Foundation Movement Research Articles

Inspection of Leveling and Verticality of Silo Foundations Due to Settlement Based on SNI 8460: 2017

The foundation is the most essential structural element of a building structure. A solid and stable foundation is a critical factor in ensuring the sustainability and safety of a building. Proper planning and calculations are essential in designing the foundation to withstand the structural loads from the building above it and ensure that the foundation does not experience dangerous settlement or collapse. In this research, the author conducted a study or examination of the condition of Silo Foundation PT XYZ is located in the Tangerang. The number of silo foundations built was 7 units (silo 17, silo 18, silo 19, silo 20, silo 21, silo 22 and silo 23). This silo is a vertical storage structure that functions as a place to store raw materials for animal feed. The condition of the silo foundation structure is known to have decreased after being filled to a maximum capacity of 5000T. To determine the condition of the foundation structure, it is necessary to carry out a measurement survey by checking levelling and verticality using reference standards or rules used by SNI 8640:2017. The results of foundation levelling tests for silo 17, silo 18, silo 19, silo 20, silo 21, silo 22 and silo 23 in Balaraja District, Tangerang Regency, there is the most significant elevation difference occurring at silo 19, namely 127 mm, which is based on SNI Geotechnical 8460-2017 Maximum building settlement is included in High Risk because the settlement is > 75 mm. The elevation differences in the other silos fall into the Small Risk to Medium Risk categories. Meanwhile, based on the results of checking verticality, it was found that the slope value of the structure in Silos 18, 19 and 21 experienced a slope that exceeded the maximum required permit limit of 20mm. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out regular inspections to monitor the movement or decline of the silo foundation so as not to cause risks or conditions of structural failure.

Experimental Evaluation of Optimizing Sheet Pile Installation Depth and Distance to Mitigate Liquefaction-Induced Foundation Settlements

Liquefaction-induced settlement poses significant challenges to the stability and performance of structures constructed on liquefiable soils during seismic events. To mitigate the adverse effects of liquefaction-induced foundation settlements, sheet piles are utilized to provide lateral confinement to the soil, thereby enhancing its stability. The performance of sheet piles is contingent upon their installation location. Therefore, identifying the optimal installation location for sheet piles remains a topic of interest. This research aims to evaluate the optimal installation location of sheet piles to mitigate liquefaction-induced foundation settlements. The experimental study employs a moderate scale 1g shaking table to replicate seismic events and investigate the behavior of sandy soil under liquefaction conditions. Multiple configurations of sheet piles, varying in terms of distance from the foundation, depth within the dense layer, and effect of thickness are examined. The excess pore water pressure generation and dissipation, and foundation movement (settlement and tilting) are used to determine the optimal location of sheet piles that minimize liquefaction-induced foundation settlements. The results indicate that the liquefaction-induced foundation settlement increased with increasing the distance between the sheet piles and the foundation. Adversely, the settlement decreased with increasing the embedment depth of sheet piles. Additionally, although this was not the focus of this study, the installation of thinner sheet piles surrounding the foundation appeared to be a more effective measure than thicker sheet piles in mitigating liquefaction-induced foundation settlements based on this experiment.

Prospects for mathematical modeling in mining system development: accounting for global oscillations and seismic waves

The article discusses the potential of mathematical modeling in understanding the impact of vibrations and seismic waves, aiming at enhancing the sustainability of systems within the mining industry. It explores the dynamic response of a tall, elastic structure with a uniform cross-section and a fixed cylindrical fluid reservoir, subject to various complex boundary conditions. The study delves into the vibrational behavior of the structure when exposed to seismic and harmonic forces, calculating frequency, vibration periods, and deriving formulas for stress, tension, deformation, bending moments, and shear forces in different parts of the structure through both theoretical and experimental approaches. Additionally, the article derives the differential equation for the free oscillation of a tall hydraulic structure in pure bending with an incorporated mass load under appropriate boundary conditions, identifying specific vibration frequencies and periods. The forced vibration scenario is also examined, focusing on the structure's foundation movement due to external harmonic forces. Numerical computation technology is utilized to analyze the change laws of principal quantities that describe both free and forced vibrational movements of the hydraulic structure, showcasing the applicability of these models in predicting and mitigating the effects of seismic activities on mining infrastructure.

Netnography evolved: New contexts, scope, procedures and sensibilities

Netnography is an ever-evolving qualitative digital research method that has been used and advanced by tourism researchers to understand a broad spectrum of topics. Developments such as artificial intelligence and emerging cultural phenomena offer new opportunities for tourism netnographers but require procedural adjustments. This paper updates, applies, and explains how contemporary netnographers collect digital traces and diverse user experiences while following and adapting the method's foundational steps, movements, and operations. Expanding the field of touristic inquiry using netnography to new sites, data, and experience types, balancing rigor and adaptability, emphasizing engagement, ethics, empathy, and immersion, and elaborating the interpretation of different data collection modalities, this paper provides a novel and cutting-edge guide for applying netnography in contemporary tourism research.

Vibration Instability of a Rotor in Axial-Field Permanent Magnet Motors with a Foundation Movement

This paper investigates the effects of a foundation movement on the vibration instability of axial-field permanent magnet motors (AFPMM). Different from previous studies focusing on the effects of the rotor’s rotation on its vibration instability, this paper introduces a revolution around a space axis as the foundation movement and investigates its effect on the vibration characteristics of the rotor. For an annular rotor with this foundation movement and a rotation around an axis passing through its own geometrical center, a dynamic model is established in this paper. Magnet-field-synchronous frame is introduced to describe the out-of-plane displacement. Hamilton’s principle and Galerkin method are involved to obtain dynamic mode. Closed-form expressions of eigenvalues and the boundaries of flutter and divergent instabilities are determined. The analytical results claim that the instabilities can be suppressed. Particularly, the divergent instabilities can even be eliminated by adjusting combinations of parameters. To verify the results, the stability analyses and numerical calculations regarding the revolution are given for a sample AFPMM revolving around a space axis at different speeds. Based on these analytical boundaries, the unstable regions of a sample motor with different parameter combinations are plotted in terms of foundation movement, which can be used to suppress the vibration instabilities with the design of parameters such as rotation speed, web thickness, magnetization thickness, air-gap length and remanence. Six states of instabilities are summarized as a guidance to determine the range of the stable operation of the motor.

The Hip Hinge: How to Do It, How to Fix It

The hip hinge is a foundational movement pattern along with squat, lunge, push, pull, and carry. In daily life, the hip hinge allows us to pick things up, sit down, and stand up. The hip hinge is a foundational “starting point” in most sports. If we look at a golfer at the start of a golf swing or a tennis player ready to receive a serve, this starting position places the athlete’s center of gravity and body in a position to move and respond quickly.

The influence of nonuniform movement of rubble foundation on bearing capacity of brick walls of a historic building

Purpose: The aim of the work is to determine the bearing capacity of walls and columns of the building during significant movement of its natural-stone foundation on unstable soil.Methodology: The finite-element model of stress-strain state is developed by using Ing+2021 MicroFe software package.Research findings: During 168 years of the long-term service since 1854, the negative effect from soil frost-thawing, frost heave of the rubble foundation, and geotechnical influence of the Tom river, provided a significant fluctuation of the water level during low-water and flood periods. The foundation was considerably settled, that disturbed the spatial rigidity of the historic building.Practical implications: The obtained results can be used to develop recommendations for ensuring necessary spatial rigidity of the brick building via the reinforcement of exterior walls with tensioned steel ties on inter-floor and attic ceilings.

The Effect of a Ground Brace with a Spacer on the Displacement and Bearing Capacity of a Horizontally Loaded Single Pile

Statement of the problem. The influence of a ground brace with a spacer attached to the pile trunk on the movement and bearing capacity of piles under horizontal loads is investigated and the results obtained during the experiment are compared with the test results of a single pile. Results. A noticeable effect of the presence of a bed on the movement of the pile foundation has been established. With equal loads, piles with a bed have horizontal movement and the angle of rotation of the pile head is up to 2÷3 times less than those without a bed. An increase in the length of the strut leads to a decrease in the horizontal movement of the pile head up to 1.6 times and the angle of rotation up to 1.9 times compared to that with a bed, but without a strut. The bearing capacity of a pile with a bed increases up to 1.66 times with an increase in the length of the spacer from 0 to 3d, where d is the diameter of the cross-section of the pile. Conclusions. The dependence of the increase in the bearing capacity of the pile on the presence of a bed with a spacer was experimentally verified. The test results demonstrate a considerable ffect of the presence of a bed with a spacer on the horizontal and vertical movements of the pile, as well as on the decrease in the angle of rotation of the pile head.

The practice of arranging a pit deeper than the level of the soles of the foundations of the surrounding buildings

A rational constructive-technological decision to arrange a fence of a deeper pit for a new building than the depth of laying strip foundations of the surrounding buildings has been substantiated and tested in practice. The decision to arrange the fence was tested based on the results of complex experimental and theoretical studies under the conditions of a wet loess massif. At same time, regulatory restrictions on additional subsidence of these buildings foundations are provided. It has been proven that the additional subsidence of existing objects did not exceed the permissible values according to the norms. This happened due to the arrangement of the pit fence, the phasing of soil extraction in the initial stages under of the soil berm protection. The technology provided for the construction of a pit fence with sheet piling (I-beam No. 30) with a step of 1 m, with timber lagging between them. Then they installed the capping beam, struts, rakers and gradually raised the floor and outer wall of the parking lot of the new building.
 The results of long-term geodetic observations of the foundations deformations of buildings located in the zone of the pit influence of the new building at various construction stages of its enclosure are described.
 Sufficient convergence of the simulation results in the plane condition using the FEM and field studies was determined (the relative error did not exceed 20%). An elastic-plastic soil model of the "basement - foundations of an existing building - pit enclosure" system was used for modeling.
 The article describes examples of the results of FEM modeling of soil massif deformations at various stages of pit fence construction.
 It was determined that during construction the largest horizontal movements of the pit fence vary from 8 to 23 mm in the area of existing buildings.The maximum vertical movements of the bases foundations of these buildings amounted to 10 mm, which does not exceed the permissible values according to the norms.
 Prospects for further research on assessing the level of reliability of the pit enclosure by determining the variability parameters of the components of the system "foundation - foundation of the existing building - pit enclosure" have been determined.

Learning to cycle: a constraint-led intervention programme using different cycling task constraints

ABSTRACT Background Cycling is a foundational movement skill which represents an important motor milestone to achieve in children’s lives. The use of a bicycle with training wheels is the most common approach for learning how to cycle, although some evidence suggests that this approach is counterproductive. Purpose Underpinned by an ecological dynamics and Constraints-led approach, this study investigated whether learning how to ride a conventional bicycle in childhood can be shaped by the specific task constraints related to the kind of training bicycle used beforehand (i.e. balance bike or bicycle with training wheels). This comparison could guide pedagogical practice to facilitate children’s learning in cycling and their independent riding. Methods The Learning to Cycle intervention programme was introduced to 25 children (M = 6.08 ± 1.19 years) who could not previously cycle, divided into two treatment groups. One group trained with a bicycle with training wheels (BTW) and another with a balance bicycle (BB) for six sessions, followed by four sessions with a conventional bicycle (CB). The acquisition of independent cycling was assessed, based on established cycle learning milestone achievements, without help: (i) self-launch, (ii) riding for at least 10 (consecutive) metres, and (iii) braking. To be considered an independent rider, participants needed to achieve all these milestones, without any external help. During the CB sessions, the number of sessions that each child needed to acquire each learning milestone and independent cycling were recorded. Results The programme led to a success rate of 88% for achievement of independent cycling on a conventional bicycle, differentiated by 100% success in the BB group and 75% in the BTW group. The BB participants were significantly faster in learning to self-launch, ride, brake, and cycle independently, compared to BTW participants. Conclusions The Learning to Cycle programme was effective for facilitating learning in children from three years of age onwards. Using the BB instead of the BTW seems to lead to a more effective and efficient acquisition of independent cycling at earlier ages.

Centrifuge investigation of soil–foundation–superstructure interaction under static loading

Extensive efforts have been made to investigate soil–structure interaction (SSI) through numerical simulations whereas little experimental research is reported that tests the applicability of existing numerical models to SSI problems. To provide such experimental data, a unique series of experiments with 3D-printed aluminium framed structures supported by isolated spread footings were conducted in a geotechnical centrifuge. The centrifuge models included equipment and instrumentation that allowed the application of a uniformly distributed static load to the structures as well as the measurement of column loads and foundation movements. The effect of the stiffness of the structure relative to that of the soil was evaluated by varying the number of storeys in the structures and the type/relative density of foundation soils. The variability of soil properties was also studied by modifying the support conditions at single columns at various plan locations of the structure. It is shown that there is appreciable load redistribution in the superstructure, the amount of which depends primarily on the relative structure–soil stiffness and the location of weak and/or rigid foundations. The comparison between the centrifuge test results and the predictions from a simple numerical model with the footings simulated by appropriate linear elastic springs indicates that such a simple numerical model can provide a reasonable prediction of SSI.

Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the secular trends in motor performance, overweight and obesity of first graders in Basel

Introduction
 The development of appropriate motor skills early in life enhances the likelihood of lifelong physical activity (Hulteen et al., 2018). Furthermore, good fitness has direct health implications for child and youth development (Ortega et al., 2008). Physical fitness and the development of motor performance may be influenced by various factors like the Covid-19 pandemic as current example over the last two years. The pandemic affected children’s life, particularly regarding the reduced ability to attend structured leisure time sports activities. This study aims to describe the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on secular trends in motor performance and body composition in first graders in the city of Basel.
 Methods
 In the city of Basel, Switzerland, all first graders were tested yearly since 2014 with four motor performance parameters and anthropometrics: 20-meter shuttle run, 20-meter sprint, jumping sidewards, balancing backward, body weight and height. Children are categorized as overweight when they are above 90. Percentile for their age and sex in BMI and as obese when above 97. Percentile. Linear regression for motor performance parameters and logistic regression for weight status was used to predict 2021 and 2022 performance parameters based on data from 2014 to 2020. These predictions were compared to the performance achieved in 2021 and 2022.
 Results
 Four thousand six-hundred sixty-two children were tested from 2014 to 2020, 728 in 2021, and 708 in 2022. The cohorts in 2021 and 2022 outperformed the predicted values by 6.1% [95 % CI: 1.8; 10.4] and 5.5% [1.0; 10.1] for shuttle run, 0.2% [-0.6; 1.0] and 3.5% [2.7; 4.4] for 20-meter sprint, 6.4% [3.7; 9.2] and 2.7% [-0.2; 5.5] for jumping sidewards and 4.0% [-0.5; 8.4] and 17.3% [12.1; 22.5] for balancing backward.
 The proportion of overweight children in 2021 (16.4%) and 2022 (15.5%) was 47.4% [31.4; 63.3] and 62.2% [26.4; 98.1] higher than predicted. The percentage of obese children deviated strongly by 55.9% [33.9; 77.9] and 61.8% [14.1; 113.0] from predicted values. Boys were more affected by the impact of Covid-19 showing a 70.4% [38.5; 102.3] and 79.4% [14.0; 145.9] higher proportion of obesity than expected from secular trends for both cohorts compared to girls (34.8% [-1.0; 70.6] and 34.5% [-42.8; 111.7]).
 Conclusion
 Although more children were classified as overweight and obese than expected, the children performed better in all motor performance parameters. Preserving the possibility for unstructured activities and outdoor play at all times during the Covid-19 restrictions is a potential reason that the pandemic situation did not limit motor development. Nevertheless, the increased number of overweight and obese children is alarming. Potential reasons like changes in eating behaviour or mental health due to the pandemic situation remain speculative. However, public health interventions for these cohorts focusing on healthy body composition are strongly recommended.
 References
 Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stotten, D. F., & Lubans, D. E. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: A conceptual model for physical activity across the lifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
 Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & Sjöström, M. (2008). Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health. International Journal of Obesity, 32(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803774

National pedagogical museums in Brazil and France in the 19th century

This article analyzes the creation and the first years of the Pedagogical Museum in France and the Pedagogium of Brazil. Both experiences took part in the international foundation movement of national pedagogical museums which were conceived as a tool to improve public schools at the end of the 19th century. A transnational approach of this museum project and the Brazilian and French practices allowed to analyze similarities and differences of both institutions. One of their main goals was to collect national and foreign materials in a library and in a permanent exhibition to present what was expected to improve teachers’ and the government personnel’s work.

An insight into failure of iron ore mine tailings dams

ABSTRACT Mine tailings dams are surface impoundment structures consisting of raised embankments that are built to contain mine tailings and mill effluents. In the past, many failures of these iron ore mine tailings storage facilities/dams have been reported worldwide in different forms. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the failure modes, mechanisms and possible solutions to enhance the stability and safety of iron ore tailings dams. A comprehensive investigation has been carried out on 16 failure cases of such dams that were reported from 1917 to the current period. Additionally, mineralogy of iron ore tailings has been provided. The analysis of the past failures shows that most failures took place as a result of slope instability, overtopping, liquefaction-related instability, foundation movement and some form of structural failure. It has been found that 31.25% of iron ore mine tailings dams collapsed due to slope instability, 18.75% due to overtopping, 6.25% due to liquefaction-related instabilities, 6.25% due to foundation failure, 6.25% due to erosion, and 6.25% due to structural failure. In 25% of the failure cases, the causes have been unknown. An attempt is also made here to present prevention and remediation measures for avoiding failures and the associated negative environmental impacts in future.

Analytical fragility curves for displacement-based scour assessment of masonry arch bridges

The vulnerability of masonry arch bridges to scouring is primarily attributed to their shallow foundations. There is a constant need to assess the structural safety and identify those masonry arch bridge geometries susceptible to scouring. The immediate structural effect of scouring is the mobilisation of the bridge foundation resulting in the formation of a collapse mechanism involving the bridge superstructure. There is a critical gap in the literature in the availability of simple quantitative assessment procedures applicable to a population of masonry arch bridges susceptible to scouring. In this context, a generalised assessment procedure, primarily dependent on the geometry, is presented, which identifies bridge geometries susceptible to scouring through the quantification of available safety margin. The possible in-plane foundation movements and associated collapse mechanisms are identified as a function of bridge typology and the nature of scouring. Displacement-based analysis procedures are formulated the first principles for each identified in-plane collapse mechanism, replicating the observed collapse behaviour of masonry arch bridges. Fragility curves are then presented for each collapse mechanism with performance levels prescribed based on deformation demand, giving the exceedance probability for a developed foundation movement.

Prediction of Residential Slab Foundation Movement Through a Finite Element-Based Deep Learning Algorithm

Deep learning networks were employed to predict the maximum differential deflection of stiffened and waffle rafts due to reactive soil movements, Δmax. Four deep learning networks were used to predict Δmax, these are (1) stiffened rafts on shrinking soil, (2) stiffened rafts on swelling soil, (3) waffle rafts on shrinking soil, and (4) waffle rafts on swelling soil. The deep learning models were used to create design lines, which showed that both soil and structural features strongly influence the stiffened rafts. In contrast, waffle rafts showed a strong dependence on soil features in shrinking soils and beam depth in swelling soils. This demonstrates that the finite element-based deep learning networks captured the effect of the embedment of the beams. The results of the deep learning models led to non-linear design curves, which are disparate from the suggested standard Australian design. These results suggest that increasing the value of beam depth can have a positive or negative impact on the global residential slab depending on the type of substructure and whether the founding reactive soil is shrinking or swelling. Global sensitivity analyses of the deep learning models showed that for stiffened rafts on shrinking soil, the slab length, slab width and active depth zone of reactive soil had the most significant influence on Δmax, whilst for stiffened rafts on swelling soil, the primary drivers are ground movement, beam depth, and slab width. The prediction of Δmax for waffle rafts on shrinking soil was driven by the surface characteristic and mound movements, and the active depth zone, whilst waffle rafts on swelling soil was driven by the beam depth. Overall, the finite element-based deep learning showed the capacity to estimate Δmax in both shrinking and swelling design scenarios for different types of residential footing systems to further understand the characteristic behaviour of shallow residential slab foundations on reactive soils leading to improved designs.

Kinematic approach for scour analysis of masonry arch bridges

The scour-induced bridge collapse is a critical contributor to the failure of brick or stone masonry arch bridges, which forms a significant share of the existing rail and road infrastructure across the world. Holistic information on the possible failures and the associated collapse mechanisms is essential in formulating suitable mitigation strategies for arch bridges susceptible to scouring. In this context, a novel, quantitative procedure based on limit analysis is developed in this research to quantify the collapse behaviour of masonry arch bridges subjected to scouring at the bridge foundation. Critical foundation movements initiated by scouring are identified as a function of bridge typology and scour-location. Linear kinematic analysis procedures are formulated for the identified collapse mechanisms corresponding to each foundation movement. The proposed iterative procedure uses minimum geometric information to quantify the collapse behaviour of arch bridges with sufficient accuracy.

Structural Considerations and Implications Related to Foundation Movements in AASHTO LRFD

In the United States, highway bridge design practice is based on the LRFD method developed by AASHTO. In AASHTO LRFD, which is based on the concept of limit states, the effect of foundation movements on structural elements is expressed as a force effect rather than a geotechnical resistance. In fact, all design codes worldwide recognize this observation by including a representation of structural effects of foundation movements as a force. AASHTO LRFD uses the designation “ SE” for the geotechnical demands to be considered. An associated load factor, γ SE, is specified for each load combination where SE is applicable. The product of γ SE and SE is the factored demand, or factored force. The structural effect of foundation movements is manifested in the form of additional force effects such as induced torques, moments, and shears in a bridge structure that can lead to adverse consequences such as cracking. In AASHTO LRFD, the SE load factor occurs in four out of the five load combinations for Strength Limit State and three out of the four load combinations for Service Limit State. This paper presents a study that explores the structural considerations and implications related to use of SE load factor and the effects of foundation movements in AASHTO LRFD.

Measurement of pile uplift forces due to soil heave in expansive clays

Piled foundations are widely used to limit the movement of foundations in expansive clays. These piles are subjected to large uplift forces as the clay swells (and downdrag forces when it shrinks). The appropriate method to estimate these forces is not well understood, and estimates from various methods presented in literature result in large variations. The uplift force generated in piles by soil heave was derived from strain measurements in full-scale field tests where a pile was installed in a highly expansive soil profile and flooded for several months. The results were compared to available theoretical estimates to comment on the most appropriate procedure to estimate the generated tension in the pile. The results showed that the use of an elastic solution related to the expected soil heave combined with a limiting shaft friction estimated from total stress capacity methods provided the most appropriate match to the measured results both in terms of the magnitude of the developed tension in the pile and shape of the tension profile along the depth of the pile.

Learning to Cycle: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Generational Comparison.

BackgroundLearning to cycle is an important milestone for children, but the popularity of cycling and the environmental factors that promote the development and practice of this foundational movement skill vary among cultures and across time. This present study aimed to investigate if country of residence and the generation in which a person was born influence the age at which people learn to cycle.MethodsData were collected through an online survey between November 2019 and December 2020. For this study, a total of 9,589 responses were obtained for adults (self-report) and children (parental report) living in 10 countries (Portugal, Italy, Brazil, Finland, Spain, Belgium, United Kingdom, Mexico, Croatia, and the Netherlands). Participants were grouped according to their year of birth with 20-year periods approximately corresponding to 3 generations: 1960–79 (generation X; n = 2,214); 1980–99 (generation Y; n = 3,994); 2000–2019 (generation Z; n = 3,381).ResultsA two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of country, F(9,8628) = 90.17, p < 0.001, = 0.086, and generation, F(2,8628) = 47.21, p < 0.001, = 0.122, on the age at which individuals learn to cycle. Countries with the lowest learning age were the Netherlands, Finland and Belgium and countries with the highest learning age were Brazil and Mexico. Furthermore, the age at which one learns to cycle has decreased across generations. There was also a significant country x generation interaction effect on learning age, F(18,8628) = 2.90, p < 0.001; however, this effect was negligible ( = 0.006).ConclusionsThese findings support the socio-ecological perspective that learning to cycle is a process affected by both proximal and distal influences, including individual, environment and time.