Movement Imagery Research Articles

Imagery perspective in copying movement

Imagery is a cognitive process widely used for learning and performance of motor skills (Morris et al., 2005). In this study, we investigated Internal (IP) and External Imagery Perspectives (EP) and actual copying of movement to deepen understanding of the character of imagery perspectives. Research on IP and EP shows that the superiority of one perspective in terms of performance enhancement is still equivocal. Further research is required to understand the character of IP and EP, and to establish how they affect learning and performance of motor skills. We applied a Stimulus-Response (S-R) compatibility protocol to a finger-movement, choice-reaction time (CRT) task to differentiate response latencies for actual copying of the movement, and IP and EP of the movement, after watching internal and external stimulus videos of the CRT button-pressing task. We used paired t-tests to analyse the differences in decision time and movement time for external and internal stimulus videos, in the physical copying of the movement condition. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine differences in response times for movement, IP, and EP imagery conditions for internal and external video stimuli. Results showed that the response times in both imagery perspective conditions were significantly slower than response times in the physical movement condition. It was further revealed that response times were faster for the internal view than the external view for the movement and IP conditions, whereas EP latencies were faster for external than internal video stimuli. We concluded that the S-R compatibility protocol can be used to confirm use of IP and EP, which is questionable in studies where participants are simply instructed to use IP or EP, and it is assumed they follow instructions, or even when they are asked to confirm use of IP or EP at the end of studies.

Mental imagery of whole-body motion along the sagittal-anteroposterior axis

Whole-body motor imagery is conceptualised as a mental symbolisation directly and indirectly associated with neural oscillations similar to whole-body motor execution. Motor and somatosensory activity, including vestibular activity, is a typical corticocortical substrate of body motion. Yet, it is not clear how this neural substrate is organised when participants are instructed to imagine moving their body forward or backward along the sagittal-anteroposterior axis. It is the aim of the current study to identify the fingerprint of the neural substrate by recording the cortical activity of 39 participants via a 32 electroencephalography (EEG) device. The participants were instructed to imagine moving their body forward or backward from a first-person perspective. Principal Component Analysis (i.e. PCA) applied to the neural activity of whole-body motor imagery revealed neural interconnections mirroring between forward and backward conditions: beta pre-motor and motor oscillations in the left and right hemisphere overshadowed beta parietal oscillations in forward condition, and beta parietal oscillations in the left and right hemisphere overshadowed beta pre-motor and motor oscillations in backward condition. Although functional significance needs to be discerned, beta pre-motor, motor and somatosensory oscillations might represent specific settings within the corticocortical network and provide meaningful information regarding the neural dynamics of continuous whole-body motion. It was concluded that the evoked multimodal fronto-parietal neural activity would correspond to the neural activity that could be expected if the participants were physically enacting movement of the whole-body in sagittal-anteroposterior plane as they would in their everyday environment.

Enhancement of lower limb motor imagery ability via dual-level multimodal stimulation and sparse spatial pattern decoding method.

Recently, motor imagery brain-computer interfaces (MI-BCIs) with stimulation systems have been developed in the field of motor function assistance and rehabilitation engineering. An efficient stimulation paradigm and Electroencephalogram (EEG) decoding method have been designed to enhance the performance of MI-BCI systems. Therefore, in this study, a multimodal dual-level stimulation paradigm is designed for lower-limb rehabilitation training, whereby visual and auditory stimulations act on the sensory organ while proprioceptive and functional electrical stimulations are provided to the lower limb. In addition, upper triangle filter bank sparse spatial pattern (UTFB-SSP) is proposed to automatically select the optimal frequency sub-bands related to desynchronization rhythm during enhanced imaginary movement to improve the decoding performance. The effectiveness of the proposed MI-BCI system is demonstrated on an the in-house experimental dataset and the BCI competition IV IIa dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed system can effectively enhance the MI performance by inducing the α, β and γ rhythms in lower-limb movement imagery tasks.

The impact of training frequency on young dancers’ imagery use and ability

It is well established that adult dancers have the ability to image and use various types of imagery (e.g., metaphorical, character/role) when training and performing; yet less is known about young dancers. From in-depth interviews, young dancers have reported using various types of imagery (e.g., technique, metaphorical, goal, environment, and motivational) and that their images were multisensory in nature including visual and kinesthetic modalities. Moreover, dance instructors have been found to influence their dancers’ use of imagery and imagery ability through incorporation and encouragement in their classes. However, the impact of training frequency on young dancers’ imagery use and ability has yet to be assessed. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine imagery use, using the Dance Imagery Questionnaire for Children, and imagery ability, using the Movement Imagery Questionnaire for Children in dancers with different training frequency (i.e., number of classes per week). It was hypothesized that dancers with more weekly training would have higher imagery use and ability than dancers with less weekly training. The participants were dancers of various styles (e.g., ballet, tap, jazz, contemporary) between the ages of 7-14 years (Mage = 11.05, 1.88), with 36 dancers training 1- 4 dance classes/week, and 24 training 5-9 or more dance classes/week. A significant difference was found for metaphorical/role imagery such that dancers who trained more often used this imagery type more frequently than dancers who trained less often. Although the dancers who trained most scored higher on all imagery ability subscales (internal, external, and kinesthetic), no significant difference between the two dance groups was found. Based on the current findings, dance teacher training interventions are needed to guide and encourage young dancers’ imagery use and ability.

Effect of Motor Imagery on Handgrip Strength in Recreational Badminton Players

The purpose of the study was to study the effect of motor imagery on handgrip strength in badminton players. Total 25 recreational Badminton Players between the age group 18-25 years of both male and female were included in the study. The study was conducted over 2 weeks. Grip strength by hand dynamometer and Vividness of movement imagery questionnaire-2 were used as outcome measure. The data was analysed using Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test in which the two tailed P value was <0.0001. The pre and post intervention assessment showed extremely significant results for increase in hand grip strength. Along with that movement vividness pre and post intervention showed significant results as well. This concludes that motor imagery is effective on hand grip strength and vividness in Recreational badminton players.

Recognizing the individualized sensorimotor loop of stroke patients during BMI-supported rehabilitation training based on brain functional connectivity analysis

BackgroundElectroencephalogram (EEG) based brain-machine interaction training can facilitate rehabilitation by closing the sensorimotor loop. However, it remains unclear how to evaluate whether the loop is closed, especially for stroke patients whose brain regions of motor control and sensorimotor feedback could be altered. Our hypothesis is that motor recovery depends on whether sensorimotor loop is established poststroke. This study aims to explore how to evaluate the establishment of sensorimotor loop based on the evolving neural reorganization patterns after stroke. New Method14 stroke patients participated in the experiment and EEG were recorded during three specific tasks: Movement Imagery (MI), Passive Movement (PM) and Movement Execution (ME). Activated brain regions correlated with movement intention expression and sensorimotor feedback were detected respectively during MI and PM. In ME, local-averaged Phase Lag Index (PLI) was analyzed to represent the functional connectivity between activated brain regions of MI and PM. ResultsIndividualized cortical activation was found both in MI and PM. The overlapping brain activation during PM and MI did not correlate with patient’s Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity Motor Score (FMU) . However, we found that FMU of the group with higher local-averaged PLI was statistically higher than FMU of the group with lower local-averaged PLI compared with global-averaged PLI (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate functional connectivity between activated brain regions of motor control and sensorimotor feedback may imply if the individualized sensorimotor loop is established poststroke. The successful formation of the closed loop can indicate stroke patients’ motor recovery.

Struktur Teks Mantra Pengobatan Masyarakat Melayu di Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi

This research was motivated by efforts to preserve mantras as part of oral literature. Although the treatment spell still exists in Kuantan Singingi district, it does not rule out the possibility that the spell can be extinct in people's lives someday. This study aimed to analyze the language of medication mantras in Kuantan Singingi district through diction, figurative language, and imagery with qualitative descriptive research. Data was collected through field observation techniques, library studies, interviews, and data recording with two shamans who are heirs as a source of data. The mantra in this study was limited to only the mantra of medication in Kuantan Singingi district, namely spells for ubek togak mato, ubek gombung, ubek katoguran, ubek batuak parangan, ubek kuyang, ubek poruik sakik twisted and babunyi, ubek antu aiar, ubek biring. Based on the study's results, it can be known that the diction in the medication spell has a forming structure in the form of the opening, core, and cover parts. All spell diction in the opening part always begins with Bismillahirrahmanirrahim and closes with Laa Ilaha Illallah. The core section contains tabiks, reverences, or supplications; statement or confession; exclamation; orders, prohibitions, or statements of intent; and oaths and punishments. Figurative language in the mantras of medication were metaphors, personifications, epithets, and antonomasia. Imagery in the mantras of medication was the imagery of vision, hearing, touch, and motion.

Limb Preference and Skill Level Dependence During the Imagery of a Whole-Body Movement: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study.

In the past years motor imagery (MI) turned out to be also an innovative and effective tool for motor learning and improvement of sports performance. Whereas many studies investigating sports MI focusing on upper or lower limbs involvement, knowledge about involved neural structures during whole-body movements is still limited. In the present study we investigated brain activity of climbers during a kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) climbing task with different difficulties by means of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twenty healthy participants were split into two groups according to their climbing skill level. The aim of the current study is investigating neural correlates of a whole-body sports MI task with an additional focus on skill level dependency. Climbing experts and non-experts imagined bouldering an “easy” and “difficult” route from a first-person perspective while hemodynamic responses were recorded simultaneously. We found significant differences between the two climbing routes, easy and difficult within participants as well as between the two groups of different climbing skill levels. Overall beginners showed increased hemodynamic responses compared to experts in all defined regions of interest (ROI) supporting the claim of the neural efficiency hypothesis (NEH). Even though climbing is a complex, coordinated movement of upper and lower limbs we found a stronger activation focus of the upper limbs, especially of the dominant hand-area, while the foot area seems to be deactivated or inhibited simultaneously. Summarizing, these findings provide novel insights into brain activation during the imagery of a whole-body movement and its relation to climbing expertise.

KAJIAN STILISTIKA PADA KUMPULAN PUISI SAPE’ JINGGA KARYA ANTONIUS TOTOK PRIYADI

AbstractThis study aims to describe the diction, style of language, and imagery contained in the collection of poetry Sape' Jingga by Antonius Totok Priyadi. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative research form. The approach used is a stylistic approach. The data source of this research is a collection of poetry Sape' Jingga by Antonius Totok Priyadi which was written in 2015. The techniques and data collection tools used in this research are documentary studies and the researchers themselves. The data validity testing technique uses reference estimation, peer checking through discussion, and triangulation. The results of this study are about diction, language style and imagery contained in the collection of poetry Sape' Jingg by Antonius Totok Priyadi regarding data analysis carried out by determining the diction or word choice used by the author. The diction used includes the use of connotation, denotation, abstract, special, and vulgar words. The use of language style in the collection of Sape' Jingga poetry by Antonius Totok Priyadi includes hyperbole, personification, metaphor, smile, and repetition. The use of imagery in the collection of poetry Sape' Jingga by Antonius Totok Priyadi includes visual imagery, auditory imagery, movement imagery and olfactory imagery.Keywords: Diction, image, language style, poetry collection.

KAJIAN STILISTIKA PADA KUMPULAN PUISI SAPE’ JINGGA KARYA ANTONIUS TOTOK PRIYADI

Abstract This study aims to describe the diction, style of language, and imagery contained in the collection of poetry Sape' Jingga by Antonius Totok Priyadi. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative research form. The approach used is a stylistic approach. The data source of this research is a collection of poetry Sape' Jingga by Antonius Totok Priyadi which was written in 2015. The techniques and data collection tools used in this research are documentary studies and the researchers themselves. The data validity testing technique uses reference estimation, peer checking through discussion, and triangulation. The results of this study are about diction, language style and imagery contained in the collection of poetry Sape' Jingg by Antonius Totok Priyadi regarding data analysis carried out by determining the diction or word choice used by the author. The diction used includes the use of connotation, denotation, abstract, special, and vulgar words. The use of language style in the collection of Sape' Jingga poetry by Antonius Totok Priyadi includes hyperbole, personification, metaphor, smile, and repetition. The use of imagery in the collection of poetry Sape' Jingga by Antonius Totok Priyadi includes visual imagery, auditory imagery, movement imagery and olfactory imagery. Keywords: Diction, image, language style, poetry collection.

Clinical and Neurophysiological Effects of Progressive Movement Imagery Training for Pathological Pain

Movement limitation is a common characteristic of chronic pain such that pain prevents the very movement and activity that is most likely to promote recovery. This is particularly the case for pathological pain states such as complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). One clinical approach to CRPS that has growing evidence of efficacy involves progressive movement imagery training. Graded Motor Imagery (GMI) targets clinical and neurophysiological effects through a stepwise progression through implicit and explicit movement imagery training, mirror therapy and then functional tasks. Here we review experiences from over 20 years of clinical and research experience with GMI. We situate GMI in terms of its historical underpinnings, the benefits and outstanding challenges of its implementation, its potential application beyond CRPS. We then review the neuropathological targets of GMI and current thought on its effects on neurophysiological biomarkers. PerspectiveThis article provides an overview of our experiences with graded motor imagery training over the last 20 years focussing on the treatment of CRPS. It does both cover the theoretical underpinnings for this treatment approach, biomarkers which indicate potential changes driven by GMI, and experiences for achieving optimal treatment results.

The Effect of Simulating Climbing Movements on Rock Memory and Exploratory Movement in Rock Climbing.

Simulating climbing movements on a given route is important for fluent rock climbing. We investigated the effect of simulated action during rock climbing route finding on memory and exploratory movement. Participants were 12 climbers and 12 non-climbers who completed three experimental tasks: (a) a questionnaire, the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) for measuring vividness of motor imagery, (b) a memory task requiring recognition of rock climbing holds on the route, and (c) a traversing task requiring participants to climb a given route and count the number of exploratory movements made during climbing. During route finding in the memory/traversing task, we experimentally manipulated the simulative body action with motor imagery. Results showed that the simulative action affected exploratory movement during climbing, but it did not affect memorization of the holds. In the traversing task, climbers showed more exploratory movement when the simulative action was present during route finding, while the non-climbers showed an opposite trend. Moreover, for non-climbers, the effect of the simulative action was modulated by the vividness of kinesthetic imagery. We concluded that simulative body action during route finding facilitated motor imagery and spatial information processing for subsequent climbing involving exploratory movement.

Multivariate EEG Signal Processing Techniques for the Aid of Severely Disabled People

Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used for several years as a trace of signals for facilitating subjects with serious infirmities to communicate with computers and other devices. Many studies have revealed the correlation of mental tasks with the EEG signals for actual or fictional movements. However, the performance of Brain Computer Interface (BCI) using EEG signal is still below enough to assist any disabled people. One reason could be that the researchers in this field (motor imagery based BCI) normally use two to three channels of EEG signal. This might limit the performance of BCI, as an extra source of information generally helps in detecting a person's motor movement intentions. Therefore, the proposed research work is involved with three or more channels of EEG signal for online BCI. Two fundamental objectives for BCI based on motor movement imagery from multichannel signals are aimed at in this research work: i) to develop a technique of multivariate feature extraction for motor imagery related to multichannel EEG signals; and ii) to develop an appropriate machine learning based feature classification algorithm for Brain Computer Interface. Nevertheless, all other problems like interfacing and real-time operations with current BCIs are also addressed and attempts are made to reduce the problems. The methodology can be described by following steps as follows: i) at least 3 channels of EEG signal are recorded; ii) a few features are extracted from preprocessed EEG signal; iii) all extracted features are classified to generate commands for BCI; iv) finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm for BCI. The challenge of this research work is to investigate and find an appropriate model for online (real-time) BCI with a realistic performance to be made in achieving better lives for people with severe disabilities in Malaysia and abroad.

Effects of action observation and motor imagery of walking on the corticospinal and spinal motoneuron excitability and motor imagery ability in healthy participants.

Action observation (AO) and motor imagery (MI) are used for the rehabilitation of patients who face difficulty walking. Rehabilitation involving AO, MI, and AO combined with MI (AO+MI) facilitates gait recovery after neurological disorders. However, the mechanism by which it positively affects gait function is unclear. We previously examined the neural mechanisms underlying AO and MI of walking, focusing on AO+MI and corticospinal and spinal motor neuron excitability, which play important roles in gait function. Herein, we investigated the effects of a short intervention using AO+MI of walking on the corticospinal and spinal motor neuron excitability and MI ability of participants. Twelve healthy individuals participated in this study, which consisted of a 20 min intervention. Before the experiment, we measured MI ability using the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2). We used motor evoked potential and F-wave measurements to evaluate the corticospinal and spinal motor neuron excitability at rest, pre-intervention, 0 min, and 15 min post-intervention. We also measured corticospinal excitability during MI of walking and the participant’s ability to perform MI using a visual analog scale (VAS). There were no significant changes in corticospinal and spinal motor neuron excitability during and after the intervention using AO+MI (p>0.05). The intervention temporarily increased VAS scores, thus indicating clearer MI (p<0.05); however, it did not influence corticospinal excitability during MI of walking (p>0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the VMIQ-2 and VAS scores and changes in corticospinal and spinal motor neuron excitability. Therefore, one short intervention using AO+MI increased MI ability in healthy individuals; however, it was insufficient to induce plastic changes at the cortical and spinal levels. Moreover, the effects of intervention using AO+MI were not associated with MI ability. Our findings provide information about intervention using AO+MI in healthy individuals and might be helpful in planning neurorehabilitation strategies.

CITRAAN DALAM ANTOLOGI “PUISI-PUISI CINTA” KARYA W.S. RENDRA

AbstractThe background of this study is analyzing and decriminalizing Citraan in the anthology of “Puisi-puisi Cinta” by W.S. Rendra. The imagery includes visual imagery, auditory imagery, touch imagery, taste imagery, olfactory imagery, motion imagery, and feeling imagery. The purpose of this study is to be able to describe Citraan in the Anthology of “Puisi-puisi Cinta” by W.S. Rendra. This research uses descriptive methods and qualitative research forms. The approach used in this research is structural. The data in this study is sourced from the Anthology of “Puisi-puisi C inta”by W.S. Rendra. Based on the results of analysis on poetry there are images of vision, auditory imagery, image of touch, imagery of smell, imagery of motion, and image of feelings in it then this study has a link to the learning of Indonesian Language and Literature class X odd semester curriculum 2013 refers to Basic Competence 3.17 and 4.17. The results of this study are expected to be useful for many circles, especially for teachers, learners, and for further researchers.Keywords: Imagery, Implementation, Poem

Validation of a Computer-Based Version of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire

Abstract. A computer-based version of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ-2) was tested and compared with the print version. Psychometric characteristics of the print version were replicated with the computer-based version using a between-subject design in Study 1 ( n 1 = 240; n 2 = 254) and using a within-subject design in Study 2 ( N = 285). Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the three-dimensional structure of the VMIQ-2. Model fits, test–retest reliability, interfactor correlations, and correlations with other questionnaires did not differ significantly between the computer-based and print versions. Convergent validity was shown by significant correlations with the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 3. The computer-based version of the VMIQ-2 is considered a valid instrument to measure vividness of action imagery.

More Than Movement: Exploring Motor Simulation, Creativity, and Function in Co-developed Dance for Parkinson's.

Dance is an enjoyable, non-therapy-focused activity that may provide a range of benefits for people with Parkinson’s. The internal simulation of movement through observation, imitation, and imagery, is intrinsic to dance and may contribute to functional improvements for people with Parkinson’s. This study explored the feasibility and potential benefits of a dance program designed by a collaborative team of dance artists, researchers, physiotherapists, and people living with Parkinson’s. The program incorporated motor simulation through observation, imitation and imagery of movement, supported by creative themes, expression, and music. A 6-week pilot trial of the program was conducted with 10 people with Parkinson’s. A focus group following the trial (N = 8) provided insights into the use of imagery, observation and imitation within dance, and the link between creativity and functional outcomes, as well as indicating multidimensional benefits of dance as reported in previous studies. Exploratory outcome measures also suggested potential effects on motor simulation, functional dexterity, and quality of life. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of a co-developed dance program for Parkinson’s and indicates how creative elements of dance may support functional outcomes. Future research should examine the role of motor simulation processes in dance for Parkinson’s, including the potential to develop transferable cognitive-motor skills. This study also highlights the value of collaborative partnerships in designing dance for health programs, which may optimise beneficial effects by using creative approaches to incorporate evidence-based elements, with guidance from individuals with lived experience to ensure the relevance to their goals.

Convergent validity and sex invariant factor structure of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 - Second version (MIQ-3S): Healthy, young adult reference data

Aligned with the approach that established the factor structure of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3), this study extended the two-factor structure of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire – Revised Second version (MIQ-RS). The extension involves assessment of both internal and external visual imagery abilities along with kinesthetic imagery ability. Participants (N = 396) completed the new Movement Imagery Questionnaire – 3 Second Version (MIQ-3S) along with the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) which measure the same three imagery abilities. Alpha coefficients and between scale Spearman correlations for internal, external, and kinesthetic abilities indicated items were internally consistent (α > 0.87) and established convergent validity (r > 0.69), respectively. MIQ-3S scale means ranged from 5.56 (SD = 1.10) to 5.98 (SD = 0.84), with no differences by sex. The three scales were not multicolinear as intra-scale correlations ranged from 0.47 to 0.61, supporting the three abilities were related, but separate constructs. A multi-trait multimethod confirmatory factor analysis (MTMM CFA), with sex invariance, was conducted to confirm the 3-factor structure of the MIQ-3S. Results from 396 healthy male (n = 200) and female (n = 196) adult college-aged students (M = 21.91, SD = 2.37) indicated a correlated-traits correlated-uniqueness model provided the best fit to the data (CFI = 0.99; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 0.03), while displaying sex invariance. These findings provide baseline data on college-aged, healthy adult participants providing reference data to those investigating imagery abilities among injured populations and practitioners interested in tracking individuals in rehabilitation.

The Application of Integration of EEG Signals for Authorial Classification Algorithms in Implementation for a Mobile Robot Control Using Movement Imagery—Pilot Study

This paper presents a new approach to the issue of recognition and classification of electroencephalographic signals (EEG). A small number of investigations using the Emotiv Epoc Flex sensor set was the reason for searching for original solutions including control of elements of robotics with mental orders given by a user. The signal, measured and archived with a 32-electrode device, was prepared for classification using a new solution consisting of EEG signal integration. The new waveforms modified in this way could be subjected to recognition both by a classic authorial software and an artificial neural network. The properly classified signals made it possible to use them as the signals controlling the LEGO EV3 Mindstorms robot.

The Effect of Motor Imagery on the Excitability of Spinal Segmentary Reflexes in Restless Legs Syndrome Patients

Context: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological sleep disorder which causes an overwhelming urge to move the legs. However, this spinal excitability can be decreased through the use some motor movements such as walking or stretching. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of motor imagery (MI) on spinal excitability in relation to the H reflex (HR). Settings and Design: In this study, 11 patients diagnosed with RLS (3 males and 8 females, mean age: 41.2) and 14 controls (8 males and 7 females, mean age: 38.4) were tested. HR was studied while participants in the supine position were imagining walking and also while imagining both dorsiflexion (DF) and plantar flexion (PF). Results: There was significant decrease in the Hmax/Mmax at 90° DF in both groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.001). There was no significant decrease in the RLS group on imagery; however, there was a significant decrease in the control group with movement imagination compared to the resting state (p = 0.021). There was no significant increase in Hmax/Mmax at 135° PF in both groups on movement and imagery. There was a decrease in the ratio on the imagery of walking in the RLS group (p = 0.038), but the same ratio increased in the control group (p = 0.010). Conclusion: As motor movements decrease corticospinal excitability in RLS, the imagery of movement mimicking the actmovement can relieve the symptoms of RLS. As a conclusion, further electrophysiological studies can be useful to gauge the effects of MI on spinal excitability in RLS.