Joint Movement Research Articles

Traditional Chinese Rehabilitation Exercise (TCRE) for Myofascial Pain: Current Evidence and Further Challenges.

Myofascial as a holistic structure emphasizes a holistic approach to intervention and treatment of fascial-related disorders such as neck pain (NP), low back pain (LBP), and knee pain. There are currently adverse effects of medication for diseases related to myofascial. Traditional Chinese rehabilitation exercise (TCRE) is a practical approach to traditional Chinese medicine and is a valuable option for intervening in myofascial-related pain. This article found some research evidence for Baduanjin, Wuqinxi, and Yijinjing in clinical studies of myofascial chain-related pain. The article summarizes the current evidence and finds that TCRE can enhance limb movement function through breathing and slow movements, increase joint movement and flexibility, and reduce joint pathology and stress-induced pain. As for future directions, focus on TCRE in improving the health of older adults and treating long-COVID syndrome, and integrate robotic and TCRE training to frame safe and effective exercise models. Relevant studies have already been registered in the Clinical Trials Registry, and some clinical study protocols have been published. TCRE can be an alternative nonpharmacological rehabilitation therapy to alleviate chronic rheumatic pain symptoms and augment public health management.

Evaluation of Distal Tibiofibular Synostosis Formation and Risk Factors After Surgically Treated Ankle Fractures: A Single Centre Study

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of partial bridging and synostosis in the distal tibiofibular joint after surgically treated ankle fractures and determine possible risk factors. In this retrospective study, patients admitted to our hospital with ankle trauma between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020, who were operated on for an ankle fracture and had a follow-up period of at least 1 year, were included. Patients underwent anteroposterior, lateral, and mortise radiographs of the ankle and low-dose computed tomography postoperatively. The presence of partial bridging and synostosis in the distal tibiofibular joint was evaluated. The study included 75 patients (50 males, 25 females). There were 40 patients with the right fracture side and 35 patients with the left fracture side. The mean age of the patients included in the study was 43.96 ± 15.07 years. The total follow-up period was 40 ± 13 months. Nineteen patients had partial bridging (13 males, 6 females), and 9 had synostosis (7 males, 2 females). The incidence of partial bridging was 25.3%, and synostosis was 12%. We determined that high-energy trauma is a risk factor for synostosis, but we found that syndesmosis injury is not a risk factor for developing distal tibiofibular synostosis. Additionally, we found that distal tibiofibular synostosis and partial bridging do not affect ankle joint movements.

Brain Activity in Visual-Motor Illusions With Enhanced Joint Motion Intensity.

Background Visual-motor illusion (VMI) is a cognitive approach used to evoke kinesthetic sensations. Research suggests that VMI can modulate brain activity depending on the specific joint movement observed. This study aimed to identify differences in brain activity when observing video images of joint movements at different intensities of movement in VMI. Methodology The study included 14 healthy adult participants. Two types of video images were used: pure ankle dorsiflexion movements (Standard-VMI) and ankle dorsiflexion movements with added resistance (Power-VMI). The brain activity measurement protocol employed a block design with one set of 15 seconds rest, 30 seconds VMI task, and 30 seconds follow-up. Each participant performed the VMI task twice, alternating between Standard-VMI and Power-VMI. Brain activity was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, focusing on motor-related regions. Subjective impressions were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS) for kinesthetic illusions. Results The results revealed that Power-VMI stimulated significantly greater brain activity in the premotor and supplementary motor cortex, supramarginal gyrus, and superior parietal lobule compared with Standard-VMI. Power-VMI resulted in higher VAS values for kinesthetic illusion than Standard-VMI. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between brain activity in the superior parietal lobule and the degree of kinesthetic illusion. Conclusions These findings indicate that Power-VMI enhances both motor-related brain areas and motor-sensory illusions, potentially having a greater impact on improving motor function. This study provides valuable insights for developing VMI interventions for rehabilitation, particularly for individuals with paralysis or movement impairments.

The rigid and flat-foldable kirigami cubes

Rigid and flat-foldable cubes generally exhibit excellent foldable properties and significant potential for designing three-dimensional (3D) deployable structures. However, a sealed cube cannot be folded rigidly, necessitating the introduction of slits, leading to kirigami cubes. This paper aims to explore a slit-arranging technique for cubes with straight-skeleton crease patterns to create rigid and flat-foldable kirigami cubes. Considering that slits are equivalent to movable prismatic joints, rules for transforming origami cubes into equivalent mechanisms are proposed. By formulating the relationships between the selection of movable prismatic joints and the degree of freedom (DOF) of the mechanism, we propose a non-enumerative prismatic-joint-based technique for arranging slits, which significantly establish the relationships between slit arrangements and DOF based on mechanism theory. Subsequently, various slit arrangements that align with the desired DOF are obtained. Furthermore, the characteristic that the slits are closed in both fully deployed and folded configurations facilitates the construction of a bistable cube with slits sealed by elastic membranes. Comprehensive parametric studies reveal that the peak energy between stable states can be custom-designed, demonstrating significant potential for deployable aerospace structures and mechanical metamaterials. This work would greatly advance the design of 3D deployable structures.

Evaluation of Postoperative Pain When Adding a Tibial Nerve Block to the Femoral Nerve Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy when a tibial nerve block was added to the femoral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: A total of 60 patients were randomly assigned to the experimental group (EG) or the control group (CG) in a 1:1 ratio. The thirty patients who formed the CG underwent an ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block together with neuraxial anaesthesia and the administration of opioids and NSAIDs through an intravenous elastomeric pump for the management of the postoperative pain; the other thirty, who formed the EG, underwent neuraxial anaesthesia together with femoral and tibial nerve blocks. The efficacy of the analgesic effect was evaluated based on the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) and on the need for analgesic rescue at different time intervals within 48 h after surgery. Results: At 24 h, the mean NPRS score in the EG and CG at rest was 1.50 ± 1.19 and 1.63 ± 1.60 [U = 443.5, p = 0.113], respectively. With joint movement, the mean NPRS score was 2.80 ± 1.49 and 3.57 ± 1.79 [U = 345, p = 0.113], respectively. Ten patients in the EG [33.3%] and 24 in the CG [80%] required rescue analgesia [Phi = 0.471, p < 0.001]. At 48 h, the mean NPRS score in the EG and CG at rest was 0.33 ± 0.60 and 0.43 ± 0.72 [U = 428, p = 0.681], respectively. With movement, the mean NPRS score was 1.03 ± 0.99 in the EG and 1.60 ± 1.07 in the CG [U = 315, p = 0.038]. No patient in the EG group required rescue analgesia, while three patients in the CG [10%] did [Phi = 0.229, p = 0.076]. The mean opioid dosage in the CG was 300 mg, whereas in the EG it was 40 mg ± 62.14 [U < 0.05, p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Adding a tibial nerve block to the femoral nerve block in TKA may achieve the same analgesic efficacy within 48 h after surgery and would reduce the systematic use of opioids.

3D printed MXene/rGO hierarchical porous structure based on ultralow-concentration 2D nanomaterial inks for highly sensitive pressure sensing

3D direct ink writing technology based on two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanomaterial inks receives attention in the field of pressure sensing for simplicity of fabrication, programmable geometry with controllable function and performance. However, it is still a huge challenge to print excellent macro-structure with ultralow-concentration MXene inks, attributed to its weak gelation ability. Herein, we construct a MXene/reduced graphene oxide (MX/rGO) architecture (0.012 g cm−3) with macroscopic (hierarchical lattice) and microscopic (porous) structure by using ultralow-concentration emulsion-based inks of MXene (5.882 mg mL−1). The introduction of octadecylamine enhances the bonding between the MXene and GO, significantly improving the gelation ability of the ink with low-concentration 2D nanomaterials. More importantly, the MX/rGO pressure sensor achieves a high sensitivity (166.957 kPa−1), wide sensing range (0.028∼100 kPa), and excellent cyclic stability (10500 cycles) due to its 3D hierarchical lattice porous structure. These sensing capabilities enable the sensor to detect various human motions, such as pulse beating, vocal cord vibration, facial expressions, different joint movements and pressure distribution. Undoubtedly, this work provides a broad development prospect for the customized flexible pressure sensors based on MXene ink 3D printing technology.

Multifunctional, High-Strength Electronic Skin Based on the Natural Sheepskin Fiber Network for Multifaceted Human Health Monitoring and Management.

Inspired by the animal skin fiber network, we developed an electronic skin (e-skin) utilizing natural sheepskin as the primary substrate. This innovative design addresses the limitations of conventional e-skins, including inadequate mechanical strength, overly complex artificial network construction, and limited health monitoring capabilities. This e-skin successfully retains the structure and properties of natural sheepskin while exhibiting exceptional mechanical strength (with a breaking strength of 4.01 MPa) and high elongation (with an elongation at a break of 304.8%). Moreover, it possesses various desirable attributes such as electrical conductivity, antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and environmental stability. In addition, this e-skin has the advantage of diverse data collection (joint movement, bioelectricity, foot health detection, and speech disorder communication systems). Therefore, this e-skin breaks the traditional construction strategy and single-mode application and is expected to become an ideal material for building smart sensor devices.

Numerical fatigue damage analysis and mathematical modeling of articular cartilage under cyclic load via hyperelasticity theory

The paper presents the modeling of damage to articular cartilage under cyclic daily loads using a curved beam model and hyper-elasticity theory. Mainly, articular cartilage (AC) is a kind of very important biological tissue that has the fundamental role of withstanding applied mechanical loads and providing smooth movement of joints. The existence of mechanical loads, however, has a huge influence on the behavior and the entire healthiness of AC. These loads, over time, can cause injury through fatigue-type damage because of frequent stresses. The basic aim of this study is to mainly offer a detailed mathematical model measuring the damage caused in AC under the action of mechanical forces incorporating different variants like age, body mass index, metabolic activity, functionally graded, porosity and prestresses. The structural energies including potential energy according to the neoHookean model as well as kinetic energy and external work are achieved through the use of strain-displacement and stress-strain relations. Then, the nonlinear governing equations of the articular cartilage are derived using Hamilton's principle. Furthermore, the mathematical model has been implemented numerically through the differential quadrature method (DQM). A qualitative correspondence between the numerical predictions and experimental data has led us to conclude that this model has the potential to serve as a valuable tool for physicians and therapists. The results of this research indicate that among the factors affecting the increase of damage in cartilage, the most important factor is the body mass index, followed by a person's age, hormonal conditions, and cartilage thickness with a negative effect. The probability of damage for an athlete is about 33 percent higher than a normal person, and for a weightlifter (heavy sports) it is about 140 percent higher than a normal person.

A new strategy for fabricating a stacked flexible capacitive sensor

Currently, flexible capacitive sensors have a wide range of application scenarios in the field of wearable electronic devices. In order to detect more subtle joint movements of the human body, a method of fabricating stacked capacitive sensors is demonstrated. An ultrathin dielectric elastomer film of about 110 μm by the “secondary calendering” method was prepared. The shape of the electrode layers was designed, printed the electrode materials on the dielectric elastomer film by screen-printing, realized the stacked-layer technology, and connected each sensor unit in parallel by the electrode columns formed inside. A 12-layer flexible capacitive sensor with an initial capacitance of 10.2nF, good resolution (1% strain), high sensitivity (1.09) and stability under 10,000 cycles is fabricated. The sensor fabricated in this paper can recognize the motion at various joints of the human body, such as elbow and knee joints. This paper provides a new method for fabrication of stacked flexible capacitive sensors, which opens up new applications in flexible sensors, wearable electronic devices and human-computer interaction.

Short-Term Effects of Cold Therapy and Kinesio Taping on Pain Relief and Upper Extremity Functionality in Individuals with Rotator Cuff Tendonitis: A Randomized Study.

Background and Objectives: Rotator cuff tendonitis (RCT) is one of the most common shoulder pathologies. It causes pain, limits shoulder joint movements, and impairs function. Despite various treatment methods, there are currently no specific guidelines regarding the most effective intervention for RCT. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) and cold therapy (CT) on individuals with RCT. To this end, this study aimed to investigate and compare the short-term effects of KT and CT on pain relief and upper extremity functionality in individuals with RCT. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fourteen individuals were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-two individuals with RCT who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate were randomly allocated into either the KT or the CT group. A standardized home exercise program was given to all the participants. Their pain intensity, upper extremity function, shoulder range of motion (ROM), and grip strength were evaluated initially and after the three days of KT or CT applications. Results: All the assessment values significantly improved in the KT group. In the CT group, only the pain scores (except for the numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score during activity) were significantly improved in the CT group at the end of the third day of application compared to the initial values (p < 0.05). For all the measurement outcomes, the effects of time × group interactions were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in favor of the KT group, except for the resting pain (p = 0.688). Conclusions: The findings suggest that KT and CT could be used as adjunctive modalities to exercise for resting and night pain relief in patients with RCT. KT also had positive effects on the activity pain, function, ROM, and grip strength. The use of KT along with an exercise program could be a more effective therapeutic choice than the use of CT for improving night pain, activity pain, and upper extremity function during the short-term rehabilitation of RCT patients.

Joint synergy and muscle activity in the motion of the ankle-foot complex.

The movement of the ankle-foot complex joints is coupled as a result of various physiological and physical constraints. This study introduces a novel approach to the analysis of joint synergies and their physiological basis by focusing on joint rotational directions and the types of muscle contractions. We developed a biomimetic model of the ankle-foot complex with seven degrees of freedom, considering the skeletal configuration and physiological axis directions. Motion capture experiments were conducted with eight participants performing dorsiflexion and plantarflexion in open-chain states, as well as various walking tasks in closed-chain states, across different ground inclinations (±10, ±5, 0deg) and walking speeds (3 and 4 km h-1). Hierarchical cluster analysis identified joint synergy clusters and motion primitives, revealing that in open-chain movements, plantarflexion of the ankle, tarsometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal joints exhibited synergy with the inversion of the remaining joints in the complex; meanwhile, dorsiflexion was aligned with eversion. During closed-chain movements, the synergies grouping was exchanged in the subtalar, talonavicular and metatarsophalangeal joints. Further analysis showed that in open-chain movements, synergy patterns influenced by multi-joint muscles crossing oblique joint axes contribute to foot motion. In closed-chain movements, these changes in synergistic patterns enhance the propulsion of the center of mass towards the contralateral leg and improve foot arch compliance, facilitating human motion. Our work enhances the understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying synergistic motion within the ankle-foot complex.

A case report of primary Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma of the humerus.

To examine the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) and discuss its differential diagnosis and prognosis. A patient with KHE was examined; the patient's clinical and histopathological features were observed, and the expression levels of CD31, CD34, ERG, D2-40, SMA, GLUT-1, and LANA-1 were assessed. The patient was a four-year-old child with primary KHE of the humerus. She was admitted to the hospital because of pain in the right elbow joint and limited movement for more than 2years. Imaging revealed Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The child was not diagnosed with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP). The tumor consists of multiple hemangiomatous nodules with infiltrative growth separated by fibrous connective tissue. The proliferating hemangiomatoid nodules consisted of crisscrossing short spindle-shaped cell bundles and erythrocyte-containing lacunar or crescentic vessels. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells diffusely expressed CD31, CD34, ERG, and other vascular endothelium-derived markers; further, the tumor cells expressed neither GLUT-1 nor LANA-1. The patient's general condition improved after surgical resection. There was no tumor recurrence after more than 8months of follow-up. Primary KHE of the humerus is a rare vasculogenic tumor. It presents with morphological features that require an accurate differential diagnosis.

Osmotically Sensitive TREK Channels in Rat Articular Chondrocytes: Expression and Functional Role.

Articular chondrocytes are the primary cells responsible for maintaining the integrity and functionality of articular cartilage, which is essential for smooth joint movement. A key aspect of their role involves mechanosensitive ion channels, which allow chondrocytes to detect and respond to mechanical forces encountered during joint activity; nonetheless, the variety of mechanosensitive ion channels involved in this process has not been fully resolved so far. Because some members of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel family have been described as mechanosensors in other cell types, in this study, we investigate whether articular chondrocytes express such channels. RT-PCR analysis reveals the presence of TREK-1 and TREK-2 channels in these cells. Subsequent protein expression assessments, including Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, confirm the presence of TREK-1 in articular cartilage samples. Furthermore, whole-cell patch clamp assays demonstrate that freshly isolated chondrocytes exhibit currents attributable to TREK-1 channels, as evidenced by activation by arachidonic acid (AA) and ml335 and further inhibition by spadin. Additionally, exposure to hypo-osmolar shock activates currents, which can be attributed to the presence of TREK-1 channels, as indicated by their inhibition with spadin. Therefore, these findings highlight the expression of TREK channels in rat articular chondrocytes and suggest their potential involvement in regulating the integrity of cartilage extracellular matrix.

Crack Length of Elastomeric Sealants and Their Service Life in Contrasting Canadian Climates: Effects of Climate Change.

The longevity of polymer-based sealant and jointing products, including elastomers, significantly depends on the level of exposure to sunlight and joint movement. These factors are particularly crucial in the application of polymers in construction due to their susceptibility to degradation under environmental conditions. For instance, diurnal cycles of contraction and dilation, arising from daily temperature fluctuations, impose significant stress on sealants and joints, impacting their durability over time. The elastic nature of polymeric sealants enables them to endure these cyclic mechanical loads. Athough there is considerable information on sealant durability obtained from laboratory accelerated aging, there is limited knowledge about the effect of climatic factors using historical and projected weather data on the durability and expected service life of these products. This study employed the Shephard crack growth model to predict the performance of sealants in a Canadian context; the crack growth and time-to-failure of hypothetical silicone sealants were investigated across 564 locations, for which historical climate data were obtained from 1998 to 2017, including gridded reanalysis data for the period of 1836-2015. The historical climate data were classified into four climate categories, and crack growth was estimated based on historical climatic data within the valid range for the Shephard model, revealing that locations in colder climates with lower levels of precipitation typically exhibit higher cumulative crack growth. The impact of climatic variation and environmental stressors on the longevity of sealants in the context of climate change was also investigated using future projected data.

Full wireless goniometer design with activity recognition for upper and lower limb

People must move using their lower and upper extremities to complete their work. Depending on these extremities' using frequency or different effects such as age, genetics, and body weight, the extremities' ability may decrease. The joints' range of motion(ROM) is measured to evaluate this decrease. Different systems, such as conventional goniometers, mobile phone applications, and sensor-based systems, can measure the ROM value. Still, it can be challenging to measure this parameter in different situations, such as training, moving activities, etc. The partial wireless goniometer and a companion 3D visualization and control GUI were developed in our previous study. However, it was difficult to mount it on the limbs at a distance, or it was impossible to use it for both legs to measure the hip angles. Therefore, this study presents a full wireless goniometer system that can simultaneously measure in real-time and show joint movements in a 3D model for the upper and lower extremities. The angle values required for the ROM were measured with two IMU sensors. Two ESP32s were used as microcontrollers in the system, and a fully wireless system was enabled by transferring data via ESP-NOW and Bluetooth. Thanks to ESP-NOW, the system has less latency compared to other protocols and can transmit data over longer distances. The developed system can also perform activity recognition which is not available in other goniometers. The measurements of the system were compared with a conventional goniometer, and their results were found to be completely correlated (ρc=1).

Results of Tendon Transfers in Radial Nerve Palsies: A New Evaluation Protocol.

Radial nerve palsies present a challenging clinical scenario, often leading to substantial functional impairment. This study focuses on evaluating the outcomes of tendon transfer surgeries in patients with post-traumatic radial nerve injuries. The radial nerve, vital for upper limb movements, faces various etiologies, such as trauma, compression, or idiopathy. Patients with radial nerve palsy encounter difficulties in daily activities, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies. The research introduces a novel evaluation protocol, aiming to comprehensively assess tendon transfer outcomes. This protocol incorporates functional movements of wrist and finger joints, encompassing both objective and subjective parameters. The retrospective study includes eleven patients treated between 2010 and 2022, with a minimum follow-up of one year post-surgery. Tendon transfers demonstrated positive results. The evaluation protocol covers a wide range of parameters, including wrist and finger mobility, thumb function, grip strength, and patient satisfaction. The results indicate successful restoration of motor function, with an average grip strength of 70% compared to the healthy arm. The proposed evaluation protocol facilitates standardized and reproducible assessment, minimizing subjective errors in clinical evaluations. Despite the study's limitations, such as a relatively small sample size, the findings underscore the effectiveness of tendon transfers in treating radial nerve palsies. The introduced evaluation scheme provides a comprehensive and reproducible approach to assess outcomes, contributing to the global standardization of tendon transfer assessments in radial nerve injuries.

Objective Falls Risk Assessment Using Markerless Motion Capture and Representational Machine Learning.

Falls are a major issue for those over the age of 65 years worldwide. Objective assessment of fall risk is rare in clinical practice. The most common methods of assessment are time-consuming observational tests (clinical tests). Computer-aided diagnosis could be a great help. A popular clinical test for fall risk is the five times sit-to-stand. The time taken to complete the test is the most commonly used metric to identify the most at-risk patients. However, tracking the movement of skeletal joints can provide much richer insights. We use markerless motion capture, allied with a representational model, to identify those at risk of falls. Our method uses an LSTM autoencoder to derive a distance measure. Using this measure, we introduce a new scoring system, allowing individuals with differing falls risks to be placed on a continuous scale. Evaluating our method on the KINECAL dataset, we achieved an accuracy of 0.84 in identifying those at elevated falls risk. In addition to identifying potential fallers, our method could find applications in rehabilitation. This aligns with the goals of the KINECAL Dataset. KINECAL contains the recordings of 90 individuals undertaking 11 movements used in clinical assessments. KINECAL is labelled to disambiguate age-related decline and falls risk.

Digital virtual reduction combined with individualized guide plate of lateral tibial condyle osteotomy for the treatment of tibial plateau fracture.

Current treatments do not support direct exposure of fracture fragments, resulting in the inability to directly observe the articular surface during surgery for accurate reduction and firm fixation. The aim of the study was to explore the treatment effect of digital virtual reduction combined with individualized guide plate of lateral tibial condyle osteotomy on tibial plateau fracture involving the lateral posterior condyle collapse. 41 patients with tibial plateau fracture involving the lateral posterior condyle collapse were recruited in the trial. All patients underwent Computed Tomography (CT) scanning before operation. After operation, fracture reduction was evaluated using Rasmussen score and function of knee joint was assessed using hospital for special surgery (HSS) score. 41 patients were followed-up 6-26 months (mean, 15.2 months). Fracture reduction was good after operation, with an average of 13.3 weeks of fracture healing without serious complications. The excellent and good rate was 97.6%. The joint movement degree was -5∘∼0∘∼135∘ with an average of 125.5∘. Digital virtual reduction combined with individualized guide plate of lateral tibial condyle osteotomy was effectively for treating tibial plateau fracture involving the lateral posterior condyle collapse.

Management of Amavata w.s.r. to Rheumatoid Arthritis

Vitiated Vata Dosha, weakened Agni, and accumulation of Ama at Shleshmic Sthana mainly at Sandhi (joints) are responsible for the development of Aamvata. Amavata can be correlated with Rheumatoid Arthritis due to similarities in clinical symtoms. Rheumatoid arthritis is one among the autoimmune diseases causing chronic symmetrical polyarthritis. The treatment in Modern science includes the use of NSAID’s (Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), DMARD’s (Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs), glucocorticoids, and immune-suppressants, long-term use of which causes several side effects. Ayurveda treatment procedures and medication used for the treatment of Amavata have Agni Deepana, Ama Pachana, Vata Shamaka, Sroto shodhana actions which are helpful to retard disease process and reduce signs and symptoms of the disease. In the present case, 65-year female patient presented with, complaints of multiple joint pain with swelling and morning stiffness, restricted joint movements, loss of appetite, fatigue, weakness, fever (on and off), migratory pain, and symmetrical joint involvement. Patient was administered with Phalatrikadiguggulu, Shwadanshtradi guggulu. Mahayograjguggulu, Rasapachak vati, Sameerpannag rasa and Gandharvaharitaki churna added as Nitya Virechana. Ruksha Swedan with Valukapottali had also been given. The therapeutic interventions adopted in the study have shown beneficial effects in the patients of Aamvata.

Barnacle inspired strategy combined with solvent exchange for enhancing wet adhesion of hydrogels to promote seawater-immersed wound healing

Hydrogels are promising materials for wound protection, but in wet, or underwater environments, the hydration layer and swelling of hydrogels can seriously reduce adhesion and limit their application. In this study, inspired by the structural characteristics of strong barnacle wet adhesion and combined with solvent exchange, a robust wet adhesive hydrogel (CP-Gel) based on chitosan and 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate was obtained by breaking the hydration layer and resisting swelling. As a result, CP-Gel exhibited strong wet adhesion to various interfaces even underwater, adapted to joint movement and skin twisting, resisted sustained rushing water, and sealed damaged organs. More importantly, on-demand detachment and controllable adhesion were achieved by promoting swelling. In addition, CP-Gel with good biosafety significantly promotes seawater-immersed wound healing and is promising for use in water-contact wound care, organ sealing, and marine emergency rescue.