simple calculation. The simulation results in a typical environment show that because of the earth curvature, the location of the convergence zone moves toward the sound source, and its movement can reach 10 km at 1000 km in distance. Before and after the earth curvature correction, the transmission loss difference can reach up to 15 dB at a particular location. Through the analysis of the simulation results in four typical sound speed profiles in Northwest Pacific Ocean, it is found that the movement of the convergence zone and the distance change are approximately linear, and the movement of the convergence zone increases by about 1km for every increase of the propagation distance by 100 km. For deep-sea channel propagation, the earth curvature will cause the arrival structure to move forward as a whole on the time axis, and the degree of the forward motion will gradually increase with the distance increasing. At 1000 km, the amplitude of the forward motion can reach 136 ms. In addition, the earth curvature will also cause the depth and time extension of the arrival structure. For the received time-domain waveform at a certain depth, there is a big difference between before and after the earth curvature correction. The modified results from different earth approximation models show that the accuracy of the calculation can be satisfied by approximating the earth as a standard sphere.

Improved Powder Equivalence Model for the Mix Design of Self‐Compacting Concrete with Fly Ash and Limestone Powder

The use of fly ash (FA) limestone and powder (LP) in combination with cement in concrete has several practical, ecological, and economic advantages by reducing carbon dioxide emissions, reducing the excessive consumption of natural resources, and contributing to a cleaner production of self‐compacting concrete (SCC). A mix design method for SCC based on paste rheological threshold theory can guide the SCC mix design by paste tests. This method can be visualized by the self‐compacting paste zone (SCP zone), a plane area where all the mix points meet the paste threshold theory, and SCC zone, a plane area consisting of all the mix points satisfying the criteria of qualified SCC. In the case of cement SCC, the SCP zone coheres with the SCC zone. However, in the case of the addition of FA or LP with different granulometry and shape characteristics from cement, experimental results indicate that the SCP zone is separated from the SCC zone. This work quantitatively studied the influence of FA and LP on the movement of the SCP zone by introducing the improved powder equivalence model. The improved model was obtained by powder equivalence coefficients calculated through the mortar test results with or without FA or LP, instead of SCC tests in the former method. The equivalence coefficients by volume of FA and LP are 0.55 and 0.79, respectively, which means that 1.82 unit volume of FA or 1.27 unit volume of LP is equivalent to one unit volume of cement. The improved powder equivalence model was verified by the successful preparation of SCC incorporating FA or LP simply and effectively. The equivalent SCP zone cohered better with the SCC zone than the former SCP zone, which could guide the quick mix design of SCC without SCC premix tests.

Mathematical modeling of convection drying process of wood taking into account the boundary of phase transitions

The article deals with constructing and implementing mathematical models of non-isothermal moisture transfer during drying of anisotropic capillary-porous materials, in particular wood, taking into account the movement of the evaporation zone for non-steady drying schedules, as well as to the development of effective analytical and numerical methods for their implementation. An analytical-numerical method for the determination of non-isothermal moisture transfer under non-steady schedules of the drying process has been developed, taking into account the dynamics of the phase transition boundary change. Calculation relationships are established for determining the phase transition temperature taking into account transport gradients and time for which the relative saturation reaches the boundaries of the phase transition.

Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in investigating the internal structure of a landslide and its groundwater characterization (Nanka Landslide, Anambra State, Nigeria)

ABSTRACT Over two decades, this landslide in Nanka Community, Anambra State, Nigeria, in the eastern phase of Awka-Orlu upland, has been active and persistent, defying many control measures that have been put in place and causing the loss of property, lives, and assets to increase. As a result, this research work involves the study of geo-engineering and geophysical measurements of the slide site to delineate the aerial scale and direction of movement of the landslide zone, determine the lithological portion, estimate the thickness of the sliding sheet, and delineate the water-saturated areas. The data was collected using ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000 and ABEM LUND ES464 electrode selector system and processed using RES2DINV software for a 2D subsurface image. During data acquisition, a Wenner array was set-up as this array is capable of imaging deeper profile data, and apparent resistivity is easily calculated in the field. The results of the models indicate that the study area was mainly clayey and sandstone formation with mostly low resistivity values correspond to the shale layers and groundwater zones. However, gravel deposit was also present in some areas, as indicated by both the imaging and geological measurements.