Movement Demands Research Articles

The Birth of a University Music Genre in Iran's Woman, Life, Freedom Uprising

Aside from the obvious and central role of women in Iran's Woman, Life, Freedom (Zan, Zendegi, Azadi) uprising that began in the fall of 2022, two other (f)actors have played a crucial role in defining the movement's demands and propelling it forward, namely, students and music. University students have a long tradition of serving as righteous agitators of uprisings in Iran, both before and after the 1979 revolution, as does music in inspiring and soundtracking them. But in this arguably greatest ideological and political threat to the Islamic Republic since its founding, something unprecedented happened: the fusion of student activism and song in the form of a recognizable genre, unattached to a specific political ideology although fully supportive of the Woman, Life, Freedom uprising and its demands for liberation and freedom for all.

Evaluation of an ultrashort pulsed laser robot system for flexible and large-area micromachining

We report for the first time on the realization, characterization and application of an ultrashort pulsed laser robot system for flexible and large-area 2D and 3D laser micromachining with 6 articulated axes. To characterize the dynamic positioning of the laser beam during and after axes movement, CMOS image sensors were integrated into the beam path. A method introduced for the alignment of the optical axes allows a reduction of the deviations in laser beam positioning to less than 141.8 ± 92.9 μm within a 110° rotation range of axis 4. In addition, a high laser beam positioning repeatability of less than 102.2 μm is demonstrated over a total period of 14 h for a movement of axis 5 within a range of 0° to 90°. Initial laser cutting, laser structuring and laser marking applications on automotive dashboards and glass substrates are presented for flexible and large area 2D and 3D manufacturing. By applying a special laser cutting strategy for processing AF 32 eco thin glass, high cutting quality is achieved with a taper of up to 96.3% without the generation of cracks, demonstrating the innovative potential of the high-precision laser robot system. Nonetheless, different identified inherent influences of each axis 1–5 during robot axis movement demand for an innovative beam stabilization concept to achieve high precision in laser beam positioning.

In different states of indifference: movement, friction, and resistance

In different states of indifference: movement, friction, and resistance

SIT6: Indirect touch-based object manipulation for DeskVR

Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to significantly boost productivity in professional settings, especially those that can benefit from immersive environments that allow a better and more thorough way of visualizing information. However, the physical demands of mid-air movements make it difficult to use VR for extended periods. DeskVR offers a solution that allows users to engage in VR while seated at a desk, minimizing physical exhaustion. However, developing appropriate motion techniques for this context is challenging due to limited mobility and space constraints. This work focuses on object manipulation techniques, exploring touch-based and mid-air-based approaches to design a suitable solution for DeskVR, hypothesizing that touch-based object manipulation techniques could be as effective as mid-air object manipulation in a DeskVR scenario while less physically demanding. Thus, we propose Scaled Indirect Touch 6-DOF (SIT6), an indirect touch-based object manipulation technique incorporating scaled input mapping to address precision and out-of-reach manipulation issues. The implementation of our solution consists of a state machine with error-handling mechanisms and visual indicators to enhance interaction. User experiments were conducted to compare the SIT6 technique with a baseline mid-air approach, revealing comparable effectiveness while demanding less physical exertion. These results validated our hypothesis and established SIT6 as a viable option for object manipulation in DeskVR scenarios.

Training and Competition Loads in Women's Rugby Sevens Athletes: Are There Implications for Cardiovascular Health?

National- and international-level rugby sevens athletes are exposed to high training and competition loads over the course of a competitive season. Research on load monitoring and body-system responses is widespread; however, the primary focus has been on optimizing performance rather than investigating or improving cardiovascular health. There is a degree of cardiovascular remodeling, as well as local and systemic inflammation, in response to excessive exercise. These responses are moderated by many factors including previous exercise exposure, current exercise intensity and duration, age, race, and gender, as well as sport-specific physiology. For these reasons, high-performing female rugby sevens athletes may have a unique cardiovascular risk profile different from males and other rugby codes. This review aimed to characterize the training and competition loads, as well as the anthropometric and physiological profiles, of female rugby sevens athletes; discuss the potential impacts these may have on the cardiovascular system; and provide recommendations on future research regarding the relationship between rugby sevens training and competition loads and cardiovascular health. Movement demands, competition formatting, and training routines could all contribute to adverse cardiovascular adaptations. Anthropometric data and physiological characteristics may also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Future research needs to adopt measures of cardiovascular health to obtain a greater understanding of cardiovascular profiles and risk factors in female rugby sevens athletes.

Rompiendo el “techo de cristal”. Camila Vallejo y los nuevos liderazgos políticos de mujeres en Chile (2010-2018)

This article explores the political leadership developed by Camila Va-llejo since 2010 until 2018. It examines the strategies developed by Va-llejo to crack the “glass ceiling”, that is, the barriers she had to over-come as a woman, first as student leader and later as congresswoman. It suggests that while being a student leader, Vallejo tried to tightly cir-cumscribe her speech to her political position regarding the demands of the student movement. Forced to deal with repeated sexist and machis-ta attacks, her strategy at this stage was to try as much as possible to ignore or silence the fact of being a woman. Later on, as she settled herself as a political leader in parliament, Vallejo increasingly adopted an openly feminist position, speaking of and making visible the main women’s struggles against sexist violence and for gender equality. Through this path, she managed to subvert the margins imposed on her, building a new feminist leadership within the institutional political system.

Influence of a COVID-19 induced reduction in game time on the match activity profiles of elite Australian Rules Football players

Assess the influence of a 20% reduction in game time on the volume and intensity of elite AF players’ match activity profiles. GPS technology was used to analyse the movement demands of 45 AF players from the same AFL club during 43 matches across the 2019 and 2020 seasons. GPS data were categorised into measures of volume (total match time [TMT] and total distance [TD]) and intensity (metres per minute [m.min-1], high-intensity running [HIR] distance and m.min-1 [>17 km·h-1], and very-high intensity running [VHIR] distance and m.min-1 [>23 km·h-1]). Volume decreased in 2020 with reductions in TMT (effect size [ES] ± 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.8 ± 0.2; p < .001) and TD (ES = -1.8 ± 0.2; p < .001) overall, across all positional groups, and quarters. Intensity increased, evidenced by increases in HIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.3 ± 0.1; p < .001), and VHIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.3 ± 0.2; p = .006). HIR m.min-1 increased for midfielders (ES = 0.6 ± 0.3; p = .017). Defenders exhibited increases in HIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.2 ± 0.2; p = .007), and VHIR m.min-1 (ES = 0.4 ± 0.2; p = .010). Intensity of third quarters decreased at a greater rate in 2020 with reductions in m.min-1 (ES = -0.2 ± 0.1; p = .004) and HIR m.min-1 (ES = -0.2 ± 0.1; p = .037) compared to Q1. Systematic reductions in volume were found overall, across positional groups, and quarters. Average movement speed remained relatively stable overall, across quarters and positional groups. Increases in intensity were defined predominately by increases at high and very-high intensity speeds per minute, with defenders exhibiting the greatest increase in intensity and change to their match activity profiles. Longer quarter and three-quarter time breaks, and time between goals preserved intensity.

Positional Movement Demands during NFL Football Games: A 3-Year Review

Understanding the in-game demands placed on athletes may allow practitioners to design improved training protocols to prepare athletes for competitive demands. This study aimed to quantify the competitive movement demands of professional American football athletes and to determine any inter-positional differences that may exist. Player tracking data were collected from 2018 to 2020 regular season games of the National Football League. Distance, maximum velocity, high-velocity efforts and distance, and acceleration and deceleration efforts and distance were used to evaluate competitive movement demands. To determine position-specific demands, each player was classified by their designated position, and velocity data from competitive games were used to develop position-specific velocity thresholds. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni statistical analysis were used to determine inter-positional difference. Significant (p < 0.05) positional differences were found for all load metrics with respect to competitive game demands. Generally, wide receivers and defensive backs had faster maximum velocities, higher distances, and more acceleration and deceleration efforts and distance than other positions. Linebackers accumulated the most high-velocity efforts and distance. Lineman had the lowest values for all assessed metrics. These findings may assist the performance staff in developing improved training and return-to-play protocols with the aim of improving player performance and mitigating injury.

Modeling freight truck-related traffic crash hazards with uncertainties: A framework of interpretable Bayesian neural network with stochastic variational inference

Due to the increasing demand for goods movement, externalities from freight mobility have attracted much concern among local citizens and policymakers. Freight truck-related crash is one of these externalities and impacts urban freight transportation most drastically. Previous studies have mainly focused on correlation analyses of influencing factors based on crash density/count data, but have paid little attention to the inherent uncertainties of freight truck-related crashes (FTCs) from a spatial perspective. While establishing an interpretable analysis model for freight truck-related accidents that considers uncertainties is of great significance for promoting the robust development of urban freight transportation systems. Hence, this study proposes the concept of FTC hazard (FTCH), and employs the Bayesian neural network (BNN) model based on stochastic variational inference to model uncertainty. Considering the difficulty in interpreting deep learning-based models, this study introduces the local interpretable modelagnostic explanation (LIME) model into the analysis framework to explain the results of the neural network model. This study then verifies the feasibility of the proposed analysis framework using data from California from 2011 to 2020. Results show that FTCHs can be effectively modeled by predicting confidence intervals for effects of built environment factors, in particular demographics, land use, and road network structure. Results based on LIME values indicate the spatial heterogeneity in influence mechanisms on FTCHs between areas within the metropolitan regions and alongside the freeways. These findings may help transport planners and logistic managers develop more effective measures to avoid potential negative effects brought by FTCHs in local communities.

“Defund” or “Refund” the Police?: City Council Responsiveness to the Black Lives Matter Protests

In this research note, we investigate the degree to which local governments reduced or expanded the budgets of police departments in the aftermath of the nation-wide protests organized by the Black Lives Matter movement during the summer of 2020. We also consider the political and social factors that might explain local councils’ decisions on the budget. In analyzing an original dataset of about 100 of the most populous U.S. cities, we do not find strong evidence of government efforts to “defund” the police. However, across various specifications of potential responsiveness to the movement's demands, we do find that mayoral partisanship may be associated with local government decisions to meaningfully reduce their police budgets or abstain from increasing them, but even this relationship may not be sustained in the longer term. Thus, we encourage more research on barriers that potentially inhibit local government responsiveness to social movements like Black Lives Matter.

Recuperation and Cooptation in Undermining the BLM Movement

The Black Lives Matter movement, originating in 2013 is “a Black-centered political will and movement building project” (Howard University School of Law, 2018). In the spring and summer of 2020, the BLM movement was reinvigorated by the murder of George Floyd at the hands of police officers, resulting in some of the biggest protests America had ever seen. In order to deal with these protests and the demands for radical systemic change while maintaining the status quo, American corporations, government bodies, and law enforcement agencies engaged in a number of tactics broadly belonging to the idea of recuperation, the idea that "capitalism [can] appropriate even the most radical ideas and return them safely in the form of harmless ideologies” (Vague, 2012). In this paper, I use the frame of recuperation and cooptation to analyze how the demands of the BLM movement were undermined and neutralized.

Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Social Work in Australia

ABSTRACT In this article we argue that in Australian social work context and practice, Indigenous Data Sovereignty (ID-SOV) needs to be operationalised by enacting the principles of Indigenous Data Governance (ID-GOV). Failure to embed ID-SOV and ID-GOV leaves the profession open to claims that it is complicit in disempowering Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in relation to data. ID-SOV is a global movement focused on Indigenous Peoples having access to, and ownership, control, and possession of, their data. Social work is a profession committed to championing equal rights and challenging injustices. Therefore, it has an obligation to decolonise existing data structures in its workplaces. This article outlines the Australian ID-SOV movement, including current scholarship on operationalising ID-SOV in the form of ID-GOV, and the challenge for social work to position itself in alliance with the ID-SOV movement and in active participation in changing the way Indigenous data have traditionally been collected and used in Australia IMPLICATIONS The Indigenous Data Sovereignty (ID-SOV) movement demands the data rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and is re-shaping the Australian data landscape. If social work is true to its stated commitment to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander self-determination, the profession needs to engage with ID-SOV and work to operationalise Indigenous Data Governance (ID-GOV) across social work environments. A particular focus of this article is the importance of ID-SOV and ID-GOV being operationalised within social work research and policy in areas such as “child protection”, the criminal justice system, health and wellbeing, and housing.

The politics of words: A survey experiment on “defund the police”

ABSTRACT The movement known as “defund the police” has become a lightning-rod topic amid unprecedented global mobilization against police violence, and increasingly hyperpolarized politics and media coverage. In this article, we discuss new results from a Wisconsin survey experiment that illuminate the power of words and political ideology in shaping public perceptions of social movement demands. We start by describing the broader historical context and abolitionist organizing out of which the defund the police demands arose, and then review changes and continuities to the present. We find that manipulating language to describe defund the police, even by a few words, leads to different levels of support of those demands, and political ideology plays an important role in conditioning support for the framing of reallocation versus defunding the police. We hope future multimethod research will build on our results to further explore what shapes people’s views on movement demands and how wording may be used not only to misinform but to inform.

Secular and Islamic Iranian Feminism: Goals and Achievements


 The Iranian feminist movement came to express its rejection of the reality based on male discrimination and the treatment of women as second-class citizens. Iranian feminism was influenced by the first Western feminist wave that called for equality between the sexes, the right to work and education, and the issues of hijab and veils, which were considered among the basic issues of Iranian feminism during the Shah’s era, especially after he followed the Westernization regime. It was natural for Iranian feminism in that era to come up with goals, proposals, and practices similar to Western liberal feminism. However, after the establishment of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979, the scales shifted due to the impact of the revolution, so that Iranian feminism would be affected by its reality, to take the form of traditional and reformist Islamic feminism, approaching the demands of Western movements in the issue of political rights in particular, but rejecting the Shah’s regime and the issues it raised concerning women and the derogation of their rights, especially after the veil was banned in public places, in addition to issues of women’s political and social rights. Therefore, the goals and achievements of the two movements differed due to their influence on internal and external variables. Accordingly, our study represents a comparison of the eras of two different regimes: a secular one and an Islamic one, which was reflected in the nature, forms, goals, and achievements of Iranian feminism.
 

Optimization Model of Autonomous Vehicle Parking Facilities, Developed With the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm With an Elite Strategy 2 and by Comparing Different Moving Strategies

Fully self-driving cars, or autonomous vehicles (AVs), will have self-parking functions, which will revolutionize and reshape parking facilities in several ways. Automated parking technology could realize high-density and intensive parking space efficiency through multirow layouts and with narrower spaces per vehicle, which would completely change traditional parking facilities. Nonetheless, extra movements and congestion are generated by releasing stuck vehicles inside rows of parking spaces. Profits in parking space efficiency might be reduced by losses extra movements and congestion. This article aims to optimize the multirow and multichannel layout of parking facilities for AVs, balancing maximal space utilization and minimal movements while satisfying a designated parking demand. A new moving strategy, “first storage and shortest moving to outdistance (FSSMD),” is put forward first. Then, the geometric attributes, other movement strategies, demand characteristics, and other design elements of parking facilities are comprehensively quantified to describe the profit and loss of self-parking. An optimization model for the multirow layout of parking spaces is constructed with the dual goals of maximizing the number of berths and minimizing the number of movements. The nondominated sorting genetic algorithm with an elite strategy 2 is designed to solve the optimal model. Finally, the optimal zones and layouts of parking facilities are put forward by numerical experiments, and the sensitivity of different moving strategies is discussed. The results show that the moving strategy based on the FSSMD significantly reduces expected movement times, without decreasing the utilization rate of parking spaces. Although having only one zone enables maximizing the number of parking berths and the utilization rate of parking facilities, such benefits and improvements might be compromised by additional movements. Therefore, the multirow optimal layout with a zoning of 4 and 2 interzone channels should be decided by assessing the paradoxical relationships between the maximal utilization rate and minimal movements.

Determining Stroke and Movement Profiles in Competitive Tennis Match-Play From Wearable Sensor Accelerometry.

Perri, T, Reid, M, Murphy, A, Howle, K, and Duffield, R. Determining stroke and movement profiles in competitive tennis match-play from wearable sensor accelerometry. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1271-1276, 2023-This study determined stroke and movement accelerometry metrics from a wearable sensor and compared between court surface (grass vs. hard) and match outcome (win vs. loss) during competitive tennis match-play. Eight junior high-performance tennis players wore a trunk-mounted global positioning system, with in-built accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope during singles matches on hard and grass courts. The manufacturer software calculated accelerometer-derived total player load (tPL). A prototype algorithm classified forehands, backhands, serves, and "other" strokes, thereby calculating stroke PL (sPL) from individual strokes. Movement PL (mPL) was calculated as the difference between tPL and sPL, with all metrics reported as absolute and relative (min -1 , %, and ·stroke). Analysis of accelerometer load and stroke count metrics was performed through a two-way (surface [grass vs. hard] × match outcome [win vs. loss]) analysis of variance ( p < 0.05) and effect sizes (Cohen's d ). No interaction effects for surface and match outcome existed for absolute tPL, mPL, and sPL ( p > 0.05). Increased mPL% featured on grass courts, whereas sPL% was increased on hard courts ( p = 0.04, d = 1.18[0.31-2.02]). Elevated sPL·min -1 existed on hard courts ( p = 0.04, d = 1.19[0.32-2.04]), but no differences in tPL·min -1 and mPL·min -1 were evident for surface or outcome ( p > 0.05). Relative forehand sPL (FH-sPL·min -1 ) was higher on hard courts ( p = 0.03, d = 1.18[0.31-2.02]) alongside higher forehand counts ( p = 0.01, d = 1.29[0.40-2.14]). Hitting demands are heightened on hard courts from increased sPL and counts. Conversely, increased mPL% on grass courts likely reflects the specific movement demands from point-play. Physical preparation strategies during training blocks can be tailored toward movement or hitting loads to suit competitive surfaces.

The role of scientific knowledge in Extinction Rebellion's communication of climate futures

IntroductionExtinction Rebellion (XR) is one of the central players in climate movements in the United Kingdom. Considering the historical relationship that environmentalists have had with science and scientific knowledge, we examine the current treatment of science in the narrative put forward by XR United Kingdom.MethodsUsing mixed qualitative methods, the group's online press releases for the year 2019 were analysed, alongside fieldwork from 2 weeks spent at the United Nations' climate conference in Glasgow in 2021. The fieldwork data consists of participant observation combined with semi-structured interviews.ResultsThe movement's demand to “tell the truth” utilises a narrative established on a fact-based enlightenment. This is complemented by notions of a fixed temporal deadline and predicted societal collapse. We highlight prominent perspectives that came to light and identify three main positions that the activists held with respect to science.DiscussionThe findings show the positioning of science and scientific knowledge as a supreme authority, which acts to depoliticize the discourse and induces reductionism in imagining climate futures. This positioning, combined with the centrality of apocalyptic imagery, hampers the construction of alternative futures and fails to engage meaningfully with climate justice.

Let's do it right: Eight steps to competence in laboratory animal science in the European Union.

Demonstrated competence in laboratory animal science (LAS) is a prerequisite in Directive 2010/63/EU to work with animals used in scientific procedures, as it is essential to increase animal welfare, improve the quality of science, promote the acceptability of animal research and meet the demands of free movement of personnel and scientific exchange. Although since 2010 there have been eight clear steps to achieving the required competence of personnel working with animals used in science, it is not uncommon to see documentation for individuals who have just completed an LAS course that contains only education and training elements (three steps), for which the status of competence in LAS is granted. Here, a simplified summary of how competence in LAS should be delivered in eight steps according to EU recommendations is presented.

Physical preparation of the Australian national male field hockey team exceeded the movement demands of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games tournament

ABSTRACT This investigation explored differences in the pre-tournament preparation period relative to the movement demands of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games for the Australian male field-hockey team. Movement data was collected over 7 months prior to and during the 13-day Olympic tournament. Duration, distance (total; >80% individual peak velocity; >5 m.s−1), high-speed decelerations (>3.5 m.s−2), and total accelerations and decelerations (>2.5 m.s−2) were measured during each running-based session. A 13-day moving sum was calculated for each variable and compared to a player-specific “worst-case scenario” (WCS) for intra-tournament total movement demands. Summed 13-day movement demands exceeded the WCS for 6–58% of the preparation period across variables, for the entire squad. During the tournament, midfielders covered significantly greater sprint distance than Defenders (+84%,p = 0.020), with no other positional differences found. Greater variation in tournament movement demands was observed between players for accelerations, decelerations, and high-speed distance (CV = 19–46%) compared to duration and distance (CV = 4–9%). In conclusion, physical preparation exposed athletes to movement demands which surpassed WCS. Additionally, gross measures of training volume (duration and distance) are more generalisable to a squad; however, additional metrics such as sprint distance and high-speed decelerations are needed to better define positional and individual movement demands, and therefore, should be monitored by practitioners.

The Communıcatıon of Turkısh Femınısts wıth Socıety ın the Years of Transıtıon from the Ottoman Empıre to the Republıc of Turkey

Women, who had an important power and respected status in state administration in pre-Islamic Turkish states, were later excluded from social life in Ottoman society. Especially after the Tanzimat Edict, the daughters of elite families began to take a prominent role in the defense of women's rights. Women's associations and feminist newspapers established in the Ottoman Empire, brought the women's movement and women's demands to the agenda of social life. After the establishment of the Republic of Turkey significant efforts were made to ensure that women could receive the same education as men and participate in the social life on an equal basis with men. With the adoption of the Turkish Civil Code in 1926, significant progress was made in terms of equality between women and men in the family and social life. In 1934, Turkish women became legally equal to men in politics, even before many European countries.