Ukrainian Movement Research Articles

Генезис казаческого права в Украине (XVI – первая половина XVII в.)

The purpose of the article is to find out the genesis of Cossack law and its implementation in Ukrainian society in the 16 – first half of the 17 cetury. The research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, problem-chronological, historical-systemic. Scientific novelty: for the first time in domestic historiography, it is studied the origins of Cossack law as specific norms of relations inside the Sich community and its spread in the Ukrainian society of that time. Main results: it is proved that, having originated on the basis of customary norms in individual communities, Cossack law found its development in the life of Zaporozhian Sich in the second half of the 16-th century. A sign of such phenomenon was the introduction of the position of judge as an important Kosh government official. Later, it began to be used in the volosti during the unfolding of mass rebel movements in the process of conducting the Cossack judiciary. In peacetime Cossack law was also used by local otamans of the registered troop. The spread of its application was conditioned by the development of the liberation movement in Ukraine in the 20s and 30s of the 17 century., when a large part of it was under the rule of rebellions for some time. The oral form of Cossack law creates certain obstacles in its study, as there is no direct documentary evidence of the procedure of judicial proceedings using specific rules of law at the stage of genesis. At the same time, the available sources give all grounds to claim that during the 16 – first half of the 17 century. it has become an important factor in the life of Ukrainian society.

Fair image of Ukraine against the background of war: extra-graffiti`s implementation

The article examines trends in the development, transformation, spread/destruction of such an artistic movement in Ukraine as graffiti or street art on the walls "before" and "after", which, according to the author, opens a new understanding for the viewer through the implementation of visual via national identity. The protest against graffiti or street art is over, today it has brought new reflections — to the war: the urban space is filled with inscriptions, drawings with deep patriotic and philosophical connotations, nation-building and the idea of a world without evil. On the surviving walls of the Ukrainian urban space, one can sometimes distinguish the hand of a certain master — a recently classified writer. Today, graffiti can be interpreted as an independent communication channel of public space, a kind of "subconscious" of the city. The paintings/murals have a special meaning and an unusual philosophy: the surviving wall is saved lives. The cultural heritage of each nation is, first of all, its intellectual component, the human factor, so now there is a need to explore the reflection of this topic in the works of writers, muralists in modern, war-torn urban space. In our opinion, images on the walls of Ukrainian cities subjected to barbaric destruction, preserved/destroyed, as well as new creations "under the bullets" stand out from the general work of the street art gallery. It is this art that reflects the spirit and indomitability of the nation.

СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО ЯК ІННОВАЦІЙНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ РОЗВИТКУ ЛЮДСЬКОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ

The article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of social entrepreneurship in relation to human development. The main approaches to the definition of social enterprise as a manifestation of social entrepreneurship, the essence of its characteristics and main areas of activity are analyzed. The differences of the financial side of social entrepreneurship from traditional, commercial organizations are revealed. Globalization and active participation of people in the virtual Internet environment have led to the creation of a crowdfunding model of financing the activities of social enterprises. The main potential of this model is the active involvement of the population in financing innovative social projects placed on the crowdfunding platform, attracting foreign and domestic investors. The study of the state of development of social entrepreneurship in Zaporozhye is carried out, the problems and perspective directions of activity of social enterprises are outlined. It is concluded that social entrepreneurship may well become a mass movement in Ukraine. The strength of positive changes for this is a number of prerequisites: the historical heritage of charitable activities; expanding the activities of the non-profit sector and spreading the practice of social responsibility of Ukrainian business; significant creative (inventive) potential of Ukrainian citizens; the tendency of the business environment to adopt foreign experience and implement it considering national peculiarities. Given the successful combination of economic resources and human potential, the spread of social entrepreneurship will: solve many social problems and contradictions, distributing part of the state functions between business entities and local communities; to involve a wide range of sections of the population in entrepreneurial activity, which, as a result, will allow building a new socio-economic structure of society; build a socially oriented economy; increase economic growth. It is established that social entrepreneurship can become a driver of economic growth in Ukraine if it regulates and implements effective mechanisms to stimulate social enterprises, expand government programs and initiatives aimed at its promotion and development.

ПРАВОВИЙ ФЕНОМЕН ДОБРОВОЛЬЧОГО РУХУ В УКРАЇНІ ЯК РЕАКЦІЯ САМОЗАХИСТУ ГРОМАДЯНСЬКОГОСУСПІЛЬСТВАВ 2014 РОЦІ

The article examines the military-historical aspect of the emergence and legal phenomenon of the revival of the volunteer movement in Ukraine, as a response and self-defense against Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine. The legal aspect of legality of formation and activity of public paramilitary formations is considered. The stages of creation of the most famous and effective volunteer battalions, their participation in repelling Russian aggression have been studied. It is proved that the formation of volunteer battalions in Ukraine in 2014 was not only extremely necessary, but also completely legal, although it did not fully comply with the legal field. The authors note that the battalions, at the most critical time for the state, saved Ukraine from the occupation of its southeastern territories by regular Russian troops. It is noted that Ukraine desperately needs a legislative settlement of the armed resistance to the aggressor, following the example of the Republic of Lithuania. According to the authors, the development of discussions on the legality of the establishment of "welfare" is an attempt to split Ukrainian society in order to significantly weaken Ukraine's national security. Emphasis is placed on the danger of manipulation by certain political forces on the issue of adaptation to the peaceful life of anti-terrorist operation participants and their use as a protest electorate.

Factors in the development of athletics and the achievements of Olympic sports in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast of the USSR

Olympic Sport is an important part of physical culture and sports movement at the international, national and regional levels. The achievements of athletes at the Olympic Games are the hallmark of the country and are of great importance for the formation of its image in the international arena. Track-and-field athletics is a leader in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in the number of athletes participating in the Olympic Games and in the number of Olympic medals won during the Olympic games from 1952 to 1988. The article studies the historical aspects of the development of this sport, which is of significant interest not only for the historiography of the physical culture and sports movement in Ukraine and the region, but also allows us to highlight the main factors that determine the effectiveness of training highly qualified athletes. The chronological scope of this study covers the period from 1922 to 1991, when Ukraine was the part of the USSR and the Olympic sports developed in the conditions of the tough competition among athletes from 15 union republics. During this period, the Russian Federation had an advantage in the development of Olympic sports, training experience of athletes from Ukraine and other Union Republics was of particular importance. According to this, preparation of Ukrainian and other Union Republic athletes is of great interest.

ПРЕСА ЖИТОМИРЩИНИ В ПЕРІОД ДРУГОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ: ЯКІСНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

38 newspaper editions of the Zhytomyr region during the Second World War (1939-1945) was selected as the object of the study. The subject of the study is the conditions of origin of newspapers, the peculiarities of their operation and time of publication, as well as the features of the materials of these publications. Research methods are traditional analysis (qualitative); historical method; logical method; synthesis; generalization. It is expedient to divide newspaper editions into legal editions of the Ukrainian independence movement; official German publications; underground Soviet publications; underground nationalist publications. After the occupation, the first newspapers began to appear in the Zhytomyr region in late summer and early autumn 1941, and the most were influenced by the independence movement. Immediately, the occupying German authorities, using censorship, launched a propaganda campaign about the benefits of the "new order". From the end of November 1941, the publications came under the control of the occupying German government and became its main information and propaganda body. One of the tools of alternative propaganda influence on the local population was the underground Soviet periodicals. For some time an underground nationalist publication was published in the region but had no significant impact on the population. Since 1944 (the time of the return of the Soviet army) all publications of the Ukrainian independence movement, the German official press and nationalist periodicals have ceased to be published. Only one of the underground pro-Soviet newspapers, which became official, continued to be published. Comparison of the number of publications on the territory of Zhytomyr region in the war, pre-war and post-war periods gives grounds to hypothesize that the possible dependence of the number of publications from the degree of freedom of the press. The study of foreign language periodicals, in particular in Polish, remains promising.

ВПЛИВ ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ СУСПІЛЬНОЇ ДУМКИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ГРОМАДСЬКО-ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ДІЯЧІВ (XIX – ПОЧАТОК XX СТ.)

In the 19th century, Polish public opinion was in a situation similar to that of Ukraine. She tried to get rid of Russian state dictates and free herself from colonial dependence. The difference was that Polish culture, unlike Ukrainian culture, was marked by development, and society completely welcomed the ideas of the national liberation struggle. Polish society was not deprived of the imperialism of the «Historical Commonwealth» and wanted to use Ukrainians as building material for the creation of a supra-ethnic Polish state nation. What drove a wedge between Ukrainian and Polish national figures. At the same time, the Polish movement provided Ukrainians with rich material for a conceptual historiosophical understanding of the ideas of Ukrainian national liberation. Ukrainian figures of Polish origin fell less under the spell of federal theories, and were more independent in their approach to the independence of Ukraine. It is not by chance that the founder of national populism in the form of a hrodavi was a nobleman of Polish origin – Volodymyr Antonovych, and of Ukrainian modern conservatism – also a right-bank nobleman Vyacheslav Lypynskyi. The article discusses the conceptual positives from the influence of Polish society and its liberation struggles of the 19th century. on the development of the Ukrainian national liberation movement at the beginning of the modern era of history. Objectively, the Polish movement gave the Ukrainian elite more promising ideas to follow than Russian liberalism. The author draws attention to the presence of figures in the Ukrainian movement who had Polish cultural and national roots. Moreover, it was in the midst of Polish society that politicians appeared who raised the question of the cultural and political separation of Ukrainians from Russians. First of all, we are talking about the «hustlers» of V. Antonovych, the Rylskyi brothers, K. Mikhalchuk and O. Yurkevich. Intellectuals of Polish culture radicalized the anti-Russian orientation of the activities of the Kyiv community (V. Antonovych and others). They created a council policy for the unification of the sub-Austrian and sub-Russian Ukraine, and pursued the policy of the «New Era» in Galicia. Independent horse movement. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the leaders of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party also had in their ranks descendants of the Polish cultural nobility (V. Lypynskyi, O. Skoropis-Yoltukhovskyi, L. Yurkevych, etc.). Socio-political Ukrainian conservatism of the pre-revolutionary era was built on the activities of Roman Catholic Ukrainians (V. Lypynskyi, L. Sidletskyi, B. Yaroshevskyi, F. Volska), who at the time manifested the Ukrainianness of the descendants of the right-bank gentry in Ukraine.

Antisovětská propaganda ukrajinských nacionalistů: OUN-B a UPA v letech 1944 – 1951

The aim of this study is to analyse and interpret the propaganda materials of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which fought from the end of World War II to the early 1950s against the Soviet forces in western Ukraine. The paper focuses primarily on the analysis and interpretation of archival materials and attempts to conceptualize, in particular, the positions of Ukrainian nationalists in this violent conflict. As the situation of the insurgents deteriorated rapidly from 1945 onwards with the arrival of thousands and thousands of Soviet soldiers and security forces, the radical Ukrainian movement had no choice but to fight the strong Soviet communist power illegally and with the help of propaganda and partisan means. During this period, the Ukrainian propagandists published thousands of pages of printed leaflets, brochures, journals, cartoons, etc. The study discusses the organization of the publishing activities provided by the central and regional propaganda centres of the OUN-B and UPA, the key personalities and the journals, brochures and other materials. Last but not least, the paper is devoted to an analysis of the ideological texts of the most prominent propagandists, including Petro Fedun – Poltava, Osyp Dyakiv – Hornovy and many others, which give us an insight into the Ukrainian nationalist insurgents’ ideas. The most prominent figures among the propagandists can be characterized, on the basis of their texts, as cultivated, conscious and extraordinary personalities who, despite their youth, were highly educated, gifted and possessed political talent and skills. Most of them, however, had died by the beginning of the 1950s.

YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS OF THE OUN OF THE KAMIANETS-PODIL REGION IN THE STRATEGY OF THE UKRAINIAN MOVEMENT OF RESISTANCE TO THE SOVIET REGIME

Annotation. The purpose of the study is to characterize the place of youth in the development of ideological practices of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. Highlight the tasks of youth organizations, in particular youth groups in the territory of Kamianets-Podilskyi region. To evaluate youth organizations as one of the key elements of Ukrainian resistance in the coordinate system of the Ukrainian movement of resistance to the totalitarian regime. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, comprehensiveness, integrity, systematicity, and methods of analysis and synthesis, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological, problem-chronological. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the author shows the connection between the activities of youth organizations and the implementation of the tasks of spreading and establishing centers of the national liberation movement by the Main Branch of the OUN. A number of archival sources and scientific intelligence testify to the active participation of young people in the struggle for independence and sovereignty of Ukraine. This can be clearly observed in the history of Ukraine starting from the Battle of Kruty and in the modern Russian-Ukrainian war. The article proves the importance of the functioning of youth organizations and the specifics of their activities and tasks. From the above, we can conclude that the youth played an important role in the struggle, development and functioning of the OUN, and at the same time strengthened the Ukrainian spirit and in the future was able to keep the desire to fight in their families and pass on the idea of Ukraine's independence to the future generation.

Ukrainos baptistų judėjimo transformacijos visuomenės pokyčių ir lūžių akivaizdoje

Transformations of the Ukrainian Baptist Movement in the Face of Societal Changes and Upheav als This article focuses on the development of the Ukrainian Baptist movement after the dissolution of the USSR. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, it marks and examines two reasons for the rapid transformation of the Baptist movement, namely the uneasy political situation and the involvement of local evangelicals in the social services. The article investigates the specificity of the context of the post-Soviet Baptist movement in Ukraine: how a particular conservative tradition subsequently comes under increasing pressure from open-style Baptists. Key words: Baptists, Ukraine, the Bible, transformation, tradition.

History of the specific musical movements in Ukraine in the XX century

The purpose of the article is to provide systematization and synthesis of data concerning the history of the separate directions of musical art in Ukraine in the XX century. Methodology. General scientific methods of research, analytical, typological, semantic, and comparative analysis - are applied to the terminological definition of a conceptual framework of the history of musical art and justification of its theoretical art criticism application. The scientific novelty consists in consideration of musical art in Ukraine in the XX century as a certain welfare community. Conclusions. The article considers the history of certain areas of musical art in Ukraine in the twentieth century. It was established that at the stage of the emergence of musical art in Ukraine, the initial music of a syncretic nature developed. This trend consisted in the fact that music, dance, song, and poetry were in constant unity and, accompanied both ceremonies, rites and rituals, and everyday life. During the twentieth century, Ukrainian music in a significant variety of genres and forms is widespread in our country and beyond. Ukrainian artists actively mastered classical European instrumental genres, including the Baroque suite, chamber sonata, trio, quartet, quintet. It was at this time that the aesthetics of the Art Nouveau era dictated an appeal to the style of impressionism, expressionism, and other directions of Art Nouveau (in association with traditional genres, forms, and means of musical expressiveness). This has had an appropriate impact on the field of music education. The development of Ukrainian professional music is associated with the evolution of Ukrainian statehood, which only in the 20th century received the driving forces for formation. This state dynamics influenced the development of Ukrainian culture (and musical art) as an integrated system that is necessary for the active development of the society of Ukraine and the international community as a whole. Speaking about the interaction following the results of the ХХ century of innovations and traditions (archaics) in the musical art of Ukraine, it should be pointed out that any tradition is an innovation in the past, and any innovation is potentially a tradition in the future. In addition, it is important that novelty and archaic in the composer's work should complement each other. It is through this trend that innovations in musical art differ significantly from innovations in technology, where a return to archaic cannot be considered an innovative development.
 Keywords: art, music, musical works, music schools, the ХХ century, directions, development innovations.

Ідеї Михайла Драгоманова у вітчизняній інтелектуальній думці на рубежі ХІХ–ХХ століть

The middle of the 19th century has become the age of the first ethnic renaissance of Ukrainianness after almost two centuries of domination of integration, assimilation in their content stereotypes artificially imposed by the authorities of the Russian empire. The awakening of ethnic feelings is mainly the intellectuals’ merit. They, unlike their forerunners of the eighteenth century, are no longer concerned with the search for own family roots, but with the interests of social consciousness formation. Thanks to the powerful intellectual potential of M. Drahomanov and Kyiv Old Community, the idea of decentralization of both empires, in which Ukrainians live, has matured. A few more decades turned out to be enough for these ideas to take the form of a mass political movement, to be merged into a powerful stream of their destruction. The article is dedicated to the study of the problem of comprehension of the political concepts of European liberalism and social democratism and their extrapolation on Ukrainian realities by Ukrainian intellectual thought, mainly in the person of M. Drahomanov. The version of M. Drahomanov’s political program, suggested to the Hromada representatives in the late 1880s, is considered. The national idea has acquired a form of peculiar federal democracy. The ideas of cessation of the confrontation between orthodox and catholics, the motives of ethno-conflicts minimization and the task to create the All-Slavic Radical Party are subsumed to this too broad concept. It is proved, that modelling of attractive image of Ukrainian movement in the world is considered as one of the immediate tasks of M. Drahomanov. The promulgation of the principles of people’s sovereignty is based on a strong support of the citizens, and the idea of the people as the bearer of the highest wisdom has given way to the idea of civil society. State centralization in both empires has been presented as an evil to be saved from as soon as possible. The principle of federalism formulated by him is considered as a way of progress from the imperial mode of government to democratic, European forms of statehood. As a result of M. Drahomanov’s activity and the other representatives of the defending of federative ideas the declaration of federation ideals in the state system has taken place. The ideas of political freedoms and implementation of political rights have got new interpretation, attempts to coordinate human rights and national interests are accomplished, active search for effective model of the local self-government on the base of communities and regions governing has lasted.

IMPERIAL AND SOVIET DIMENSIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ISSUE IN O. LOTOTSKY’S JOURNALISM

This paper aims at studying O. Lototsky’s journalistic works during the revolutions of 1905-1907, 1917-1921 and the emigration of 1920-1930. The main focus is on the analysis of the position of Ukrainian lands in the imperial era and the Soviet period, as well as the vision of key problems and political prospects proposed in the articles of O. Lototsky.
 The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Both general scientific and special-historical methods are used in the study, namely: historical and comparative, problematic, research tools of the history of ideas (intellectual history) and biographistics. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its focus on the analysis of the content of Lototsky’s journalistic works in the context of opportunities to solve the Ukrainian national issue in the conditions of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
 Conclusions. O. Lototsky’s creative legacy contains a significant amount of journalistic material. Their topics are diverse: from reviews of the economic situation of Ukrainian lands to the analysis of the state of educational institutions in the Russian Empire and the problems of the clergy. Considerable attention in these materials is devoted to the Ukrainian national issue. Due to O. Lototsky’s active social activity from 1906 to 1917, the topics of his essays frequently intertwined with the problems in which he was directly involved (for example, the status of the Ukrainian language and the abolition of bans on its use). The position of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire and other states in the specified period was of his particular concern.
 During the emigrant era, the publicist continued to express his vision of the situation of Ukrainian territories within the USSR. The leading idea expressed in most of O. Lototsky’s materials of that period was that the state policy of both the Russian Empire and the USSR did not provide for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, let alone support for Ukrainian culture. Given the historical experiences of the Ukrainian lands, O. Lototsky in the 1920s and 1930s was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state. 
 O. Lototsky’s diverse creative legacy, his active social and political activities leave many more aspects for further elaboration, analysis, and determination of the significance of his heritage in the intellectual history of Ukraine and the Ukrainian movement.

SCIENTIFIC SPHERE OF THE SOUTHERN REGION AS A REFLECTION OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATE OF UKRAINE

Topicality. Science is an extremely powerful socio-economic institution, without which industrial production is impossible. Science is closely intertwined with financial flows and due to their volume. But its current state and the state of financial support of scientific research in Ukraine, and including its Southern region, is very problematic. The study proved that this is the main obstacle to the development of science and raising its prestige Economic growth and meeting the needs of society depend on the state and pace of development of science. Only by achieving a high level of science and scientific and technological development will Ukraine be able to take a worthy place in the international arena. Only a deep comprehensive analysis of the state of scientific and technical activities in the country and its regions allows to identify problems that have arisen in the field of science, and to justify ways to overcome them. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the place of science in the public life of the country and study its state in the Southern region of Ukraine, as well as to substantiate ways to increase the prestige of science in Ukraine and bring Ukrainian science to the European level. Research results. To determine the ways to bring the science of the Southern region from the existing complex state, the diagnosis of scientific research in terms of their types and regions of the region in the dynamics of five years. The process of introduction and replication of innovative developments is investigated. Statistical analysis of the development of science is supplemented by sociological research. A study of the authority of Ukrainian science in the world. Indicators of countries where science takes good care of the state and feels comfortable are considered. Substantiated conclusions are made and ways to overcome the critical state of the scientific sphere in the Southern region and Ukraine as a whole are identified. Conclusions. Science, as the engine of the socio-economic movement in Ukraine, must become a national value. This requires reforms and intensification of the work of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which may bring the time closer when the decline of scientific research will stop; a break in understanding the role of science in society, when it will not be treated in a way that can be left unsupported for years; changing the status of the renewed National Academy of Sciences, giving it the right of legislative initiative and the official return of the leading role in the scientific and technological revolution while preserving academic freedoms, self-government and democracy in work. Without a state that will lend a shoulder to scientists to successfully deal with all the internal problems of our science, especially its unclaimed, there is no chance to change the existing situation.

Участь громадськості у прийнятті державних рішень, захист навколишнього природного середовища та демократія

Аргументовано, що підвищення рівня інформаційної обізнаності громадськості з питань охорони довкілля та забезпечення її широкої участі у прийнятті державно-управлінських рішень щодо охорони навколишнього середовища має бути пріоритетом держави, яка прагне налагодити ефективну взаємодію з громадськістю. Зазначено, що, своєю чергою, участь громадськості при розробленні державної політики допомагає вирішенню складних соціальних та екологічних проблем суспільства. Доведено, що зазначене є однією з основних передумов розвитку демократії. Розглянуто основні міжнародні та національні нормативні акти у сфері охорони навколишнього природного середовища. Наведено рівні участі громадян на різних етапах процесу прийняття державно-управлінських рішень. Розглянуто поняття екологічної демократії та визначено, що розвиток освіти і поширення екологічної інформації стимулюють відповідальність громадськості у вирішенні екологічних питань.

FEATURES OF INDUSTRIAL PROSE IN UKRAINIAN SOVIET LITERATURE: THE SHORT STORY “BLAST FURNACES” BY DMYTRO BUZKO

The paper highlights the features of ‘industrial’ prose in the Ukrainian Soviet literature of the 1930s clarifying the main formal and semantic characteristics of “industrial” genres, their reception in criticism, and such characteristics of this genre as style, plot, figurative and thematic principles. Based on D. Buzko’s text “Blast Furnaces”, the paper shows the transitional period between the free avant-garde artistic movement in Ukraine of the 1920s and the implementation of socialist realism as the only official style in Soviet art in the 1930s. As a representative of the futurist movement, deeply engaged in the elaboration of early cinema theories, Dmytro Byzko wrote a novel “Holiandiia”, which deconstructed official narratives and topics of the late 1920s. The comparison of the “Blast furnaces” with this novel helps not only to see the mentioned transition but also to notice the divergence of the “Blast furnaces” and more canonical pieces of this genre. Dmytro Buzko’s “Blast furnaces” extremely accurately reflects the expectations from literature at that time: the heroes explain the main stages of work at the metallurgical plant, and by their example, in words and deeds, agitate readers to become conscious builders of socialism. Although a large number of similar techniques, ideas, and even views of the author can be found in “Holiandiia” and “Blast furnaces”, the first novel is a sharp critique of the contemporary reality, while “Blast furnaces” is a text complementary to reality. The analysis of “Blast furnaces” shows the process of the search for an ideal and canonical protagonist as well as an antagonist for the Soviet literature. The last one in this text is represented by the typical for the whole Ukrainian literature covetous farmer who, in a new political reality, plays a role of a small evil ready to harm ordinary workers and socialistic future.

Кооперативний рух в аграрному секторі: ретроспектива, сучасність, майбутнє

The article deals with historical aspects of the cooperative development from primary local forms to national and supranational cooperative structures. The author substantiates differences between cooperative and commercial corporate vertically integrated organizational forms in assigning the final economic result. The main factors of longevity and viability of cooperative forms are identified and substantiated, which include the principles of economic democracy, transparency, and solidarity in cooperatives; the unity of interests of cooperative members as its owners and cooperative services customers; the ability of cooperatives to adapt to rapidly changing external conditions; the impact of cooperatives on price stabilization and food affordability, which characterizes them as both economic and socio-humanistic essence; and solid economic and social connection with communities. The objective conditionality of the state support has been proved for the development of the cooperative movement as a factor in preserving the farming type of economy, promoting the rural population, the development of the rural areas, and strengthening the country’s food sovereignty. The author proves the conformity of cooperative forms of economic activity organization to the principles of sustainable development, which provides them with demand in the future of the agricultural sector. Generalized foreign practice of forming a favorable institutional and legal environment for the cooperative development, their financial support at the formation stage, staffing, and informational and advisory support. The main causes of the slow revival of the cooperative movement in the domestic agricultural sector are explained, and guidelines and ways of their elimination are outlined. Among them, the author identifies as urgent the aligning of domestic cooperative legislation with Western European legal practice and the introduction of long-term state support programs for the development of cooperative movement in Ukraine’s agricultural sector.

Post - communist transit of Ukraine (on the example of the evolution of the People's Movement of Ukraine)

Post - communist transit of Ukraine (on the example of the evolution of the People's Movement of Ukraine)

Goals, obstacles and focus of heritage preservation activists in Ukrainian cities

Preservation of historic heritage is a prevalent question in urban social movements in Ukraine. This article focuses on heritage preservation activists’ experiences, including both movements to preserve specific historic sites and monuments, and movements against destruction of the historic environment more generally. We begin by conceptualizing key concepts of heritage preservation movement and offering a background of heritage preservation in a post-soviet setting. This overview is followed by a summary of research findings based on eleven semi-structured interviews with heritage protection activists in major Ukrainian cities. Their activity can be classified firstly based on the strategy of impact (top-down or bottomup); secondly, on the type of historic monuments that they want to preserve (classical architecture, modern (Soviet) architecture and small architectural forms); thirdly, on the territorial scale of their activity (local, municipal or regional); and finally, on their activities (cultural and artistic, political, media and awarenessraising, community-building, etc.).Challenges, identified by activists in their work, were classified as external (related to structural and contextual difficulties), and internal (individual challenges and group dynamics, related to lack of time, resources and institutional knowledge). More generally, the heritage preservation movement in Ukraine is identified by activists as fragmented, reactive, and marked by high institutionalization of grassroots activities and their cooptation. Activists are reflexive of their role in historic preservation and present themselves as the voice of the general public. They identify their impact as creating public resonance, a wide network of passive allies, institutional (as well as internal management) experience for activist initiatives. At the same time, however, they have little faith in the possibility of achieving broader strategic goals. Thus, despite their impact and efficiency in defending specific historic sites, activists are unable to preserve historic heritage in Ukrainian cities on their own. Potential future research includes conducting interviews not only with activists of large cities, but also of smaller towns, as well as using a multi-method approach and supplementing interviews with content-analysis of activists’ public statements, as well as taking into consideration the voices of other interested agents in the heritage preservation movement.

Factors of Ukrainian men involving in men’s movements that support gender equality

In recent years, Ukraine has received more attention to the issues of masculinity, the position of men and their participation in activism in support of gender equality. In Ukraine, there are several men’s organizations and initiatives that support the ideas of gender equality: dad schools, men against violence, HeforShe Ukraine and HeforShe Congresses, profeminist schools for men, national networks of male leaders against violence, an international union of courageous dads, etc. Feminist public activists appear to talk about the benefits of gender equality. The men’s movement for gender equality in the world and in Ukraine is seen as focusing on either women’s rights or men’s rights. According to men’s movement researcher Michael Messner, institutional privileges and costs of masculinity are the aspects of the classification of male movements. As a result of the analysis of six in-depth interviews with Ukrainian activists of men’s movements, Michael Messner’s ideas were illustrated with examples from Ukrainian society. Factors involving men in men’s movements for gender equality differ depending on the type of the men’s movement. Women’s rights movements were characterized by awareness of cases of discrimination against women and a corresponding sense of solidarity and compassion. Movements for men’s rights – by awareness of cases of discrimination against men in their own experience, a sense of the need to respond to the movement for women’s rights, and the situation of men’s movements in Ukraine, i.e. factors that directly affect men. In addition, it has been found that there are common factors in involving men in women’s and men’s rights movements, such as the existence of a feminist movement, a sense of the need for change, and a desire to be involved in local or global change. Expert interviews have found that the use of personal experience is the most effective way to influence the level of men’s involvement in men’s movements for gender equality, including in Ukraine. Attention to real cases of gender discrimination against women will be perceived more sincerely and openly than statistics. Attention to real cases of gender discrimination against women will be perceived more sincerely and openly than statistics. In addition, it is important to demonstrate the experience of men who understand the benefits of gender equality for men as well. They, according to experts, will be able to serve as examples for other men to follow. Separately, experts noted the role of education in the desire to join the struggle of men for the idea of gender equality. Both non-formal education programs and formal education on equal rights and opportunities can be tools for introducing changes in men’s attitudes to discrimination.