Ideological Movements Research Articles

The Myth of “Zaim”/“Zuema”: Revisiting 1950s Lebanese Elite Taxonomy and Circulation

ABSTRACT This study challenges the prevalent use of the term “Zaim/Zuema” in analyzing Lebanese political leadership during the 1950s. While Arnold Hottinger popularized this terminology through his influential work on the 1958 Lebanese Crisis, this paper argues that such categorization oversimplifies and exoticizes the complex nature of Lebanese political elites. Building on and critiquing subsequent frameworks by Albert Hourani and Wade Goria, this study proposes a more nuanced categorization based on historical boundaries: “political elites of Mount Lebanon” and “notables of the attached areas.” Through examination of primary sources and contemporary accounts, the paper demonstrates how the Lebanese political landscape of the 1950s featured diverse actors ranging from aristocrats and feudal chiefs to modern politicians and ideological movement leaders. The study particularly focuses on the elite circulation during the 1952 “Rosewater Revolution” and the 1958 Crisis, revealing how personal rivalries, regional pressures, and global dynamics intersected in Lebanese politics. By relocating Lebanon’s political dynamics within a broader framework of elite circulation theory, this research challenges both the simplistic categorizations and conjectural localizations of terminology, contributing to a more sophisticated understanding of Lebanese political history in the mid-twentieth century.

Memoirs of a researcher as a literary fact (based on V. Ivanov’s memoirs about the East)

The article examines the memoirs of Vladimir Alekseevich Ivanov (1886–1970), a prominent Russian orientalist, the founder of Ismaili studies, a branch of Islamic studies that explores Ismailism as a religious and ideological movement within the Shiite branch of Islam. Written in the mid-1960s, these memoirs cover the period from 1918 to 1968 and convey the researcher’s impressions of the Eastern countries he visited (Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, India, Egypt, Syria and Palestine). The handwritten notes of the scientist are kept in the archival collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, St. Petersburg). In 2015, they were published as a separate book with a preface and comments by B. Norik, a Russian Iranian scholar, translator, textual critic, employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). The memoirs of V. Ivanov have so far been studied as a fact of his scientific life and fate, as a certain addition to the researcher’s work, a kind of appendix to them, explaining what usually lies beyond strict studies, in the field of subjective experience and impressions. Meanwhile, it seems that they represent a completely independent literary work, so that the circle of their readers cannot be limited only to narrow specialists. The literary part of the memoirs is determined by a whole set of features: its language (style register), the image of the author and his subjective position, genre features of the work combining elements of diary prose and detective story, as well as a conditionally “hagiographic” canon (ancient Russian literature) with the traditions of ethnographic descriptions of everyday life, which dates back to “Walking across Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin. The memoirist, as a rule, records the past selectively (this is due not only to the conscious desire of the author to highlight some events, obscuring others, but also to the specifics of human memory as such). V. Ivanov was no exception, for him of primary nature was the opinion taken from the point of view of the interests of science.

REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING CHALLENGES IN OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: A MULTIVOCAL LITERATURE REVIEW PROTOCOL WITH PRELIMINARY RESULTS

In the dynamic landscape of software development, open source software (OSS) has acquired traction due to its collaborative and transparent nature. In OSS, source code of the software is accessible to users under a copyright license. The license allows the users to examine, improve, alter and distribute the software either in modified or unmodified form. Richard Stallman, programmer at MIT, presented the idea of making source code freely accessible in the year 1983, from an ideological movement. Users must accept the conditions of a license before the use of OSS. Requirement engineering (RE) is the process of gathering requirements statements, along with the documentation and analysis for a project. Requirements that are insufficient, unclear, inconsistent, and incomplete, may adversely affect software development. In OSS, requirements emerge through online conversations, as well as discussions evolve continually in different online forums and emails. Requirements’ gathering is a complex process and its practitioners may face different challenges while practicing it. A Multivocal literature review (MLR) will be conducted to find out challenges, success factors, and practices/solutions for the identified challenges in RE process of OSS. This research will help academic researcher, OSS practitioners and managers to improve RE process, leading to more efficient, effective and successful software applications.

Climate change denial and ideology in Swedish online media: measuring ideology change using a computational approach

In this article, we examine the ideological trajectories of Facebook groups discussing climate change issues in Sweden, with a particular focus on groups expressing climate change denial beliefs. Using textual data spanning nine years, we construct an ideological space through text embeddings and apply trajectory analysis to map the ideological movement of these groups, exploring potential radicalisation or polarisation in users’ beliefs. Our findings suggest that most groups spreading climate change denial views occupy a shared ideological space, but are positioned on the periphery rather than at the centre. Additionally, we identify several distinct clusters of actors with similar movement patterns, some of which shift towards positions where climate change scepticism or increased problematisation of climate change issues is more prevalent. Finally, we discuss ways to interpret the dimensions of the resulting ideological space.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN FEMINISM AND NATIONALISM IN UKRAINE

The aim of this article is to explore the historical context of the interaction between nationalism and feminism in Ukraine (from the late 19th century to the 1930s), analyze their relationship and influence on each other, and determine how these two ideological movements affected the formation of Ukrainian national identity and the development of the women's movement. Methodology. The methods of historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-systemic analysis are employed in this article to examine the historical context of the interaction between feminism and nationalism in Ukraine. Additionally, the methods of intellectual history are used to analyze the works of representatives of the national and women's movements. The gender studies method, particularly intersectionality, allows for the study of the unique characteristics of the Ukrainian women’s movement during the period of statelessness when Ukrainian women were subjected to intersecting discrimination based on gender and nationality. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the interaction between nationalism and feminism in the context of statelessness and national liberation struggles at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The attempt to typologize the Ukrainian women's movement in comparison with other feminist movements allows for a better understanding of its development within global trends. The study expands the understanding of the sociocultural and political processes that influenced the formation of Ukrainian national identity and the feminist movement. Conclusions. Nationalism and feminism at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries were closely interconnected. In the context of Eastern Europe, feminism often subordinated itself to national interests, where the struggle for independence outweighed gender issues. Women's participation in nationalist movements contributed to the development of feminist thought, although at the early stages, their activities did not challenge patriarchal norms. National liberation aspirations became a significant backdrop and impetus for women's activities. Women's involvement in the national liberation struggle facilitated their inclusion in feminist discourse and strengthened their drive for social changes aimed at improving women's status. The Ukrainian women's movement combined ideas of equality with national consciousness, where the achievement of gender equality was placed in the context of attaining national independence.

Composing Time in a Secondary U.S. Classroom: (Not) Challenging Ideological Polarization through Straight and Queer Temporal Movements

Drawing on a larger year-long ethnography at a public, urban, comprehensive high school in the Midwestern United States, this article describes the texts students composed in a co-taught sophomore (grade 10) humanities course combining social studies and English language arts. Bringing together sociocultural perspectives on literacy and composition with queer theorizations of time, I argue for the utility of attending not only to time’s multi dimensionality but also its multi directionality. Doing so in writing instruction can help thaw binary polarization and foster more humanizing temporal and in turn ideological movements. To illustrate, I present an ethnographic case of students writing about the history of gendered clothing in 20th-century U.S. society. I examine how different temporal ideologies had consequences for students (not) reproducing antagonistic, polarized binaries with respect to oppressive values, in particular anti-LGBTQIA+ values as they intersect with class, race, and politics. Although my emphasis is how gender and sexuality intertwine with economics, race, and politics, this article suggests that attending to the multidimensionality and multidirectionality of time is a productive site for scholars and educators committed to praxes of justice in writing instruction.

Making the match: How Chinese food‐movement organizations develop consumers in the alternative market

AbstractMany social movement organizations promote their agendas in market spaces. As such they need to attract consumers to their cause. This article used longitudinal qualitative data collected between 2018 and 2023 in Chinese alternative food markets to explore their consumer recruitment and ongoing efforts to match movement ideologies with consumers' values, particularly regarding what makes “good food.” I argue that an iterative, two‐way learning process between organizations and consumers helped facilitate good matching and establish a stable consumer base. Organizations educated consumers about the production process and producers' stories, aligning their missions with consumers' pursuit of safety and taste and distinguishing them from mainstream markets. Consumers resonated with this cultural work but required responsible producers and market organizers. Some organizations fostered self‐affirming discussions to redirect consumer demands, while others interacted with and learned from the dynamic culture within consumer groups to co‐create their new definition of good food. This mutual learning motivated organizers to adjust their visions of ideal consumers to align movement ideologies with consumers' desires, creating the right amount of differentiation in alternative markets. This paper advances the literature on social movement organizations' market activities by revealing the interactive learning process and the diversity of alignment strategies.

Re-embedding Polanyi’s double movement thesis – the non-ideological and destructive countermovement

ABSTRACT This article argues that scholarship on Polanyi’s double movement thesis has been disembedded from the arguments laid out by Polanyi in The Great Transformation. Much scholarship claims ideologically left- or right-wing movements to be examples of Polanyi’s countermovement. This article will demonstrate this is a misreading through a detailed examination of Polanyi’s magnus opus. It will demonstrate that Polanyi not only does not regard ideological movements as part of the countermovement concept but he ridicules this understanding as the ‘myth of the antiliberal collectivist conspiracy’. After dissecting the double movement dynamic this article will use the findings to intervene in the Goodwin-Sandbrook debate arguing for a non-ideological reading of the countermovement, in which the countermovement is ultimately destructive to the self-regulating market and the double movement itself. This break-down gives space to the transcendental ideological movements, fascism and socialism, to actualize their ideology.

MORALISTIC DA'WAH VALUES IN RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS FOR SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TABLIGHI JAMAAT AND BENGALI MOSQUE IN MALAYSIA

Islamic religious institutions like mosques are essential buildings for the Muslim community's needs. However, the usage and construction of current-day mosques are unlike those in the days of the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. This is due to the influences of patrons who utilized these built forms as a symbol of politics and economic stature, the effect of designers who considered religious institution as an aesthetic symbol, and the misconceptions of the society who perceived the religious institution as a house of God. Based on these issues, this paper aims to elucidate how the architecture of heritage mosques by the Tablighi Jamaat group can translate the moral values of da'wah based on the meaning and method of their da'wah for the development of society. This is because each element of the mosque plays a role as a code to translate and convey a message to the community through its architectural features with its users and environment through its architectural elements. This study applies two research paradigms: Interpretivism (hermeneutics) to translate the patron's ideology and structuralism (semiotic) to understand the meaning behind the physical construction of a building. This study contributes to the study of communication in the architecture of buildings, which was devoted to the influences of Tablighi Jamaat da'wah movement ideology towards heritage Islamic religious architecture in Malaysia as a centre of da'wah for societal development in acclaiming the value of tolerance among the Muslim and non-muslim communal members alike. In addition, it portrays that heritage Islamic religious institutions can function as a sign and symbol for transnational dimensions of cultural da'wah towards unity, equality, and spiritual rejuvenation.

ФЕНОМЕН ДВИЖЕНИЯ ЧЕРНЫХ ЕВРЕЕВ ИДЕОЛОГИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-РЕЛИГИОЗНОГО ПРОТЕСТА АФРИКАНО-АМЕРИКАНЦЕВ (КОНЕЦ XIX – НАЧАЛО XXI В.)

В статье рассматриваются особенности идеологии черных евреев в США, исповедовавших различные варианты альтернативного иудаизма, в контексте протестного движения африкано-американцев. Охарактеризовано зарождение групп черных евреев среди африкано-американцев в конце XIX – начале ХХ в. Проведен анализ эволюции их взглядов – от умеренных, основанных на ветхозаветной традиции, характерных для сторонников большинства первоначальных организаций, до радикальных – у заметной части черных евреев, начиная с 1960-х. Возникновение нового религиозного движения стало реакцией части африкано-американской общины на многолетние притеснения и дискриминацию.Движение являлось формой протеста африкано-американцев, стремившихся исповедовать иудаизм и заявивших о себе как об «истинном Израиле». Религиозные радикалы и националисты искажали историю стран и народов Ближнего Востока и Африки с целью продвижения идеи превосходства чер-ной расы. Принятие иудаизма означало разрыв с господствующей религией и социально-культурными ценностями. Черные евреи стали особой субкультурой и одной из разновидностей африкано-американской религии, близкой по идеологии и структуре к церквям «черного христианства». Показано, что, несмотря на маргинальность, относительную замкнутость и малочисленность, экстремистское крыло черных евреев оказало существенное влияние на формирование ключевых идей «групп ненависти», отстаивающих черный национализм и сепаратизм в Соединенных Штатах. The article examines the features of the ideology of Black Hebrew Israelites in the United States, who professed various variants of alternative Judaism, in the context of the protest movement of African Americans. Its origin among African Americans in the late XIXth – early XXth centuries is shown. The analysis of the evolution of their views – from the moderate, based on the Old Testament tradition, among the supporters of the majority of the original organizations, to the radical – among a noticeable part of Black Hebrew Israelites, starting from the 1960s, is carried out. The emergence of a new religious movement was the reaction of part of the African American community to years of oppression and discrimination. The movement was a form of protest among African Americans who sought to profess Judaism and declared themselves as "the true Israel". Religious radicals and nationalists distorted the history of the countries and peoples of the Middle East and Africa in order to promote the idea of the superiority of the black race. The adoption of Judaism meant a break with the dominant religion and socio-cultural values. Black Hebrew Israelites have become a special subculture and one of the varieties of the African American religion, close in ideology and structure to the churches of "black Christianity". It is shown that, despite the marginality, relative isolation and small numbers, the extremist wing of Black Hebrew Israelites had a significant impact on the formation of key ideas of "hate groups" defending black nationalism and separatism in the United States.

Distorted Truth

This work draws a connection between the authoritarian conservatism of the Brazilian military dictatorship and the ideology present during Jair Bolsonaro's administration, while shedding light on the role of the secretive and feared intelligence and repression apparatus in Brazil during the military regime, known as DOI-CODI. It analyzes the autobiographical work "A Verdade Sufocada" by Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, former commander of DOI-CODI, and its influence on contemporary far-right ideology. Additionally, it addresses the media's contribution to the formation of social memory and forgetting, especially concerning Brazil's dictatorial past. The study demonstrates how certain elements of the dictatorship, such as nationalism, conservatism, and persecution of leftist groups, are still present in the ideological movements of the New Right. The analysis offers a critical perspective on Bolsonarism and its legacy stemming from a period of human rights violations and the suppression of democratic freedoms.

Humanism Through History

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the term «humanism». It is noted that humanism is a rather ambiguous term and domestic scientific thought treats it ambiguously. It is emphasized that humanism, as a cultural and historical phenomenon, has undergone a complex path of evolutionary development, taking various forms and shades. Each historical era brought its own, time-appropriate content to this concept. The author points to the fact that humanism as ideological movement is born in ancient times, but the term itself began to be used in the philosophical lexicon only in the nineteenth century and represented a peculiar type of mindset, a unique moral principle that began to dominate the spiritual sphere, whereas in the twentieth century it encompassed all spheres of society. It is concluded that at the present stage of civil development, where man has become a prisoner of the global socio-anthropological crisis, humanism should be turned into an ideology on a planetary scale.

Political Thought In Islam: An Analysis of The Development And Evolution of Islamic Political Philosophy

The explores the development and evolution of Islamic politics, tracing its historical trajectory from the early stages of Islam to its contemporary manifestations. By analyzing key political events, influential thinkers, and ideological movements, this study sheds light on the multifaceted nature of Islamic politics and its transformations over time. Through a comprehensive examination of primary and secondary sources, the research highlights the diverse political ideologies, organisations, and discourses within the Islamic tradition. Furthermore, it investigates the early Islamic period, the caliphate era, the influence of classical Islamic scholars, and contemporary debates on political philosophy in Islam. By examining various perspectives, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the rich and diverse political thought within the Islamic tradition.

Discerning Taliban 2.0 and Afghanistan’s Political Landscape

Politically astute and organisationally deft, the Taliban forged ‘antagonistic cooperation’ with key regional players who courted the movement vigorously as it sought to reinvent itself as ‘Taliban 2.0’. However, two years into the rule of ‘Taliban 2.0’, the chasm between rhetoric and reality has widened. This article disaggregates the idea of ‘Taliban 2.0’, arguing that subtle differences notwithstanding the Taliban is an ideological movement which demonstrates a remarkable contiguity in showing fidelity to its hardline ideology manifested in its attitudes towards women, deployment of violence and links with transnational actors. Domestic political actors too stuttered in responding to the Taliban’s momentum amid a dramatically reconfigured geo-political landscape, a glaring power asymmetry, factionalism within opposition ranks and the rise of new actors like the Daesh which attempted to fill the void.

A Study on Techno-Nationalism, an Emerging Trend in the 21st Century India

Techno-nationalism is a nationalistic and ideological movement that also serves to understand the social and cultural effects of technology on the citizens of a country. Techno-nationalism is a fusion of the two words "Technology and Nationalism," in which they are politically focused together on the advancement of the country in terms of technology and its related dynamics. Initially, it was started in Europe and North America, then later in the twentieth century, various nations begin to make use of Techno-nationalism, and China has mastered this concept for their advancement. anyway, the main objective of this paper is to examine and prove the roots and growth of the Techno-nationalist movement in the world as well as in India and China's hostility to the emergence of Techno-nationalism in India and in its citizens with the support of different eminent references. In this context, a survey also conducted to prove the emergence of the Techno-nationalism in India. Respondents are common Indian people who will fall within the categories of different sectors and analyzed this data through the references of many technological, cultural, scientific, social, historical theories respectively.

Examining Axiological and Ethical Assumptions in Physical Activity Intervention Research involving Individuals With Intellectual Impairments: A Review.

Adapted physical activity has been critiqued for its lack of attention to assumptions underlying both research and practice. In response to these critiques, the purpose of this paper was to perform a secondary analysis of a recent systematic literature review to examine the axiological and ethical assumptions of physical activity intervention research involving adults with Down syndrome since 1990 in light of the possibilities of critical disability studies. Findings revealed the dominance of normative movement ideologies and a focus on physical activity performance. Participants were not afforded research roles beyond that of subjects, and there was no evidence of results being communicated to them. In future, we hope scholars will consider the use of emancipatory frameworks where power is situated within the community involved and more inquiry that expands our understanding of the benefits of physical activity for individuals with intellectual impairment that decenters the focus on normative ways of being.

PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE: EXPLORING IDEOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION THROUGH THE ALASH IDEA

This article delves into the intricate interplay between ideological movements and pedagogical approaches in higher education, specifically focusing on the Alash Idea's profound influence on literature instruction. Originating in early 20th-century Kazakhstan, the Alash Idea epitomizes a confluence of cultural resurgence, nationalism, and educational reform. This study aims to unravel the pedagogical implications stemming from the Alash Idea's impact on literature education, elucidating its enduring significance within higher education contexts. By scrutinizing historical narratives and contemporary educational paradigms, this research illuminates the Alash Idea's indelible mark on literature instruction methodologies. It investigates the movement's role in shaping curricula, instructional strategies, and the conceptualization of literary studies within academic settings. The analysis delineates the Alash Idea's legacy, providing insights into its continued resonance in modern pedagogical frameworks. Through a meticulous examination of historical perspectives and present-day educational landscapes, this study underscores the ongoing relevance and adaptability of the Alash Idea's pedagogical principles in contemporary literature instruction. This article positions the Alash Idea as a pivotal influencer in shaping teaching methodologies for literature within higher education, offering valuable insights for educators, scholars, and policymakers engaged in curriculum development and pedagogical innovation.

“We Are the Beaker Mums”

This article sustains that children’s literature has the potential to legitimise and subvert dominant motherhood ideologies. Drawing on feminist motherhood theory in the fields of gender studies and children’s literature, this article critically analyses the influence of New Momism in Jacqueline Wilson’s Tracy Beaker series (1991–2019), contributing to a body of research on these acclaimed books for children. New Momism is an ideological movement which romanticises motherhood and sets highly demanding, impossible-to-meet standards of motherhood (Douglas and Adams 4). New Momist ideology resulted in a series of mother stereotypes advanced by the media, such as the “celebrity mum”, the “welfare mother” and the “supermum”. Mother characters in the Tracy Beaker novels are analysed against these stereotypes to ascertain to what extent their existence is supported or disavowed. This article is divided into two sections that coincide with the two sequences of the series. The first focuses on the two main mother characters: Carly, Tracy’s biological mother, and Cam, Tracy’s foster mother. The second part focuses on the character of Tracy as a mother and how her socio-economic background affects her experience of mothering. The presence of mother stereotypes such as the celebrity mum and the welfare mother demonstrate how New Momist ideas are embedded in the text. However, these patriarchal ideas of motherhood are also undermined in the novels, most notably through the challenge of mother stereotypes, the dismissal of the mother ideal and the portrayal of diverse motherhood experiences. Finally, an evolution in the treatment of motherhood throughout the years can be observed in the series, with the most recent novels presenting a more progressive perspective on working-class motherhood and female sexuality.

The Far Right Culture War on ESG

This article examines connections between religious nationalism, extremist movements, and environmental politics, with a focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) frameworks and debates in the United States since 2020. It begins with a brief history of ESG, then examines responses from mainstream conservatives and far-right groups to the growth of ESG. It argues that the current backlash against the use of ESG is part of a larger conservative culture war against “woke” politics. The article offers a detailed look at the role of the conservative advocacy group Heritage Action and its “ESG Hurts” campaign, and shows how climate denial, conspiracy theories, and hostility to race and gender politics are interconnected parts of a growing ideological movement rooted in Christian Nationalism and climate denial.

Imperial Gift

Abstract This article theorizes and historicizes soap, a medical “gift” distributed by the US military to villages and hamlets in South Vietnam, as a commodity and as an infrastructure in the American war in Vietnam. During the war, soap not only operated as a tool to clean those the US military deemed dirty and uncivilized but also brokered the ideological movement of empire from the nation-state to the occupied regions of the Vietnamese South. Wartime US humanitarianism proffered soap as a counterinsurgent weapon of soft power and as an infrastructural poetic that securitized US empire against the rising tide of communist insurgency. Reading against the hegemonic archival practices that venerate the gifting of soap as benevolent militarism, the article moves to examine the anarchic practice of South Vietnamese black marketeering, which redeployed soap as an illegal market commodity to intercept the movement of US empire and, as a practice that arose in response to wartime capitalism and militarization, allowed natives to command new social relations at the cost of disrupting the Republic of Vietnam’s flows of capital and the United States’ ongoing war campaign. As an informal, opaque, and yet thriving infrastructure of its own, the black market fostered insurgent survival strategies that repurposed military supplies and gifts as versatile commodities, allowing even soap to escape its original containment as a civilizing agent and giving it new uses and meanings.