Goals Of Movement Research Articles

The Relationship Between Functional Motor Competence and Performance on the Army Combat Fitness Test in Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets.

The development of functional motor competence (FMC; i.e., neuromuscular coordination and control required to meet a wide range of movement goals) is critical to long-term development of health- and performance-related physical capacities (e.g., muscular strength and power, muscular endurance, and aerobic endurance). Secular decline in FMC among U.S. children and adolescents presents current and future challenges for recruiting prospective military personnel to successfully perform the physical demands of military duty. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between FMC and physical military readiness (PMR) in a group of Cadets enrolled in an Army Reserve Officer Training Corps program. Ninety Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets from a southeastern university and a military college in the southeast (females = 22; Mage = 19.5 ± 2.5) volunteered for participation in the study. Cadets performed a battery of eight FMC assessments consisting of locomotor, object projection, and functional coordination tasks. To assess PMR, Cadets performed the Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT).Values from all FMC assessments were standardized based on the sample and summed to create a composite FMC score. ACFT scores were assigned to Cadets based upon ACFT scoring standards. We used Pearson correlations to assess the relationships between individual FMC assessment raw scores, FMC composite scores, and total ACFT points. We also evaluated the potential impact of FMC on ACFT in the entire sample and within each gender subgroup using hierarchical linear regression. Finally, we implemented a 3 × 2 chi-squared analysis to evaluate the predictive utility of FMC level on pass/fail results on the ACFT by categorizing Cadets' composite FMC score into high (≥75th percentile) moderate (≥25th percentile and <75th percentile), and low (<25th percentile) based on the percentile ranks within the sample. ACFT pass/fail results were determined using ACFT standards, requiring a minimum of 60 points on each the ACFT subtests. FMC composite scores correlated strongly with total ACFT performance (r = 0.762) with individual FMC tests demonstrating weak-to-strong relationships ACFT performance (r = 0.200-0.769). FMC uniquely accounted for 15% (95% CI: -0.07 to 0.36) of the variance in ACFT scores in females (R2 = 0.516, F2,19 = 10.11, P < 0.001) and 26% (95% CI: 0.09-0.43) in males (R2 = 0.385, F2,65 = 20.37, P < 0.001), respectively, above and beyond the impact of age. The 3 × 2 chi-squared analysis demonstrated 74% of those with low, 28% with moderate, and 17% with high FMC failed the ACFT (χ2 [1, N = 90] = 27.717, V = 0.555, P < 0.001). FMC composite scores are strongly correlated with ACFT scores, and low levels of FMC were a strong predictor of ACFT failure. These data support the hypothesis that the development of sufficient FMC in childhood and adolescence may be a critical antecedent for PMR. Efforts to improve FMC in children and adolescents may increase PMR of future military recruits.

Yasukuni Fundamentalism: Japanese Religions and the Politics of Restoration by Mark R. Mullins

Reviewed by: Yasukuni Fundamentalism: Japanese Religions and the Politics of Restoration by Mark R. Mullins Saitō Kōta Yasukuni Fundamentalism: Japanese Religions and the Politics of Restoration. By Mark R. Mullins. University of Hawai'i Press, 2021. 270 pages. ISBN: 9780824889012 (hardcover; also available as softcover and e-book). Despite the vast number of books and essays that have been written on it, Yasukuni Shrine remains a difficult subject for academic discussion. The difficulty stems first [End Page 170] of all from the complex history of the shrine from the Meiji period to the present. But another major factor is the violent political debate that the shrine still inspires in Japan and abroad. Discussions of Yasukuni tend to strongly reflect the political position of the debater, sometimes leading to an oversimplification of his or her viewpoint. While some attempts at empirical historical research have been made in the interest of avoiding such problems, even they have not been able to wholly escape the ideology that inevitably surrounds Yasukuni Shrine. Especially challenging is the question of how to understand the ideology of rightists who are trying to revitalize the role of this shrine in current Japanese politics. Calling that ideology State Shinto would be one possible solution, but that only invites the more difficult question of what this academically and politically contentious term really means. In Yasukuni Fundamentalism, Mark R. Mullins, who has published many important studies on religion in modern Japan, tackles these issues from the perspective of the historical sociology of religion. As reflected in the title, the key to this book is the concept of fundamentalism, which Mullins deploys to reveal the process by which the changes Yasukuni Shrine underwent during the Allied Occupation led to the rise of right-wing political forces seeking what they saw as restoration. The introduction explains the author's framework for examining Yasukuni Shrine. Mullins focuses on the new relationship between nationalism and organized religion in contemporary Japan, seeing it as part of the rise of global religious nationalism. As a central example he cites the movement toward cooperation between the Shinto shrine community and the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)—a push for desecularization or deprivatization that seeks to restore the official role that was taken away from Shinto by the policies of the Occupation. This movement is sometimes understood as "an effort to restore State Shinto" (p. 20). However, Mullins himself does not choose to employ the concept of State Shinto, noting that the movement includes no claim to revive the prewar control of shrines under the Bureau of Shrines in the Home Ministry. He also observes that many in the Shinto community are not sympathetic to the movement. His argument and its rationale are solid. Mullins contends, rather, that the contemporary Japanese neonationalist movement is best understood as religious fundamentalism, given that it emerged as a response to the confusion caused by modernization and secularization, and is a "politics of inclusion" that seeks to reclaim the "essential" beliefs and values of the past and enforce them on the entire population (pp. 23–24). Inspired by the discourse of the movement's critics, Mullins describes it as "Yasukuni fundamentalism" in acknowledgement of the symbolic meaning the shrine holds in the movement's goal of restoring an old Japan (pp. 25–27). Part 1 (chapters 1 to 3) of the book delineates the postwar history of Japanese religious nationalism. Chapter 1, "Imperialist Secularization: The Restructuring of Religion and Society in Occupied Japan," details the establishment of the separation of religion and state in occupied Japan. As is well known, the Shinto Directive [End Page 171] issued by GHQ/SCAP in 1945 severed the relationship between Shinto and the state. This was a forced secularization by a foreign power and a typical example of what N. J. Demerath calls "imperialist secularization."1 Mullins notes, however, that the US State Department had been aware of the complex nature of "military shrines" such as Yasukuni from before the Occupation (pp. 38–39). The difficult decision of whether to apply the principle of freedom of religion to military shrines was left to the Religions and Cultural Resources Division of the Civil Information and Educational Section, which...

Smart antenna design for mobile application

Digitalization is becoming more and more important. Building smart houses and industries to offer humans longer lives is one of the main goals of the digitization movement. The main aim of this work is to make those verbal exchange modules more powerful with the aid of either improving the antennas to have a higher layout or changing it with new varieties of antennas that are better able to facilitate powerful verbal exchange. This paper proposes an antenna that can be applied to a verbal exchange module to be able to perform inside the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band at 2.4 GHz. After designing and simulating a complete Printed Circuit Board (PCB) antenna, it found that a few designs produced advanced simulation effects in terms of gain, reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and band width. Always-pointing antennae are protected by the layout of the antenna, allowing it to protect features inside the Global Positioning System (GPS) and ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) bands for Wi-Fi devices.

The Global Liberal Arts Challenge

AbstractThe democratic backsliding that has accelerated across the globe over the past decade has included a rollback of liberal arts and sciences (LAS) as a system of university education. This essay explores the origins and goals of the global LAS education reform movement. I argue that while the movement is under threat largely due to its principled value of educating democratic citizens, it still has powerful potential and global impact; in part because LAS education is primarily an indigenous phenomenon adapting to local circumstances. I also argue that U.S. universities could contribute more constructively to the movement if they conceived of their role as global civic actors that conduct themselves in the spirit of mutuality and reciprocity, not as multinational corporations that channel neoliberal tendencies to maximize revenue. U.S. critics of the global LAS movement should also pay heed to the United States’ own history. Specifically, they can learn from historically Black colleges and universities how, operating under the extreme authoritarianism of the Jim Crow era, they managed to produce leaders who shaped a more democratic country. Liberal arts education produces short term benefits for students and alumni, but in the democratic context it is a long-term wager.

West Alash and its role on the way to the idea of the Kazakh State

In the modern development of independent Kazakhstan, despite the global economic crisis, the pandemic, and other difficulties, scientists pay special attention to the problem of differentiation of the pages of our history that have not yet been opened and thoroughly studied. And particular importance among them is attached to famine in Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s and the history of Alash Orda. In connection with the new requirements for the social sciences and increased access to previously closed archival documents, historians make a significant contribution to the elimination of «white spots» in the history of Kazakhstan. In recent years, as a result of activities of the creative community of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the names of many social, political and cultural figures, unreasonably punished during the period of Stalin’s cult of personality, have been returned. The leaders of the national movement in the early 20th century were the leaders of Alash Odra, who defended justice, equality, and national statehood in the Kazakh steppe. The main goals of the Alash movement were the following: preservation of the Kazakh nation, ensuring its integrity, preventing its division into classes and groups; the revival of the Kazakh statehood; return of the seized lands of the Kazakh peasantry; establishment of complete equality of all the nations living in the territory of Kazakhstan; creation of a national military detachment, etc Complete and realistic reconstruction of the past history is one of the main tasks of historical sciences today, including the history of national movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that occupies a significant place. This relates, first of all, to the Alash movement in Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors describe West Alash, which was Alash Orda’s part, and Zhahansha Dosmukhamedov, who was one of its leaders, and his hard work on the way to realizing all these goals.

The MH-WIRE, a novel coil-springe wire system: A prototype design.

OBJACTIVE:The authors introduced a novel wire system aiming to achieve optimal goals of tooth movement without multiple wire changes or sophisticated wire bending.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The system was composed of a single wire for all phases of treatment. The archwire was composed of NiTi coil springs connecting delta-shaped segments of 0.018˝ × 0.025˝ Titanium Molybdenum Alloy (TMA) segments to fit the 0.018˝ × 0.025˝ bracket slot, or 0.022˝ × 0.028˝ TMA segments to fit the 0.022˝ × 0.028˝ bracket slot. The coil spring was closed and packed in design. The coil-spring loops were constructed with 3 mm lumen. The wires were designed in three sagittal forms and the system provided nine forms of archwires.RESULTS:The wire systems have been an important component of treatment since the development of orthodontic science. Over time, the philosophy has evolved from endorsing wire bending to straight-wire treatment and then to custom-made archwires.CONCLUSION:This wire system was designed to be used as a “single-wire for the case” across all stages of treatment to achieve the ideal goals without any biological damage.

Review of the book: Sokthan Yeng Buddhist Feminism: Transforming Anger against Patriarchy.&#x0D; London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, xii + 152 pp. ISBN 978-3-030-51162-3

The importance of feminist ideology for modern culture and society is well known. There are also quite a few studies devoted to the role of the religious-philosophical systems of the East in the culture of the modern West. However, as far as we know, no one has yet studied the possible significance of the cultures of the East for feminist ideology. The ideology of feminism, in order to reinforce its positions, attracts, among other things, the Buddhist teaching, rethinking it so that it becomes a means of achieving the political goals of the feminist movement from an independent phenomenon of world culture. The book under review clearly shows how the concepts of anger and oppression developed in feminism, through the prism of which Buddhism is viewed, make it just one of the elements of feminist ideology.

Internet memes and a female “Arab Spring”: mobilising online for the criminalisation of domestic abuse in Hungary in 2012-13

ABSTRACT This paper analyses how social media and internet memes transformed public discourse on domestic abuse in Hungary during 2012–13, and how they have been used to mobilise protests and articulate a much wider social feeling against the issue than had previously been thought to exist. More closely, it discusses these anti-domestic abuse protests through Bennett and Segerberg’s connective action analytical framework, and studies internet memes as acts of personalised bottom-up political opinion-expressing that enabled netizens to connect to a feminist movement goal, that of standing up to domestic abuse, in flexible ways, which was important in a country that had traditionally been seen as sharing strong negative sentiments about feminism. It also argues that feminist digital mobilisation and large-scale meme circulation, both articulated primarily through Facebook and against the existing governmental discourse on domestic abuse, worked in tandem as bottom-up pressure on the government to introduce a new policy tool, a law, against domestic abuse. The paper also discusses the contribution of these protests to rebooting various stages of the legislation process of Hungary’s Law on Domestic Abuse, entering into force in July 2013.

UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN GERAKAN INDONESIA BERSATU SEBAGAI BENTUK GERAKAN REVOLUSI MENTAL DALAM PROSES PEMBELAJARAN IPS

Tolerance is one of the goals of the National Mental Revolution Movement, especially the United Indonesia Movement. The diversity of Indonesian people's backgrounds and the problems that often arise due to this diversity make the Indonesian government very serious in creating Indonesian people who are able to accept and respect this diversity and increase the character of tolerance among Indonesian people. The implementation of the United Indonesia Movement is also the responsibility of all levels of Indonesian society, especially educational institutions, in this case education is expected to be able to create generations of people who are able to live and respect all the diversity that exists. Social studies education is one of the efforts or forums that can facilitate the implementation of the United Indonesia Movement and create a tolerant society. . The plurality of materials contained in the content of social studies subject matter is one of the tangible forms used by educational institutions to implement and implement the United Indonesia Movement in the scope of education.

BEYOND MOVEMENTS: THE ONTOLOGY OF BLACK LIVES MATTER

This special issue on Black Lives Matter provides insights on the choices activists and organizations are making to defend Black lives in light of various, often unsupportive, political contexts. This concluding essay takes a step back to consider how anti-blackness conditions and shapes the ongoing movement for Black lives. Whites’ refusal to see Black people as fully and irrevocably human facilitates their constant aggression against Black people, including treating Black people as socially dead and beyond the bounds of social regulation. Consequently, scholars should conceptualize the movement for Black lives as a fundamentally defensive movement for recognition as persons rather than an insurgent attempt to integrate into white society. Starting analyses with realization of global antiblackness as a fundamental context allows social movement scholars to better conceptualize race, understand relationships between competing parties, recognize the scope and goals of Black movements, understand organizations’ strategic choices, and opens new areas for inquiry and analysis.

Proprioception-based movement goals support imitation and are disrupted in apraxia

The ability to imitate observed actions serves as an efficient method for learning novel movements and is specifically impaired (without concomitant gross motor impairments) in the neurological disorder of limb apraxia, a disorder common after left hemisphere stroke. Research with apraxic patients has advanced our understanding of how people imitate. However, the role of proprioception in imitation has been rarely assessed directly. Prior work has proposed that proprioceptively sensed body position is transformed into a visual format, supporting the attainment of a desired imitation goal represented visually (i.e., how the movement should look when performed). In contrast, we hypothesized a more direct role for proprioception: we suggest that movement goals are also represented proprioceptively (i.e., how a desired movement should feel when performed), and the ability to represent or access such proprioceptive goals is deficient in apraxia. Using a novel imitation task in which a robot cued meaningless trajectories proprioceptively or visually, we probed the role of each sensory modality. We found that patients with left hemisphere stroke were disproportionately worse than controls at imitating when cued proprioceptively versus visually. This proprioceptive versus visual disparity was associated with apraxia severity as assessed by a traditional imitation task, but could not be explained by general proprioceptive impairment or speed-accuracy trade-offs. These data suggest that successful imitation depends in part on the ability to represent movement goals in terms of how those movements should feel, and that deficits in this ability contribute to imitation impairments in patients with apraxia.

Advancing Reform: Embedded Activism to Develop Climate Solutions

Activists increasingly seek to influence organizations that also espouse support for social movement goals, encouraging the use of collaborative tactics. While there has been growing research on in...

The Indian Freedom Struggle and the Kenyan Diaspora

Abstract The connections between the Indian Freedom movement and the Kenyan Indian diaspora after the First World War led to the involvement of the Indian National Congress and Gandhi in the struggle of the Kenyan Indians for equality and equal treatment with the British white settlers in Kenya. The Congress considered that the success of the equality struggle in Kenya would also lead to equal treatment of Indians in India itself. This was consistent with the prevailing political goal of the freedom movement in India in 1919, which was self-rule through Dominion Status under the British Crown. But when the struggle of the Kenya Indians failed and equality was denied to them by the famous Devonshire Declaration in 1923, there the Indian freedom movement realized that this signalled unequal status and a denial of self-rule to India itself. Historic consequences followed. This was the turning point and over the years immediately after the Kenyan decision (1923–1929), the Indian National Congress changed its political aim from Dominion Status to Full Independence as a Republic, realized over the 17 years to 1947.

Environmental Activism in the Digital Age

The development of new digital technologies was predicted to be a boon for environmental activism. Internet and social media platforms were expected to facilitate broad bottom-up change, enabling activists worldwide to communicate and organize more effectively. However, the emergence of digital technologies may not have revolutionized the methods and impacts of activist organizations, especially for the environmental movement, wherein meaningful change has not yet been realized regarding climate change and nature preservation. Given the many challenges activists face, it is essential to understand how collective action can be undertaken with digital media to produce positive consequences for nature and human relations. Moreover, the neoliberal economic context from which digital technologies emerged and grew further accelerates environmental destruction through overproduction and overconsumption. This paper examines the relationship between environmental activism and digital technologies. While the environmental movement may have benefitted from newer organizational and communication tools on the international stage, the neoliberal economic framework in which digital technologies operate fundamentally contradicts the goals of the environmental movement.

How movements shape the perception of time.

In order to keep up with a changing environment, mobile organisms must be capable of deciding both where and when to move. This precision necessitates a strong sense of time, as otherwise we would fail in many of our movement goals. Yet, despite this intrinsic link, only recently have researchers begun to understand how these two features interact. Primarily, two effects have been observed: movements can bias time estimates, but they can also make them more precise. Here we review this literature and propose that both effects can be explained by a Bayesian cue combination framework, in which movement itself affords the most precise representation of time, which can influence perception in either feedforward or active sensing modes.

Evidence for constancy in the modularity of trunk muscle activity preceding reaching: implications for the role of preparatory postural activity.

Postural muscle activity precedes voluntary movements of the upper limbs. The traditional view of this activity is that it anticipates perturbations to balance caused by the movement of a limb. However, findings from reach-based paradigms have shown that postural adjustments can initiate center of mass displacement for mobility rather than minimize its displacement for stability. Within this context, altering reaching distance beyond the base of support would place increasing constraints on equilibrium during stance. If the underlying composition of anticipatory postural activity is linked to stability, coordination between muscles (i.e., motor modules) may evolve differently as equilibrium constraints increase. We analyzed the composition of motor modules in functional trunk muscles as participants performed multidirectional reaching movements to targets within and beyond the arm's length. Bilateral trunk and reaching arm muscle activity were recorded. Despite different trunk requirements necessary for successful movement, and the changing biomechanical (i.e., postural) constraints that accompany alterations in reach distance, nonnegative matrix factorization identified functional motor modules derived from preparatory trunk muscle activity that shared common features. Relative similarity in modular weightings (i.e., composition) and spatial activation profiles that reflect movement goals across tasks necessitating differing levels of trunk involvement provides evidence that preparatory postural adjustments are linked to the same task priorities (i.e., movement generation rather than stability).NEW & NOTEWORTHY Reaching within and beyond arm's length places different task constraints upon the required trunk motion necessary for successful movement execution. The identification of constant modular features, including functional muscle weightings and spatial tuning, lend support to the notion that preparatory postural adjustments of the trunk are tied to the same task priorities driving mobility, regardless of the future postural constraints.

Gejayan Memanggil: Social Solidarity in the Social Movement of the Digital Age

Many things change in society as a result of being influenced by technology, one of which is social movements. Increasingly sophisticated technology can drive or present social movements in society. Based on these conditions, this article examines the existence of technology that can produce a social movement in society. In addition, this article uses social solidarity theory; mechanical and organic Durkheim, with a view to seeing the solidarity that appears in social movements in the digital era. This article uses a qualitative research method with a narrative research approach. The result is that social movements in the digital era only prioritize mechanical solidarity, without ensuring equal distribution of awareness of the individuals or groups involved. On the other hand, a social movement in the digital era requires organic solidarity to be able to maximize the goals of social movements.

A Perspective on Muscle Synergies and Different Theories Related to Their Adaptation

The human motor system is a complex neuro-musculo sensory system that needs further investigations of neuro-muscular commands and sensory-motor coupling to decode movement execution. Some researchers suggest that the central nervous system (CNS) activates a small set of modules termed muscle synergies to simplify motor control. Further, these modules form functional building blocks of movement as they can explain the neurophysiological characteristics of movements. We can identify and extract these muscle synergies from electromyographic signals (EMG) recorded in the laboratory by using linear decomposition algorithms, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and non-Negative Matrix Factorization Algorithm (NNMF). For the past three decades, the hypothesis of muscle synergies has received considerable attention as we attempt to understand and apply the concept of muscle synergies in clinical settings and rehabilitation. In this article, we first explore the concept of muscle synergies. We then present different strategies of adaptation in these synergies that the CNS employs to accomplish a movement goal.

When an Efficient Use of Strategic Communication (Public Diplomacy and Public Relations) to Internationalize a Domestic Conflict Is Not Enough to Gain International Political Support: The Catalan Case (2012-2017)

ABSTRACT One of the main goals of the Catalan nationalist movement toward independence initiated in 2012 was to internationalize the conflict between, in theory, two sides: Catalonia and Spain. In the case of Catalonia, its storytelling tried to offer to the world the view of an entire society intensely mobilized in pro of freedom and independence by peaceful methods, while Spain would be incarnated in an elitist irreducible and defensive government closed to reason and negotiation. This article describes the use of strategic communication (mainly public diplomacy and public relations), a soft power and post-modern resource, by the pro-independence movement in opposition to the use of modern and hard power means by Spain’s government (including appeal to courts, police, and financial pressure, among other means). It describes the efficient use of strategic communication, including para-diplomacy efforts as well as positive press coverage and even “fake news”, by the Catalan pro-independence movement. Nonetheless, the movement was not able to gain the political support of supra-national organizations like the European Union (EU), the United Nations (UN) or even some major powers such as Germany, which had supported other independence processes in the past. The conclusion is that an efficient use of strategic communication seems to have its limits in the internationalization of internal conflicts and in altering the political status quo when the threatened nation state, in this case Spain, has a solid international position and good democratic credentials.

Analysis of the control system of the clear logic of the wheel robot with differential drive

The ability of a mobile robot to move in the environment is an important task in robotics, so the development of advanced control systems for robots is a hot topic of research. Clear logic control systems for robotic-wheeled machines are one of the most common. Such systems are simple in design, but still have the lowest cost compared to others. One of the disadvantages of such control systems is their limited accuracy. This is usually due to imperfect control programs on which similar systems work and the imperfection of the mechanical system of drive converters, in particular for wheeled robots with differential drive, there may be cases where the robot with clear logic control can endlessly search for targets and move to a given point in space, even in the absence of obstacles in its path. This study proposes an analysis of the movements of a two-wheeled robot according to the developed algorithm of clear logic. A mathematical model of the step-by-step movement of a wheeled robot was developed, which calculates the coordinates of the centre of the mobile system. The decision-making system in the developed model is built on a relay ("ON-OFF") controller. In this study work, the authors also proposed a method for determining the moment on the rotor of the drive motor of the robot wheel, depending on the speed of the robot on a straight surface. In addition, the dependences of the change in the speed of a wheeled robot with a differential drive depending on the change in the PWM frequency in the range from 30 to 60% have been studied and presented. Graphs were presented that show how the switching frequency of the robot controller changes when it moves to the desired goal of movement in a straight line without obstacles.