Movement In Direction Research Articles

Assessment of the Drought Risk in Constanta County, Romania

Drought poses a significant risk in many parts of the world, especially in regions reliant on agriculture. Evaluating this risk is an essential step in preventing and reducing its impact. In this context, we assess the drought intensity at six sites in Constanța County (Romania) using the de Martonne aridity index. The risk of aridity and vulnerability to drought were evaluated by the Drought Hazard Index (DHI) and Drought Risk Index (DRI), computed based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The de Martonne index indicates a variation between the slightly arid and semi-arid climates for Adamclisi station, with periodic changes from semi-arid to arid. At Cernavodă station, we notice a passage from an arid period towards a moderately humid one (in 2005), followed by a movement in the opposite direction to the limit of the arid zone (in 2011), and a return inside the “limits” of the semi-arid to moderately arid climate. A similar variation for 2000–2018 is noticed at Medgidia, Hârșova, and Mangalia. DRI classifies two stations in the low risk to drought category and one in the moderate risk to drought class. The other two locations experience a high or very high risk of drought. The drought intensities varied in the intervals 0.503–1.109 at Constanța, 0.473–1.363 at Mangalia, 0.511–1.493 at Adamclisi, 0.438–1.602 at Hârșova, 0.307–1.687 at Medgidia, and 0.463–1.307 at Cernavodă, and the prolonged drought periods were over 99 months at all stations.

Biomechanic Differences Between Anticipated and Unanticipated Volleyball Block Jump: Implications for Lower Limb Injury Risk

Volleyball is a high-intensity sport characterized by repetitive jumping, sudden directional changes, and overhead movements, all of which significantly increase the risk of injuries, particularly to the shoulders, knees, and ankles. Despite the frequency of injuries caused by actions like blocking and spiking, there has been limited research focused on the specific biomechanical risk factors unique to volleyball. This study aimed to investigate the lower limb biomechanics during block jumps in both the dominant and non-dominant directions, under both anticipated and unanticipated conditions, in fifteen elite male volleyball players. Kinematic and kinetic data from the ankle, knee, and hip joints were recorded. Our results revealed statistically significant differences between the dominant and non-dominant directions at the ankle, knee, and hip joints. The non-dominant direction exhibited a greater ankle dorsiflexion angle and velocity, as well as higher knee flexion angle, velocity, moment, power, and abduction moment, along with increased hip flexion angle and power. Additionally, unanticipated movements led to increases in vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), hip extension moment, and flexion power, while ankle dorsiflexion plantarflexion velocity and knee flexion power decreased. It appears that movements in the dominant direction were stiffer and less cushioned, potentially increasing the risk of injury. While the non-dominant direction provided better shock absorption, it also elevated the knee valgus moment, which could increase the load on the knee. Furthermore, in unanticipated situations, athletes with short reaction times, unable to quickly adjust their automated movement patterns, faced a higher risk of limb overuse, thereby increasing the likelihood of injury. In practice, coaches should consider differences in limb coordination and movement direction, incorporating unilateral preventive exercises to reduce the risk of injury.

EFFECT OF BUILD POSITION ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF SLM PRINTED INCONEL 718

The present work investigates the variation of the surface roughness due to the build position of specimens with respect to the inert gas flow direction and re-coater movement direction. Selective laser melting (SLM) method was used to study this effect using Inconel 718 as workpiece material. A total of 21 samples were placed equidistant from each other on the built plate to observe the effect of gas flow and re-coater movement. The effect of these parameters on the printed samples was analyzed in terms of the profile surface roughness parameter such as Ra and Rz in the build direction. The result showed that samples placed near the gas inlet and the re-coater starting position had larger roughness as compared to the samples placed further from the gas inlet and re-coater end position. The result showed that the profile average roughness parameter values varied from Ra = 5.02 µm to 14.7 µm and profile maximum height surface parameter varied from Rz = 47.61 µm to 118.3 µm for all the printed samples. Surface topography of the samples was also studied which showed common printing defects such as cracks, micropores, local solidified melt pools, and dimples. The study opens an avenue to explore and optimize the placement of the printing sample on the build plate with respect to the inlet gas flow and re-coater movement directions for better surface roughness.

Clinical Utility of Qualitative Change of Direction Movement Assessment in ACL Injury Risk Evaluation.

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Navigating Market Movements: The Role of Herd Behaviour in Indian Stocks

When an individual elects to allocate their financial resources towards the stock market for the initial occasion or on a consistent basis, yet possesses insufficient knowledge pertaining to market analysis and investment strategies, the primary issue or inquiry that emerges is the appropriate allocation of capital. In more straightforward terms, this involves determining whether to invest in equity shares, preference shares, debentures, or to allocate resources to mutual funds, and if so, in which specific equity/preference shares, debentures, or mutual funds the investment should be made. Individuals may either engage the services of a stock broker to manage their investments on their behalf or choose to undertake the investment process independently. In both scenarios, their decision-making processes are likely to be influenced, either wholly or partially, by herd behaviour, commonly referred to as the bandwagon effect. Individuals tend to adhere to prevailing trends. When a substantial cohort of individuals engages in investment in a particular stock, there exists a propensity among others to similarly invest in that stock, often without conducting thorough independent analysis. They possess a belief that a significant collective cannot err. The bandwagon effect is an inherent phenomenon that is relatively innocuous to a certain degree; however, it can occasionally be strategically manipulated to influence market movements in a preferred direction, an action that may constitute unfair trade practices and is frequently observed within the stock market. While herd behaviour in everyday situations may be benign, it can prove detrimental when related to investment decisions.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Precision of Body Tracking Outcomes in Industrial Gesture Control.

The body tracking systems on the current market offer a wide range of options for tracking the movements of objects, people, or extremities. The precision of this technology is often limited and determines its field of application. This work aimed to identify relevant technical and environmental factors that influence the performance of body tracking in industrial environments. The influence of light intensity, range of motion, speed of movement and direction of hand movement was analyzed individually and in combination. The hand movement of a test person was recorded with an Azure Kinect at a distance of 1.3 m. The joints in the center of the hand showed the highest accuracy compared to other joints. The best results were achieved at a luminous intensity of 500 lx, and movements in the x-axis direction were more precise than in the other directions. The greatest inaccuracy was found in the z-axis direction. A larger range of motion resulted in higher inaccuracy, with the lowest data scatter at a 100 mm range of motion. No significant difference was found at hand velocity of 370 mm/s, 670 mm/s and 1140 mm/s. This study emphasizes the potential of RGB-D camera technology for gesture control of industrial robots in industrial environments to increase efficiency and ease of use.

Optimization Over Families of Quasi-Periodic Orbits

Quasi-periodic orbit families in astrodynamics are usually studied from a global standpoint without much attention to the specific orbits which are computed. Instead, we focus on the computation of particular quasi-periodic orbits and develop tools to do so. These tools leverage the parametric structure of families of quasi-periodic orbits to treat orbits only as a set of orbit frequencies instead of states in phase space. We develop a retraction on the family of quasi-periodic orbits to precisely navigate through frequency space, allowing us to compute orbits with specific frequencies. The retraction allows for movements in arbitrary directions. To combat the effects of resonances which slice through frequency space we develop resonance avoidance methods which detect resonances during continuation procedures and change the step size accordingly. We also develop an augmented Newton’s method for root-finding and an augmented gradient descent method for unconstrained optimization over a family of quasi-periodic orbits. Lastly, we implement an augmented Lagrangian method to solve constrained optimization problems. We note that many of the tools developed here are applicable to a wider range of solutions defined implicitly by a system of equations, but focus on quasi-periodic orbits.

INCREASING THE DURABILITY OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS OF LIFTING AND TRANSPORTING MACHINES

Most lifting and transporting and loading and unloading machines have a hydraulic drive. One of the most common actuators that perform reciprocating and rotary movements are hydraulic cylinders, characterised by one-sided wear of the rod seals. Known rod assemblies are elastic sleeves mounted in the hydraulic cylinder housing, which covers the rod with a guaranteed gap. During the unit operation, a gap seal forms in the gap between the rod and the sleeve, which prevents the leakage of the working fluid from the high-pressure cavity and centres the rod in the sleeve. However, to ensure the reliable centring of the rod, the intensive flow of the working fluid through the gaps is required, which leads to significant leaks of the working fluid and a decline in the unit efficiency. The optimal gap does not ensure centring, leading to reduced unit durability due to uneven wear of the sleeve and rod. Therefore, the development of new designs of rod seals that ensure self-centring is an urgent task. The development trends of modern hydraulic drives of construction, track, and loading and unloading machines aim at increasing the pressure of the working fluid up to 32 MPa. It imposes specific requirements on the designs of seals of hydraulic cylinders – the core executive bodies. The analysis of the factors that reduce the durability of reciprocating pair seals shows that it is possible to divide them into several types: wear, aging, operational, and design factors. The article aims to develop and describe a fundamentally new design of a self-centring rod seal, which can increase the durability of hydraulic cylinders of lifting-transporting and loading-unloading machines without using additional devices. The analysis of trends in the development of constructions of rod units of hydro cylinders showed that fundamentally new types have emerged among the existing designs, which simultaneously perform two functions – rod guides and sealing. The most notable among them are combined active and passive rod seals. Passive combined seals of rod assemblies of hydro cylinders differ from traditional ones in that they allow rod movements in the radial direction and allow slight distortions of the rod, compensating for assembly and installation inaccuracies of the assembly. Active combined seals have the same advantages as passive combined seals but additionally compensate for the wear of the guide sleeve, which increases the durability of the entire rod assembly of the hydraulic cylinder. Keywords: hydraulic drive of lifting and transporting machines, hydraulic cylinder rod assembly, sealing, one-sided wear of the rod assembly, self-centring.

From Manichaeism to Politics: an Ideological Instrumentalization of Mykhailo Drahomanov’s Social Anthropology by the Ukrainian Leftists

In the history of Ukrainian sociology, the legacy of Mykhailo Drahomanov (1841-1895) is primarily analyzed in terms of his socio-political writings or early methodological ones. However, when considering Drahomanov's long-term and internationally recognized contribution to social sciences and humanities, it is his works at the intersection of folklore studies and social anthropology that are much less often in the focus of sociologists' attention. An important component of these works was Drahomanov's prolonged interest in dualistic heresies and the views on social reality as divided between truth and falsehood, transmitted by the. This interest, which guided the scholar’s research interests for twenty years, had far-reaching consequences for the politicization of the Ukrainian national movement at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. The author argues that Drahomanov's folklore and social-anthropological writings, which attracted the attention of researchers of Gnosticism and dualism like C.-G. Jung, as well as contemporary anthropologists, led him to the conviction that the traditional Ukrainian folk worldview tends towards a dualistic, Bogomil-Manichaean, origin-based perspective on the world. He used this conviction for political purposes, and the younger generation of activists of the Ukrainian national movement, who gave rise to radicals, socialist revolutionaries, and social democrats, widely exploited this socio-anthropological discovery for their own political agitation. The conclusions of the study lay the groundwork for further movement in several possible directions: research of the left-wing press to identify specific strategies for the application of the dualistic myth in propaganda, providing a more general historical-cultural context for contemporary studies of populism in Ukraine, as well as a general revaluation of different components in Drahomanov's legacy in the contemporary history of Ukrainian sociology.

Design and validation of a DMA-inspired device for in-vivo measurement of human skin mechanics: a finite element analysis approach

Abstract This study introduces a novel method for measuring the mechanical properties of human skin in-vivo, inspired by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). We designed and applied a DMA-like device to living human skin and validated its functionality through finite element analysis (FEA) on an ideally elastic skin model. The device features multiple testing modes, including horizontal movement in both same and opposite directions with optional pre-stretching. Stress-strain behaviours obtained from FEA align with initial setup parameters, serving as powerful tools for further research into the mechanical properties of skin. This method is expected to have potential significance in biomechanical theory, clinical, and healthcare applications.

Dynamics of the Davydov’s soliton in external oscillating magnetic field

The influence of an external oscillating in time magnetic field on the dynamics of the Davydov’s soliton is studied. It is shown that soliton parameters depend on the amplitude and frequency of the magnetic field, as well as on the field orientation with respect to the molecular chain axis. Electron dynamics in the parallel magnetic field is a composition of the “free” soliton coherent propagation along the molecular chain and oscillatory movement in the transverse direction. The latter is described by the functions of the harmonic oscillator with the cyclotron frequency depending on the field frequency. In a perpendicular field the soliton dynamics is a superposition of (i) the free electron plane wave in the plane perpendicular to the molecular chain, and (ii) propagation along the chain which is described by the modified Nonlinear Schrödinger equation with an extra term depending on the field. This equation is solved using the nonlinear perturbation theory. It is shown that the soliton velocity and phase are given by expressions which include the terms oscillating in time with the frequency of the main harmonic, given by the external field frequency, and higher multiple harmonics. Such complex effects of external time-depending magnetic fields on the dynamics of solitons modify the charge transport in low-dimensional molecular systems, which in its turn, can affect the functioning of the devices based on such compounds. These results suggest also the physical mechanism of therapeutic effects of oscillating magnetic fields, based on the field influence on the dynamics of solitons which provide charge transport through biological macromolecules in the redox processes.

Twisted cell flow facilitates three-dimensional somite morphogenesis in zebrafish

Tissue elongation is a fundamental morphogenetic process to construct complex embryonic structures. In zebrafish, somites rapidly elongate in both dorsal and ventral directions, transforming from a cuboidal to a V-shape within a few hours of development. Despite its significance, the cellular behaviors that directly lead to somite elongation have not been examined at single-cell resolution. Here, we describe the motion and shapes of all cells composing the dorsal half of the somite in three-dimensional space using lightsheet microscopy. We identified two types of cell movements—in horizontal and dorsal directions—that occur simultaneously within individual cells, creating a complex, twisted flow of cells during somite elongation. Chemical inhibition of Sdf1 signaling disrupted the collective movement in both directions and inhibited somite elongation, suggesting that Sdf1 signaling is crucial for this cell flow. Furthermore, three-dimensional computational modeling suggested that horizontal cell rotation accelerates the perpendicular elongation of the somite along the dorsoventral axis. Together, our study offers novel insights into the role of collective cell migration in tissue morphogenesis, which proceeds dynamically in the three-dimensional space of the embryo.

Operando X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Dynamic Cerium Radical Quencher Motion Perpendicular to MEA

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are required to have a durability of over 50,000 hours. One of the degradation factors is chemical degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) electrolyte membrane. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide with iron impurities produces hydroxyl radicals that break the chemical bonds in the PFSA membrane. Cerium ions are added to electrolyte membranes to absorb these radicals and act as a radical quencher, contributing to improved membrane durability.1 However, cerium ions have been shown to move in both the planar and through-plane directions under fuel cell operating conditions.2,3 The spatial scale of migration in the membrane planar direction is large, and therefore the time scale is also large, where analysis of end-of-life samples has been reported. On the other hand, the observation of the movement in the membrane direction is not easy because the thickness of the electrolyte membrane is 10 micrometers, and it is estimated to be significantly different between the post-disassembly condition and the operating condition. Therefore, it is necessary to establish operando measurement technique for cerium ion concentration with high spatial and temporal resolution in the direction perpendicular to the membrane. We developed an operando X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy technique using a combination of high-energy X-rays and a focused microbeam, and analyzed the behavior of cerium concentration change under current-applied conditions.4 The distribution behavior of cerium ions in the membrane is significantly different depending on the current and humidity. In a high-humidity environment, the ions move in the membrane in the vertical direction in about 1 second. Therefore, in this study, we developed a method to continuously measure the cerium ion concentration in the membrane on a sub-second scale and were able to estimate the effective cerium diffusion coefficient. It was also found that cerium ions migrate to the cathode layer under current-applied conditions. This behavior is accelerated in low humidity environments. This is because the diffusion coefficient of cerium ions is smaller at lower humidity and the back-diffusion flux is smaller.This work is based on results obtained from the project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan.[1] E. Endoh, ECS Trans., 16, 1229–1240 (2008).[2] Y. Lai, K. M. Rahmoeller, J. H. Hurst, R. S. Kukreja, M. Atwan, A. J. Maslyn,C. S. Gittleman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, F3217-F3229(2018).[3] S.M. Stewart, D. Spernjak, R. Borup, A. Datye, F. Garzon, ECS Electrochem. Lett., 3, F19-F22 (2014).[4] Y. Orikasa, A. Takezawa, K. Amemiya, Y. Tsuji, T. Asaoka, M. Ohki, O. Sekizawa, K. Nitta, ECS Trans., 109 109 (2022).

How do teeth erupt?

The development of normal occlusion requires eruptive migration of teeth from their developmental position in the jaw into a functional position within the oral cavity. This process involves significant and coordinated movement in an axial direction and appropriate eruption through the gingival tissues. The mechanisms regulating these developmental events are poorly understood, and teeth retain eruptive potential throughout their lifespan. In recent years, the use of mouse models has helped to elucidate some of the underlying molecular and biological mechanisms of mammalian tooth eruption. Here, we outline our current understanding of tooth eruption mechanisms and discuss their relevance in terms of known human disorders of tooth eruption.

Celebrowanie świąt wśród polskiej społeczności w Armenii. Nośnik tożsamości, element promocji kultury czy substytut rozrywki w obcym otoczeniu etniczno-kulturowym?

From the historical perspective, Polish migration to Armenia intensified in the 19th century, when men were forcibly conscripted into the Tsar’s Army in the territory of the Russian partition. Since then, the dynamics of Polish mobility and its motivations have changed many times. As for the direction of the Caucasus, since the 1990s it has been closely associated with the population movement in the opposite direction, i.e., with the Armenian migration to Poland. However, we know relatively little on this subject, as most contemporary studies focus mainly on the analysis of historical processes, and the current migration movements are commonly referred to as “labor migration”. The following article is based on field research conducted by the author in 2015–2022. Their main axis was to learn about the ways of self-organization and functioning of the contemporary Polish community living in the Republic of Armenia. The article focuses on the description of individual phases of the annual rituals with which representatives of the Polish minority identify and the influence of Polish organizations on their celebration. The article covers both states, secular, and religious holidays. They create an interesting mosaic consisting of cultural and national identity, promotional and popularization elements, as well as the need for entertainment and social life in a local environment.

Model Predictive Control (MPC) of a Countercurrent Flow Plate Heat Exchanger in a Virtual Environment.

This research proposes advanced model-based control strategies for a countercurrent flow plate heat exchanger in a virtual environment. A virtual environment with visual and auditory effects is designed, which requires a mathematical model describing the real dynamics of the process; this allows parallel fluid movement in different directions with hot and cold temperatures at the outlet, incorporating control monitoring interfaces as communication links between the virtual heat exchanger and control applications. A multivariable and non-linear process like the plate and countercurrent flow heat exchanger requires analysis in the controller design; therefore, this work proposes and compares two control strategies to identify the best-performing one. The first controller is based on the inverse model of the plant, with linear algebra techniques and numerical methods; the second controller is a model predictive control (MPC), which presents optimal control actions that minimize the steady-state errors and aggressive variations in the actuators, respecting the temperature constraints and the operating limits, incorporating a predictive model of the plant. The controllers are tested for different setpoint changes and disturbances, determining that they are not overshot and that the MPC controller has the shortest settling time and lowest steady-state error.

Bidirectional Zero Poisson's Ratio Elastomers with Self‐Deformable Soft Mechanical Metamaterials for Stretchable Displays

AbstractStretchable displays, capable of reversible expansion, represent significant advancements in free‐form display technologies. However, the high Poisson's ratio (ν) of elastomer substrates leads to unintended deformation under tensile strain, resulting in image warping. To address this, a meta‐elastomer (ME) substrate with a bidirectional zero ν, incorporating a self‐deformable soft mechanical metamaterial (MM) frame, is introduced. The ν of the ME is precisely programmed by the interaction between the deformation of the MM frame, which exhibits a negative ν, and the elastomer matrix, which has a positive ν. The soft MM frame, stiffer than the elastomer matrix, undergoes both structural deformation and length alteration during substrate tensile strain. This synergistic effect enables achieving a nearly bidirectional zero ν, thus overcoming the limitations of conventional tessellated rigid MM composites. Furthermore, the ME substrate, which is chemically cross‐linked at the junction interface, demonstrates exceptional mechanical robustness, enduring over 180% stretching and more than 10 000 cycles. By counteracting the Poisson's effect, the ME substrate with an integrated pixel array ensures translational pixel movement along the tensile axis during bidirectional stretching, minimizing undesired pixel movement in other directions. The stretchable ME presents key advancements for implementing more stable and reliable stretchable display applications.

An experiment for the study of projectile motion

The classic demonstration experiment of the motion of a point mass thrown at an angle to the horizon is studied. Several measurements of the range of a projectile launched sphere are carried out and compared with the results that were obtained by an analytical approach. The sphere’s motion can be treated as two independent movements, a linear uniform movement in the horizontal direction and a uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. The value of launching velocity obtained by kinematics is compared with those predicted by the law of mechanical energy conservation. The conclusion is that the model of a frictionless sliding sphere is far from explaining the experimental result. The model could be improved proposing that the sphere rolls without sliding (pure rolling) on the platform including the rotational kinetic energy. Finally, the fact that the sphere does not settle completely on the launch rail was considered using an effective radius of rotation. Observed from the three proposed models, the last one is the closest to the obtained experimental value. These activities can also improve students’ understanding of the concept of projectile motion.

The treatment effects of maxillary asymmetric mechanics with the use of the mesial-distalslider: A retrospective study

This study had 2 objectives: (1) to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Mesial-Distalslider (MD) appliance when used for simultaneous maxillary molar mesialization and distalization in patients with a maxillary asymmetrical relationship and (2) to compare the outcomes with those achieved using the unilateral Mesialslider (UM) appliance. The sample included 40 subjects (25 females and 15 males) with a mean age of 22 years (range, 8-55 years). The patients were divided into 2 groups: 20 patients treated with an MD appliance (group 1) and a group of 20 patients treated with a UM appliance (group 2). Superimposition of digital dental models using regions of interest on the palate was performed to evaluate the 3-dimensional molar movements, the proclination or retroclination of the maxillary incisors, and the displacement of the maxillary midline. At the end of the treatment, the MD group's total movements were 4.5 ± 2.2 mm (sagittal), -0.4 ± 2.4 mm (transverse), and 0.3 ± 0.9 mm (vertical) along the mesialization side and -2.4 ± 1.7 mm (sagittal), -0.5 ± 1.5 mm (transverse), and 0.2 ± 1.4 (vertical) along the distalization side. UM group total movements were 5.5 ± 3.6 mm (sagittal), -0.4 ± 2.7 mm (transverse), and 0.1 ± 2.0 mm (vertical). Incisor displacements were minimal. No statistically significant differences were found between the MD and UM groups for all the parameters. The use of the MD enables controlled movements in the sagittal direction with negligible dental side effects in the other planes (transverse and vertical). Furthermore, it facilitates asymmetrical movements simultaneously in the desired direction without the patient's compliance and provides good anchorage control.

Accuracy and reliability for estimating jaw functional range of motion

BackgroundThree dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis based on motion capture can study synchronized data from the integrated jaw and neck motor system. Jaw function is commonly estimated on linear outcome variables of motion range. By combining jaw border movements in three planes the functional range of motion could be described by movement area and volume measures. Research questionCan we ensure the accuracy, test-retest reliability, and intra-individual variability with 3D kinematic analysis for estimating jaw functional range of motion (ROM), including jaw movement area and volume and jaw and head linear measures? MethodsAccuracy was estimated by applying the method to a set of beakers with known volume, based on the percentage deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient between target and estimated values. Test-retest reliability was then analysed on maximum jaw movements performed in a pre-determined movement sequence by 17 pain-free participants (25.4 years ± 2.4) to estimate jaw functional ROM. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated, and Bland-Altman plots were constructed. Coefficient of variation (CV) tested the within session reliability. ResultsThe accuracy in volume and area measurements were high with a percentage deviation (0.03±0.59) and (1.2±0.45), respectively, with a strong linear relationship (R2=0.99) between target and estimated values. The test-retest reliability showed moderate to excellent reliability, and Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement. Overall, CVs showed high repeatability, but jaw movements in horizontal directions were less reliable and presented higher variability. SignificanceThe study with 3D kinematic analysis of jaw functional ROM, provides a methodological basis for accurate and reliable measurements. The study presents a new way to estimate jaw functional ROM measures, useful for evaluation in clinical intervention, for instance in pain and jaw dysfunction. Moreover, the natural biological movement variability and the complexity of the interplay of jaw-head movement will be emphasised.