Class Movement Research Articles

Rib stress fracture in a male adaptive rower from the arms and shoulders sport class: case report

Adaptive rowing is rowing or sculling for rowers with a physical disability. It debuted at the Paralympic Games in 2008. In order to ensure an equitable playing field, rowers with similar levels of physical function and disability are classified into different sport classes for competition. Rowers with an inability to use a sliding seat and impaired trunk function resulting in an inability to perform trunk forward and backward lean via hip flexion/extension are assigned to the Arms and Shoulders (AS) class. AS rowers have to use a chest strap set immediately below the chest in order to localize any trunk movement in AS class. Conditions created by adaptations of rowing equipment and technique within the AS class create unique stresses on the upper thoracic region. The following case report demonstrates how etiology and management of a rib stress fracture in an AS rower differs in comparison to able-body rowers. Of significant importance were the limitations imposed on the rower’s ability to maintain rowing-specific fitness, due to the nature of the rib stress fracture and requirement to decrease force transmission through the ribs for several weeks. The rower’s gradual return to full training was further impacted by obligatory use of the chest strap, which directly applied pressure over the injured area. Protective orthosis for the chest was designed and applied in order to dissipate pressure of the chest strap over the thorax during rowing (most importantly at the catch position) both on the ergometer and in the boat.

After the Archive

Sometime soon, historians may well begin to account for the latetwentieth-century ‘archival turn’ across the humanities and social sciences. Perhaps some of these historical assessments will be able to determine what that ‘turn’ actually is (or was), and why it was not taken by many historians. Because it was unnecessary, is a short and simple answer to the question; or because historians were always already there, in the archive. The establishment of various kinds of state archive across Europe from the end of the eighteenth century and the research practices developed by scholars using them during the nineteenth century, are emblematic of the ‘professionalization’ of the discipline, and the coming into being of the modern, university-trained Western historian. 1 The archive emerged as the most important site in the production of historical knowledge a long time ago (although it has only recently acquired that name; it used to be called ‘the sources’). Some say that the archive is a sign of the historian’s professional integrity, to be evoked when the discipline suffers one of its periodic shifts in fortune and reputation. Then historians will claim it as their own special place, held safe within their protective custody. 2 Moreover, ‘going to the archives’ (the National Archives, Warwickshire County Record Office, the National Screen and Sound Archives of Wales, the Working Class Movement Library in Salford... anywhere holding primary sources for the use of researchers) is an important professional rite of passage and a defining procedure of doctoral research in history. If the archive is an idea rather than a place, then historians’ lack of interestinthearchivalturnisfurtherexplained.Ina1967lecture,Michel Foucault spoke of modernity’s idee de tout accumuler, l’idee de constituer une sorte d’archive generale, la volonte d’enfermer dans un lieu tous les temps, toutes les epoques, toutes les formes, tous les gouts, l’idee de constituer un lieu de tous les temps qui soit lui-meme hors du temps, 321

A MODEL FOR PREDICTING CLASS MOVEMENT IN AN INHERITANCE HIERARCHY

In this paper, we present an empirical study to investigate whether class movement and re-location within inheritance hierarchy can be predicted based on size, coupling and cohesion for four Java open-source systems. Our results showed that class movement may not be predicted based on coupling and cohesion, and while class size was found to be a factor that may help predict class movement, it does not per se predict class movement within an inheritance hierarchy. We found a significantly higher odds ratio for larger classes to be moved within an inheritance hierarchy than that of smaller classes, suggesting that, counter-intuitively, larger classes tend to be more susceptible to movement than smaller classes. We also found that in the four systems, while classes with high coupling, low cohesion and larger size tended to be moved within their respective inheritance hierarchy, classes with high coupling, low cohesion and relatively smaller size tended to be candidate classes for deletion. Finally, while we found that class coupling and size tended to rise as the systems evolved we found no statistical support for class cohesion to decline. Directed towards developers and project managers, the message that the research conveys is that excessive growth in class size is at the root of a class' deterioration in terms of movement; developmental controls should be exercised to avoid such growth.

The tammar wallaby major histocompatibility complex shows evidence of past genomic instability.

BackgroundThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a group of genes with a variety of roles in the innate and adaptive immune responses. MHC genes form a genetically linked cluster in eutherian mammals, an organization that is thought to confer functional and evolutionary advantages to the immune system. The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), an Australian marsupial, provides a unique model for understanding MHC gene evolution, as many of its antigen presenting genes are not linked to the MHC, but are scattered around the genome.ResultsHere we describe the 'core' tammar wallaby MHC region on chromosome 2q by ordering and sequencing 33 BAC clones, covering over 4.5 MB and containing 129 genes. When compared to the MHC region of the South American opossum, eutherian mammals and non-mammals, the wallaby MHC has a novel gene organization. The wallaby has undergone an expansion of MHC class II genes, which are separated into two clusters by the class III genes. The antigen processing genes have undergone duplication, resulting in two copies of TAP1 and three copies of TAP2. Notably, Kangaroo Endogenous Retroviral Elements are present within the region and may have contributed to the genomic instability.ConclusionsThe wallaby MHC has been extensively remodeled since the American and Australian marsupials last shared a common ancestor. The instability is characterized by the movement of antigen presenting genes away from the core MHC, most likely via the presence and activity of retroviral elements. We propose that the movement of class II genes away from the ancestral class II region has allowed this gene family to expand and diversify in the wallaby. The duplication of TAP genes in the wallaby MHC makes this species a unique model organism for studying the relationship between MHC gene organization and function.

A Musical Improvisation Interface for People With Severe Physical Disabilities

In response to the challenge of including students with minimal controlled voluntary movement in a drum class with their peers, a software interface was created to enable participation in group musical improvisation. It was developed at Abilities First Inc., a school for children with disabilities in Poughkeepsie, New York, some of whom have profound physical disabilities. This collaborative research project employs a participatory action research approach, emphasizing the inclusion of students using the interface, their parents, and teachers as researchers in the ongoing development and use of the interface. A disability studies framework is used to investigate the extent to which improvising with the interface serves as an opportunity for artistic expression for the participants, and as a form of resistance to the socially constructed idea that people with disabilities are somehow inadequate. The interface—Adaptive Use Musical Instruments (AUMI)—was also used in patients with acquired brain and spinal cord injuries at Teleton Rehabilitation Institute in Santiago, Chile.

The district of Everton

In his historical account Memorials of Liverpool (1871), Sir James A. Picton offers us an evocative account of the evolution of Everton. Picton describes how the movement of a wealthy Liverpool merchant class constructing luxurious mansions in the district first disturbed the rural environment of ‘barren sandstone ridge, with its waste of gorse and heather’. A relatively self-contained village community of fewer than 500 in 1801, with few strong social or economic links with the burgeoning town of Liverpool to its west, Everton’s settlement by Liverpool merchant families brought the district within the orbit of influence of Liverpool.

A Musical Improvisation Interface for People With Severe Physical Disabilities

In response to the challenge of including students with minimal controlled voluntary movement in a drum class with their peers, a software interface was created to enable participation in group musical improvisation. It was developed at Abilities First Inc., a school for children with disabilities in Poughkeepsie, New York, some of whom have profound physical disabilities. This collaborative research project employs a participatory action research approach, emphasizing the inclusion of students using the interface, their parents, and teachers as researchers in the ongoing development and use of the interface. A disability studies framework is used to investigate the extent to which improvising with the interface serves as an opportunity for artistic expression for the participants, and as a form of resistance to the socially constructed idea that people with disabilities are somehow inadequate. The interface—Adaptive Use Musical Instruments (AUMI)—was also used in patients with acquired brain and spinal cord injuries at Teleton Rehabilitation Institute in Santiago, Chile.

Habitat shifts and spatial distribution of the intertidal crab Neohelice ( Chasmagnathus) granulata Dana

Intertidal zones of estuaries and embayments of the SW Atlantic are dominated by the semiterrestrial burrowing grapsid crab, Neohelice ( Chasmagnathus) granulata, and characterized by extensive mud flats surrounded by salt marshes. In this work we examined spatial patterns of distribution of N. granulata during two years to explain their movement patterns. The results of the population sampling showed segregation by sex and size throughout the intertidal, with seasonal variations in densities and different condition indices for adults and juveniles at the different zones. The comparison of seasonal activity (ambulatory activity outside burrows) between marshes and mudflats shows that short term (e.g. daily) variations in activity were controlled by tides. Crabs were active at high tides but increased their activity on days with higher tidal amplitude. Seasonal activity showed that at both areas, females remain with low activity except for a peak in winter, while males showed the highest activity during summer in the mudflat zone, but not so in the marsh. This pattern can be the response to differences in stress tolerance, suggesting that high temperatures are limiting the performance of adult crabs during summer, especially at the marsh where physical conditions can be more critical. The spatial size segregation can be explained by differential mortality in each zone (estimated with tethered crabs), and by the juvenile movement between these zones (estimated with movement traps). Juvenile mortality is higher at the mudflat, while adult mortality is higher in the marsh. Smaller juveniles moved to the marsh, where the mortality is lower, and the larger juveniles moved towards the mudflat. This mortality is due almost exclusively to cannibalism, so our results suggest that this movement of different size classes between zones is controlled, at least in part, by intraspecific predation.

An impossible living in a transborder world: culture, confianza, and economy of Mexican-origin populations

They are known as cundinas or tandas in Mexico, and for many people these local savings-and-loan operations play an indispensable role in the struggle to succeed in today's transborder economy. With this extensively researched book, Carlos Velez-Ibanez updates and expands upon his major 1983 study of rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs), incorporating new data that reflect the explosion of Mexican-origin populations in the United States. Much more than a study of one economic phenomenon though, the book examines the way in which these practices are part of greater transnational economies and how these populations engage in-and suffer through-the twenty-first century global economy. Central to the ROSCA is the cultural concept of mutual trust, or confianza. This is the cultural glue that holds the reciprocal relationship together. As Velez-Ibanez explains, confianza shapes the expectations for relationships within broad networks of interpersonal links, in which intimacies, favors, goods, services, emotion, power, or information are exchanged. In a border region where migration, class movement, economic changes, and institutional inaccessibility produce a great deal of uncertainty, Mexican-origin populations rely on confianza and ROSCAs to maintain a sense of security in daily life. How do transborder people adapt these common practices to meet the demands of a global economy? That is precisely what Velez-Ibanez investigates.

Memories of Conflict and Present-Day Struggles in Europe: New Tensions between Corporatism, Class, and Social Movements

This lecture addresses the connection between the production in the present of particular memories of the past and the ability to frame present-day conflicts in ways that render certain possibilities legitimate while excluding others. Through the ethnographic material I have gathered during my career I will show how different projects of the future (personal and collective) appeal to memories of conflict that link responsibilities and generations at different scales. Taking as my object of observation the transformations in economic relations in a heavy industrial region of northwestern Spain I will trace the connections between the languages and practices of contention, the reconfigured structures of production and governance, and the production of diverse memories (and silences) of conflict. Diverse memories produce struggles framed in class terms, or struggles framed in terms of corporatist interests, or in terms of contingently defined social claims. Through this often ambivalent delimitation of conflicts between past and present, the field of possible futures gets configured and with it the spectrum of possible political action.

Is There an Economic Basis for Working Class Solidarity in the Current Crises?

AbstractThe economic crises that unfolded in 2008 is leading to a long term world wide stagnation, a permanent recession which will ultimately eat away at profit levels and bring into question the viability of capitalism. The response to this by capital is the developing systematic attack on the organizations and living standards of the working class in the advanced capitalist world, particularly on public sector workers. This opens up the possibility of a revived world wide working class movement provided the deep differences and contradictions discussed in this article undermining international working class solidarity can be overcome.

Three-dimensional analysis of the tooth movement and arch dimension changes in Class I malocclusions treated with first premolar extractions: A guideline for virtual treatment planning

Our objective was to analyze patterns of tooth movement and changes of arch dimension by superimposing 3-dimensional (3D) virtual models. The sample consisted of 24 Korean adults with Class I malocclusion and minimal crowding, treated by first premolar extractions, sliding mechanics (0.022-in MBT brackets [3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif] with 0.019 × 0.025-in stainless steel wire) and moderate anchorage. The 3D virtual maxillary casts at pretreatment and posttreatment were superimposed with the best-fit method. Linear and angular variables were measured with 3Txer program (Orapix, Seoul, Korea). Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. There was no significant difference in the individual tooth movement between the right and left sides (P > 0.05). For the movement of each tooth, the maxillary central incisors (U1), lateral incisors (U2), and canines (U3) were significantly inclined lingually, extruded, and moved posteriorly and laterally. The maxillary second premolar (U5), first molar (U6), and second molar (U7) had significant mesial inward rotation, anterior movement, and contracted toward the midsagittal plane. The ratio of anteroposterior movement between the maxillary anterior and posterior teeth was 5:1. The amounts of contraction in U5, U6, and U7 were 1.4, 1.3, and 1.2 mm, respectively. When the amount of change between the adjacent teeth were compared, the linguoversion in U1 was significantly greater than that of U2. U3 and U5 showed significant opposite movements in all variables. There were differences only in angulation and vertical displacement between U6 and U7. Superimposition of 3D virtual models could be a guideline for precise virtual treatment planning.

Microtubule motors and pollen tube growth—still an open question

The growth of pollen tubes is supported by the continuous supply of secretory vesicles in the tip area. Movement and accumulation of vesicles is driven by the dynamic interplay between the actin cytoskeleton and motor proteins of the myosin family. A combination of the two protein systems is also responsible for the bidirectional movement of larger organelle classes. In contrast, the role of microtubules and microtubule-based motors is less clear and often ambiguous. Nevertheless, there is evidence which shows that the pollen tube contains a number of microtubule-based motors of the kinesin family. These motor proteins are likely to be associated with pollen tube organelles and, consequently, they have been hypothesized to participate in the distribution of organelles during pollen tube growth. Whether microtubule motor proteins take part in either the transport or positioning of organelles is not known for sure, but there is evidence for this second possibility. This review will discuss the current knowledge of microtubule-based motor proteins (including kinesins and hypothetical dyneins) and will make some hypothesis about their role in the pollen tube.

Masticatory movement in Angle Class II patients—Masticatory path and rhythm

Masticatory movement in Angle Class II patients—Masticatory path and rhythm

Intergenerational class mobility in Britain: A comparative look across three generations in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 sample is in a uniquely good position to provide relevant data on social class mobility patterns over most of the last century. These participants, with known ultimate social class attainment, took a validated mental test in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947 and were followed up at approximately age 70. Then, besides their own age 11 mental ability data and educational and occupational attainment, they reported educational and occupational data on their parents and offspring. We constructed structural equation models of participant and offspring social class attainment and odds of social class movement, and compared results with those from the similarly recruited and assessed Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. In the 1936 cohort, relative transmission of social class from one generation to the next decreased, while relative transmission of educational attainment increased. In addition, effects of childhood IQ and educational attainment on social class decreased, apparently due to relative decrease in overall upward mobility and absolute increase in overall education level.

The pivotal role of education in the association between ability and social class attainment: A look across three generations

Abstract Previous studies have established that family social background and individual mental ability and educational attainment contribute to adult social class attainment. We propose that social class of origin acts as ballast, restraining otherwise meritocratic social class movement, and that education is the primary means through which social class movement is both restrained and facilitated. We tested these proposals using data from three generations. Study participants were men born in 1921 who participated in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1932 and thereafter in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921's initial assessment in 1999–2001. In addition to their own data on mental ability at age 11 and educational and occupational attainment, they reported educational and occupational data on their fathers and offspring. We used these data to construct structural equation models of participant and offspring social class attainment and odds of moving up or down in social class. Consistent with our proposals, parental social class contributed to educational attainment, which in turn contributed to participant social class attainment, suggesting that educational attainment contributed to social class stability. Childhood mental ability contributed to participant educational and social class attainment but did not transfer to offspring. Education was also important to social mobility and, where measured, mental ability contributed to educational attainment. Education thus appeared to play a pivotal role in the association between ability and social class attainment.

Philosophical Foundations of Labor Law

Labor law is an offspring of the social and political action of the working class movement.

An Italian Rupture: Production against Development

An Italian RuptureProduction against Development Antonio Negri (bio) Translated by Bruno Bosteels How can I begin to define the Italian “difference” within the philosophical framework of postwar Europe? I begin with the end of the 1950s, when a group of politicized intellectuals began to question the extent of the immanence of work in the development of capitalist technologies.1 What were the transformations that from within the modern factory foisted labor-power on machines? Questions like these continued to be elaborated upon with respect to the violent social development of the postwar economic expansion. What, it was asked, was the impact of human activity on how society is structured, passing from the factory to society? On the one hand is this question: what was the effect of capitalist command (and its technological instrumentation) on social life? And vice versa: what transformations did social movements force upon the structures and the institutions of capitalist command? Capitalist power was quickly extended to the control of social life until being configured as biopower, in spite of widespread and effective resistance. How could biopolitical relations be lived and organized so as to create alternatives to biopower? 1 I am convinced that these are the central points around which an original political philosophy has come to constitute itself in Italy within the tormented framework of the heterodox Marxist debate but that also has deep ties with the Italian phenomenological schools of the 1960s. The latter came on the scene by opposing the tedious but extremely widespread Heideggerian philosophy that was hegemonic both on the Right, in neo-scholasticism, and on the Left, with the last Sirens of the Frankfurt School. They offered an analysis of the antagonistic subjectivity in the phenomenologies of Enzo Paci, Giuseppe Semerari, and Enzo Melandri (as well as the new critical positivism of Giulio Preti and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi). They focused on the anthropological relations between the human being and the machine, productive activity and language, perception and action; in so doing they updated Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s humanism, following it up with insights and approaches that “Western Marxism” had elaborated from Georg Lukács to Karel Kosíc. Some research paths have been identified in Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics, edited by Michael Hardt and Paolo Virno in 1996 (with essays written in the 1980s and 1990s). From this period onward, the themes mentioned above (originally conceptualized in terms of the relationship between class movements and technological transformations) became entwined with and nourished by contact with poststructuralist philosophical literature, primarily, but not exclusively, from France. Through this thematic hybridization, the problems summarized above became central to the postindustrial, postmodern, and globalizing debate. [End Page 21] If this is the overall framework in which the original adventure of the authors of The Italian Difference is to be located, allow me now to focus my attention on a concept, or better yet, on the watchword that was at the center of that period of research and political activity: a phrase that uniquely captured both the rational point of the period as well as its esprit de finesse. I want to ask what the “refusal of work” actually meant.2 To this end, I want to reflect upon a few concepts that, even though they do not immediately refer to the question of the meaning and significance of the “refusal of work,” will be useful to us if we wish to tackle this question. Here I would like to take up a few theoretical achievements that are relevant to our problem and that were set out decisively in Empire and then worked out above all in Commonwealth. Forgive me for employing concepts a posteriori but if I were to trace the development of these concepts from beginning to end, my thinking would become rather cumbersome. I would like to engage some hypotheses about the ways in which the ontology of human labor, or better, productive power [potenza] (as has been adopted in the social and political sciences), historically takes on a form and then in that form either becomes dominated (subjected and enjoyed, disciplined and controlled) or places itself in the condition of revolting, of liberating, and (in the words...

Class movement and re-location: An empirical study of Java inheritance evolution

Inheritance is a fundamental feature of the Object-Oriented (OO) paradigm. It is used to promote extensibility and reuse in OO systems. Understanding how systems evolve, and specifically, trends in the movement and re-location of classes in OO hierarchies can help us understand and predict future maintenance effort. In this paper, we explore how and where new classes were added as well as where existing classes were deleted or moved across inheritance hierarchies from multiple versions of four Java systems. We observed first, that in one of the studied systems the same set of classes was continuously moved across the inheritance hierarchy. Second, in the same system, the most frequent changes were restricted to just one sub-part of the overall system. Third, that a maximum of three levels may be a threshold when using inheritance in a system; beyond this level very little activity was observed, supporting earlier theories that, beyond three levels, complexity becomes overwhelming. We also found evidence of ‘collapsing’ hierarchies to bring classes up to shallower levels. Finally, we found that larger classes and highly coupled classes were more frequently moved than smaller and less coupled classes. Statistical evidence supported the view that larger classes and highly coupled classes were less cohesive than smaller classes and lowly coupled classes and were thus more suitable candidates for being moved (within an hierarchy).

Cuspal movement related to different bonding techniques using etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesive systems

To investigate the effects of adhesion technique using different contemporary adhesive systems on the cuspal movement in class II composite restorations in human premolar teeth. Human premolar teeth were prepared with class II cavities and then restored with composite and etch-and-rinse (Adper Scotchbond Multi Purpose and Adper Single Bond) or self-etch (Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil S3 Bond) adhesive systems under different bonding techniques (total bonding and selective bonding). The influence of an intermediate layer of flowable composite was also evaluated. The cuspal distance was measured before and after the restorative procedure, and the difference was recorded as cuspal movement. The data were submitted to ANOVA test and Tukey's post hoc comparison procedure test (alpha=0.05). For all adhesive systems, the teeth restored with selective bonding technique showed lower values of cuspal movement and the use of an intermediary layer of flowable composite did not show any influence on the cuspal movement. Both the adhesive techniques tested were not able to prevent the cuspal movement. However, selectively bonded class II composite restorations demonstrated lower values of cuspal movement comparing with total bonding technique, and the use of an intermediate layer of flowable composite did not diminish the values of cuspal movement.