Indian Movement Research Articles

The Integration of Indian Christians into India Leading up to the Partition of 1947

As one of Great Britains main oversea assets going into the 1900s and with its rich traditions and diversity, India and its road to independence have drawn much scholarly interest. Studies of pre-independence modern India have always centered around the development of Indian nationalism that became the backbone of the Quit India movement, eventually leading to the establishment of a new nation and exit of its colonizer. Almost inseparable from Indias independence is the Partition of 1947 that witnessed the formation of two sovereigns which, in existing works and research, features the culmination of religious conflicts between the two largest religious groups in the peninsula. This hyper-focus on the main players has led to gaps in comprehending the roles of other minority groups that shared the stage alongside Hindus and Muslims. While these groups did not and could not become as politically influential as the political triangle among Hindus, Muslims, and the British, their struggles and mere existence helped shape the political landscape within the region and paved the foundation to Indias path in becoming a secular state. This paper explores the discourse of Indian Christians, the nations third largest religious community, leading up to the fateful summer day in 1947. Using primary sources as evidence and secondary sources as guidance, it examines the majority vs. minority dichotomy within pre-independence India under a hypersensitive religious context and how Indian Christians maneuvered the political waters to achieve social integration. In doing so, it attempts to explore the prospect and methodology of achieving religious coexistence between a religious majority and religious minorities in the nation-building process.

The prison-handicraft complex: Convict labour in colonial India

AbstractPrison labour was an integral part of the penal order in colonial India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Especially in Bengal, such coerced labour, overwhelmingly male, was increasingly deployed in handicrafts production rather than in extramural construction projects, a regimen that led to the development of a prison-handicraft complex. Colonial efforts to refine this system focused largely on increasing the severity of the conditions of incarceration and indoor work, but also on the conflicting goal of maximizing the profits of its handiwork. Prisons thus emerged as effective sites of handicrafts production, with the products of their forced labour facilitating the revival of the crafts industry whose growth is generally attributed to the rise of an international arts and crafts movement in Britain and India.

Analysis and Study of credits for IGBC Green New Building

The green building movement in India has gained significant momentum with over 8,669 registered projects under the Indian Green Building Council. The LEED standards influence the design and construction of environmentally sustainable structures with a focus on resource conservation, waste reduction, and creating healthy spaces. The IGBC criteria encompasses aspects such as sustainable architecture and design, site selection, energy and water conservation, building materials, indoor environmental quality, and innovation. Energy efficiency and water conservation are emphasized through eco-friendly refrigerants, renewable energy sources, and water-wise practices. The use of certified green building materials, products, and equipment helps reduce environmental impact. Indoor environmental quality is maintained through adequate ventilation, low-emitting materials, and indoor air quality testing. Building owners and contractors can employ various strategies to improve the well-being of occupants. Key Words: Green building, Sustainable, Conservation, Environment, Eco-friendly, Renewable

Food Environments, Food Security, and Household Food Availability of Circular Migrant Families: A Mixed-Methods Study Among Brick Kiln Laborers in Bihar, India.

Circular migration is the dominant pattern of movement in India and is a livelihood strategy used by many food insecure rural households. Repeated shifts in food environments have important implications on household food security and dietary patterns but have not been studied. To explore differences in the food environment, food security, and food availability between home and destination spaces. Mixed-methods research was conducted among circular migrant families working and residing on brick kilns in the state of Bihar. Utilizing stratified cluster sampling, 2 rounds of cross-sectional data were collected from 2564 families. Additionally, 25 in-depth interviews were conducted with circular migrant parents, kiln owners, and labor contractors. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale was validated for use in our study population. Bivariate analyses were conducted to estimate the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic variables. Qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive thematic methods. Seventy percent of respondents utilized at least one nonmarket source of food at the origin; at the destination, sources of food were limited to the private market. Despite higher food prices at the destination, perceived food affordability was higher during periods of migration, resulting in improved food security. Tubers, rice, and wheat were typically available in the household daily, whereas fruits, eggs, and dairy were typically unavailable during the week. Circular migration can enable short-term food security by improving food affordability. Policy frameworks must address the root causes of chronic food insecurity, especially among rural-to-rural circular migrant families.

Speaking out on the internet: what does it mean to seek “justice” on social media?

The public sphere has moved online, and with it, several versions of “protests” and “movements” too. We are living through a moment in history where the “due process” of law and justice may or may not follow the public demonstration of either injustice or democratic dissent. A “public” protestation in such a situation has very often meant “on social media”, giving even more credence to the idea that a successful protest is often one that “trends”. This paper will address some of these issues in the context of India, where the spread of internet and social media in the past several years has been as quick as it has been widespread. Using two examples – that of the Indian #MeToo movement and the Anti-CAA protest at Shaheen Bagh – this paper attempts to trace the complexities of online movements in India that have grown online and spread offline. The many inequalities of access, class, caste, language, and internet literacy that exist in India provide a background for these movements and the idea of seeking justice. The complexity of opaque algorithms that curate social media feeds makes the endeavour of seeking for and finding various forms of justice or solidarity – especially through the internet – even more complicated. The two movements – one that was born online and the other that was entirely offline; both operationalised the internet and particularly social media in ways that gave them more visibility and popularity. Both movements were led by women, but one was mostly a movement of elites, while the other was led by those usually considered outside the mainstream. Using insights from Science Technology and Society (STS), this research effort hopes that reading these two cases together will be able to reveal some of the intricacies of the tricky nature of online justice seeking and the complex Indian digital space.

The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections

The Radical in Ambedkar: Critical Reflections

Worlding Encounters: Indian Spirituality and Anti-Colonialism in the Life and Thoughts of “the Mother” (Mirra Alfassa)

AbstractColonialisms of the nineteenth century resulted in lasting encounters between the East and West. Indian spiritual and religious renaissance, along with social reform movements during this period (inspired by Bhakti or personal devotion to God and self-realization in Vedanta teachings), attracted several western seekers and thinkers to India. Among them was Mirra Alfassa (February 21, 1878–November 17, 1973), a French woman, who was attracted to Eastern philosophy. She joined the revolutionary turned spiritual master, Sri Aurobindo, at Pondicherry, a French enclave, and continued to live in post-independent India for 26 years after 1947. In this paper, we trace Mirra Alfassa's journey from a spiritual seeker to being anointed as “the Mother”, the head of the Aurobindo Ashram. We explore how her pursuit of internationalism, cosmopolitanism, and universal values aligned her with the cultural, religious, and spiritual dimensions of India's nationalist movement and postcolonial nation-building. We hope to contribute to the wider discussions about women in international thought and how such international collaborations (as in the case of Mirra Alfassa) worked to achieve the nationalist goals for political, social, and cultural revival both during and after the independence movement in India.

Teaching Climate Change Science with the Humanities and Global Perspectives

Teaching Climate Change Science with the Humanities and Global Perspectives

Left Wing Extremism: Evolution and Analysis of Government’s Initial Response During Period 1967-1998

This research paper aims at identifying the root causes of the Naxalite movement in India using the Ishikawa diagram. Additionally, an attempt is made to understand initial government responses during the period from 1967-68 to 1998-99.

Moving from Fear to Freedom: A Quest for Love, Respect, Freedom and Acceptance by LGBTQ Community Through Indian Cinema

The LGBT community is subject to gender-based violence and other violations of human rights since these laws are invisible to the public. Film has unquestionably been important to the LGBT movement in India. Like many contemporary movements, the queer movement in India seeks to change ingrained social mores, notably the pervasive notion that sexual orientation is merely a phase. Film is viewed as a social cycle in which audience members interpret signs or messages that are broadcast to them using their aural and visual senses. The movies have become much too popular a tourist attraction. Dramatic cinematography and sound film in an exhibition of copying not only shocks us but also holds our attention. Film has the power to captivate audiences, educate viewers, and shift the collective conscience. This huge growth of Bollywood in India and overseas is described by “Jaikumar (2006)” in his book ‘Film Towards the End of Empires’. Bollywood, an Indian film industry powerhouse, mimics and analyzes the public's credit, complexity, genuine elements, and deceptions via a variety of narrative perspectives. As a result, our worldview and general awareness are shaped by Bollywood This Research paper sets out to examine the mainstream treatment of homosexuality in Hindi films, with a focus on how the LGBT community is depicted. And how they fight for their rights for freedom, love, respect and acceptance in the society. The arrival of cinema in India's LGBT community was unquestionably a game-changer. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons are all part of the sexual minority. Among the numerous nations where homosexuality is still frowned upon one is India. In colonial India, the British enacted Section 377 of the Indian Criminal Code, which still exists today and criminalises homosexuality. In this paper, we have shown Hindi cinema’s representation of the LGBTQ community in films like Badhaai Do, Kapoor & Sons, Dear Dad, Ek Ladki ko Dekha to Aisa Laga, Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan and their struggle and acceptance in the society in the 21st century.

GDP'S (Gross Domestic Product) impact on stock market movement in India: A study on BSE SENSEX

The share market is a vital component of every nation's economic structure. It is crucial to the prosperity of any nation. In doing so, money is moved from savers to debtors. The stock market is referred to as a gauge of a nation's economic health. Any change in the stock market has a direct impact on the national economy. Any nation can flourish and prosper if the stock market operates well. Any country's stock market should be effective for its economy to thrive. Numerous researches have been conducted on the Indian stock market and on macroeconomic factors like GDP. This study focuses on monthly data between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2020 to determine the link between the GDP and the BSE SENSEX. This study makes use of the Granger causality test and Johansen's co-integration test VAR model. According to the findings, there is a causal association between the GDP and the BSE SENSEX. Unidirectional causality exists. Any adjustments to GDP will impact the BSE SENSEX (stock market). The policy formulation benefits from this link.

Contribution of education in freedom moment of India

Education was essential to the success of the independence movement in India because it acted as a driving force behind social transformation and a wellspring of individual agency. Education, at its foundation, produced a feeling of national awareness and togetherness among a variety of groups, overcoming boundaries of geographical distinction and language barrier. Education's ability to cultivate moral and ethical values, which were essential for a successful struggle for independence, was recognised by visionaries such as Mahatma Gandhi, who recognised the power of education in mobilising the masses. Gandhi emphasised the role that education played in cultivating these values. Universities and other more traditional educational institutions, such schools and schools, have evolved into hubs of intellectual conversation and political action. They made it possible for influential people like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose to communicate their aspirations for a free India and rally popular support by providing forums on which they could do so. Education also educated citizens with critical thinking abilities, which enabled them to challenge oppressive colonial laws and argue for their rights. Education also enabled individuals to advocate for their rights. Women, who had been marginalised for a long time, were given the power via education to participate in the independence struggle in important ways. Leaders such as Sarojini Naidu and Annie Besant were not only educated in their own right, but they also advocated for the education of women and encouraged other women to play an active part in the fight for independence.

Theoretical Ambiguity of Socialist/Marxist Nationalism in Kerala: P Krishna Pillai’s Trajectory from Gandhian Nonviolence to Revolutionary Spirit

Socialists and Marxists in India had no objective theories on nationalism. Their political position during the national movement in India was shaped by the international political milieu. Krishna Pillai’s transition from a Congress member to a communist cadre and leader help to understand his changing political perspective on violence and nonviolence. His ambiguous position on Gandhian nonviolence shows the complexity of socialist and communist perceptions of political means in an anti-colonial struggle. Unlike Gandhi, Krishna Pillai upheld peace and justice, not truth and nonviolence, as rightful means in political struggle. He advocated revolutionary spirit in political methods, not necessarily violent means.

The Women’s Movement in India (III): Feminist figures at the beginning of the fourth phase

The Women’s Movement in India (III): Feminist figures at the beginning of the fourth phase

Almighty as Litigant : Ram Janmabhoomi Case and the Concept of juristic personhood of temple deities in India

Faith and political machination surrounding Ram Janmabhoomi / Babri Masjid issue triggered probably the biggest mass movement in Post-Colonial India, leading to a massive upheaval in the contemporary society and politics, that had been analysed in detail. But the jurisprudence involved in the case, which was finally settled by the Apex Court attracted little scholarly attention so far. In this essay I would analyse how the doctrine of ‘juristic personhood’ came to be imposed on temple deities, as well as philosophical foundation and contestations about this interesting, but little understood, seldom analysed phenomena.

Of Thee I Sing: The Contested History of American Patriotism by Ben Railton (review)

Reviewed by: Of Thee I Sing: The Contested History of American Patriotism by Ben Railton Brian Whetstone Of Thee I Sing: The Contested History of American Patriotism. By Ben Railton. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2021. ix + 194 pp. Note on sources, index. $36.00 cloth. The tumultuous administration of Donald Trump and ensuing initiatives to examine American history and identity, such as Nikole Hannah-Jones's 1619 Project, have produced extensive public and academic conversations about American patriotism and identity. Ben Railton's Of Thee I Sing: The Contested History of American Patriotism intervenes in these scholarly and popular debates, tracing the history of American patriotism from the American Revolutionary era to the Reagan Revolution of the 1980s before concluding with a reflection on patriotism in the age of Trump. Railton's method reflects his background in English and American literature as he draws upon the writings and cultural works of a diverse spectrum of Americans across the nation's history, including such disparate works as Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, the passionate appeal of Ponca chief Standing Bear in his 1879 trial, and the Wizard of Oz to underscore the appeal of patriotic sentiments across time. Less interested in rooting his analysis in original archival research, Of Thee I Sing works well as a broad synthesis of secondary literature on American patriotism, and Railton's accompanying Note on Sources will surely serve as a useful entry point for students and scholars of American identity looking to expand their research beyond Railton's overview. Railton identifies four varieties of United States patriotism: celebratory, mythic, active, and critical. Celebratory patriotism encompasses actions and shared rituals like the national anthem invested in portraying the US uncrit ically as the "greatest country in the world." Mythic patriotism, Railton argues, is the most dangerous because it generates mythologized narratives about the past that increasingly divided the US into communities perceived to belong to an idealized nation and "those overtly and violently excluded from it." In contrast to celebratory and mythic patriotism, active and critical patriotism constitute more constructive and inclusive patriotic impulses. The former involves active commitments to the US such as military service, social activism, and protest, while the latter stems from a desire to right historical wrongs and drive the country to live up to its high ideals for all Americans. Railton devotes considerable attention to developments in the Great Plains, particularly westward expansion, that generated expressions of critical patriotism, such as the works of Helen Hunt Jackson in the nineteenth century and the American Indian Movement in the late twentieth century. While Railton's work succeeds at introducing readers to a wide cast of historical actors, his analysis and insistence on dividing patriotism into four primary expressions tends to oversimplify complex historical developments. While characters come and go through each of the eras Railton analyzes, the four varieties of patriotism are unyielding and unchanging, presenting American history as one timeless, unchanging struggle between those who subscribe to celebratory and mythic forms of patriotism and those who place faith in active and critical patriotism. Despite this oversimplification, Of Thee I Sing still offers an important historical intervention into contemporary debates about American patriotism, nationalism, and identity. [End Page 111] Brian Whetstone Department of History University of Massachusetts Amherst Copyright © 2023 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln

Nationhood and Nativisation in Raja Rao’s “Kanthapura”

Raja Rao is considered to be as one of the widely acclaimed Indian American international authors and one of the pioneer literary voices in the Indian/English literature. Even though only three of his literary publications were being claimed worldwide yet he delineated the Indian struggle and the political turmoil joined with cultural celebration and broken realities. His role as an active member of the political Indian movement helped in with his higher education to write and analyze the Indian socio political and the colonial oppression in India. His novel Kanthapura published in (1938) by Rja Roa is considered as figure in the colonial Indian literary productions and part of the Indian historical revival movement. It tells the story of a small village Kanthapura and its people’s struggles under the British colonization, the story address the pre-independence era and just like any other colonial literary text the concepts of nation and identity were being highlighted as the Indian people fight for their freedom and self-liberation. The novel had examined a large number of the problems regarding the culture, political, social, spiritual, education, identity and so on. The novel uses strong tone to revel the intensity and the passion of the Indian people as they fight for their rights and freedom. The limitation of this study will be textually focused on Raja Rao’s Kanthapura (1938). Furthermore; theoretically, this study employs the notions of nationhood and Nativisation by focusing on post-colonial concepts such as Hybridity, identity, Nationhood, alienation, signals, Survival and expressions to establish the Indian struggle during and after the British colonization. This study main objective is to examine the Indian colonial and post-colonial social and psychological oppression under the British, furthermore, to investigate the notions of nationhood and nativisation as they Indian people fight for their independence and self-liberation. Finally, this study will exam the colonial and post-colonial confusion as the oppressed individuals suffering to discover and re-create their own sense of belonging.

Exploring Nation and History: An Analysis of Chaman Nahal’s Selected Novels

The struggle for Indian independence spanned nearly a century and was an epic endeavor. The winds of change that swept across the Indian subcontinent after the 'Sepoy' Mutiny in 1857 left lasting imprints on the political and social landscape. The Indian nation had to overcome centuries of lethargy, transcend religious, caste, and provincial divisions, and move forward on the path of progress. This transformation occurred with the onset of the Gandhian movement, which disrupted established political and social norms, introducing innovative ideas and methods. Mahatma Gandhi's relentless pursuit of freedom marked significant milestones such as the non-violent non-cooperation movement of 1920-22, the civil disobedience movement of 1930-31, and the Quit India movement of 1942. The non-violent non-cooperation movement triggered an unparalleled awakening, shifting Indian nationalism from a "middle-class movement" to a widespread emotional movement. An exploration of Nahal's fiction reveals his alignment with the humanistic tradition pioneered by Anand in the thirties and carried forward by Bhabani Bhattacharya and Kamala Markandaya in the fifties and sixties. Nahal's themes encompass tradition versus Westernization, spousal relationships, internationalism, East-West interactions, satire on anglicized Indians, the three phases of India's epic struggle for freedom, the partition of India into India and Muslim Pakistan, and the resulting agony for millions on both sides of the border.

A Study on Fostering Innovation Through Blockchain Technology and Fintech Highlighting Next Major Frontiers on Significant Challenges and Major Opportunities Related to Financial Services Industry and Digitalization Aspects

In the recent decade, India's financial inclusion journey has been amazing, and the government of India has actively encouraged it through the Digital India Movement and the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. Poverty reduction and tackling the issues of securing a stable income could be crucial in achieving an inclusive society. Information and communication technology is gradually gaining access to the unbanked people and assisting in their integration into the financial sector. Digital technologies are promoting adoption and improving the standard of living for citizens. In this research paper, discussion with respect to the progress that has been made in the field of financial inclusion so far, as well as what lies ahead and how we can use and benefit from digital technology to create a more inclusive society. As a result of digitalization, organizations are being compelled to continuously review and innovate their business models. Particularly in the area of digital innovation, the financial services industry is undergoing significant change. Fintechs (financial technology startups) are known as a driver of these shifts since they produce novel technology-based solutions with user-centered methods to fulfil rising client expectations. Experts also believe that blockchain technology, as an emergent disintermediating digital innovation, will have a significant impact on the financial services industry. Fintechs and blockchain present incumbent enterprises with not only dangers and sources of disruption, but also opportunities for collaboration and innovation. The various challenges that still stand in the way of creating an inclusive society are described in this article. The importance of cooperation and openness among all significant stakeholders is emphasized in our recommendations for addressing the pressing issues and creating an inclusive workplace

Indian Hindi Cinema and Queer Gaze: Presentation Of LGBTQ+ In Bollywood

Cinema has long been a pillar of our culture. On a variety of subjects, it shocked, amused, inspired, and exceeded hopes and expectations. Film is also seen as a powerful tool for accelerating social change, subtly influencing society's way of thinking. Indian cinema is said to have different genres as they should appeal to a wide range of audiences. The topic undergoes constant paradigm shifts. Various epics, myths, tales, and retellings of side stories were shown at the beginning of the movie. The film then highlighted the ideas of the freedom movement and Gandhi's philosophy. More recently, true events have been incorporated and film actors have waged battles for social justice. In addition, through widespread publicity, they started enacting important changes that affected politics and other political dramas. The contents of the film are frequently taken from society and vice versa, and the term is used to designate a broad range of sexual identities, including non-cisgender. Without a doubt, the LGBT movement in India has benefited enormously from the movies. Like many other modern social movements, the Indian queer movement seeks to change society. a shift in our perception of sexuality away from seeing it as a passing phase. His objective is to dismantle the constructed barriers of predominate notions that characterize the typical adult's sexual world.