Movement Behavior Research Articles

MDB-35. DEVELOPMENT OF DUAL LUCIFERASE ASSAY FOR 3D-COMPATIBLE HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA

Abstract BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor, originating from the cerebellum, a part of the brain that controls balance, coordinated movement and other non-motor behaviors. 2D cell cultures are commonly used for testing of new compounds in high throughput screening (HTS) targeting this cancer, largely because there are numerous highly optimized assays available for analyzing this cell culture model. However, they have significant limitation in mimicking in vivo conditions of the tumor microenvironment. 3D cell-culture methods have been embraced to enhance the modeling of in vivo tissue, replicating the multicellular architecture and the characteristics of the extracellular matrix. Presently, there are efforts to integrate 3D cell-culture with HTS to yield more clinically relevant results. However, one of the requirements for this is a 3D-compatible cell-based assay suitable for HTS. We developed such an assay which measures the activity of YAP/TAZ, a central molecule of Hippo-signaling pathway, and has been implicated in medulloblastoma. It plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue balance by coordinating proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. METHODS We cloned 8xGTIIC-NlucP, a brighter and more sensitive luciferase (Nanoluciferase) reporter plasmid that detects YAP/TAZ activity. Responsiveness to YAP/TAZ activity, and its inhibition were detected using a dual luciferase assay in the medulloblastoma cell lines after transfection. A normalization plasmid with a constitutive promoter for firefly luciferase was used in this assay to differentiate compounds that affect YAP/TAZ activity specifically as opposed to those that are toxic to the cells. RESULTS A robust signal for YAP/TAZ activity, and its reduction when cells were treated with inhibitor, was seen in the three medulloblastoma cell lines used, which further validates the result. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we were able to develop a 3D-compatible cell-based assay with Nanoluciferase which can be a foundation for HTS targeting medulloblastoma using 3D cultures.

Suppression of coffee rings by controllable nanoparticle enrichment through superhydrophobicity-enabled dynamic evaporation

Coffee rings formed by evaporation of analyte-containing droplets are widely observed in micropatterning, bio-arrays, and trace detection. The coffee-ring effect caused by contact line pinning significantly affects the detection uniformity and sensitivity. Here, we propose a simple and operable method to effectively suppress coffee rings through controllable nanoparticles aggregation by superhydrophobicity-enabled dynamic evaporation. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) deposition footprint formed after dynamic evaporation on an integrated superhydrophobic surface was reduced by ∼3 orders of magnitude compared to that of non-interventional evaporation. Detailed experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical studies have revealed that substrate wettability, temperature and droplet motion behaviors play significant roles in suppressing coffee-ring effect. More critically, based on the force mechanism of AuNPs at the interface/contact line, universal mathematical models and regime maps were established to classify the different deposition modes for AuNPs under different evaporation conditions by introducing dimensionless parameter G, revealing the enrichment mechanism of AuNPs in droplets under superhydrophobicity-enabled dynamic evaporation. The accuracy of the theoretical model and enrichment mechanism was demonstrated through the single-molecule detection of rhodamine 6G with excellent sensitivity (10–17 M, enhancement factor ∼1013) and perfect uniformity (relative standard deviation ∼5.57 %), which provides a valuable guide for research and applications of nanoparticle aggregation.

Individual differences link sensory processing and motor control.

Research on saccadic and pursuit eye movements led to great advances in our understanding of sensorimotor processing and human behavior. However, studies often have focused on isolated saccadic and pursuit eye movements measured with respect to different sensory information (static vs. dynamic targets). Here, we leveraged interindividual differences across a carefully balanced combination of different tasks to demonstrate that critical links in the control of oculomotor behavior were previously missed. We observed correlations in eye movement behavior across tasks, but only when compared with the same sensory information (e.g., pursuit gain and accuracy of saccades to moving targets). Within the same task, the coordination of saccadic and pursuit eye movements was tailored to the strengths of the individual: observers with more accurate saccades to moving targets rely on them more to catch up with moving targets. Our results have profound implications for the theoretical understanding of sensorimotor processing for oculomotor control. They necessitate a reevaluation of previous data used to map brain circuits for saccadic and pursuit eye movements measured with different types of relevant sensory information. Additionally, they underscore the importance of moving beyond average observations to embrace individual differences as a rich source of information. These individual differences not only reveal the strengths and weaknesses of observers. When combined across different tasks, they allow insights about why observers behave differently in a given task. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Move Well, Feel Good: Feasibility and acceptability of a school-based motor competence intervention to promote positive mental health.

In response to the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown measures Move Well, Feel Good (MWFG) was developed as a school intervention using improvement of motor competence as a mechanism for promoting positive mental health. Study objectives were to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of MWFG and to describe changes in child-level outcomes. Five northwest England primary schools were recruited. MWFG was delivered over 10-weeks through physical education (PE) lessons, which were supplemented by optional class-time, break-time, and home activities. The intervention focused on development of 9-10 year-old children's motor competence in locomotor, object control, and stability skills, and psychosocial skills. Feasibility was evaluated against nine pre-defined criteria using surveys, interviews (teachers), and focus groups (children). Pre- and post-intervention assessments of motor competence, mental health, prosocial behaviour, wellbeing, and 24-hour movement behaviours were also completed. The five recruited schools represented 83% of the target number, 108 children consented (54% of target) with teachers recruited in all schools (100% of target). Intervention dose was reflected by 76% of the 45 scheduled PE lessons being delivered, and adherence was strong (>85% of children attending ≥75% of lessons). Positive indicators of acceptability were provided by 86% of children, 83% of PE teachers, and 90% of class teachers. Data collection methods were deemed acceptable by 91% of children and 80% of class teachers, and children spoke positively about participating in the data collection. Child-level outcome data collection was completed by 65%-97% of children, with a 3%-35% attrition rate at post-intervention, depending on measure. Favourable changes in motor competence (+13.7%), mental health difficulties (-8.8%), and prosocial behaviour (+7.6%) were observed. MWFG is an acceptable and feasible motor competence intervention to promote positive mental health. Content and delivery modifications could inform progression to a pilot trial with a more robust design.

Movement behaviour typologies and their associations with adiposity indicators in children and adolescents: a latent profile analysis of 24-h compositional data

ObjectivesGrowing evidence supports the important role of 24-hour movement behaviours (MB) in preventing childhood obesity. However, research to understand the heterogeneity and variability of MB among individuals and what kind of typologies of individuals are at risk of developing obesity is lacking. To bridge this gap, this study identified typologies of 24-hour MB in children and adolescents and investigated their associations with adiposity indicators.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 374 children and 317 adolescents from the Czech Republic wore wrist-worn accelerometers for seven consecutive days. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary behaviour (SB), and sleep was quantified using raw accelerometery data. Adiposity indicators included body mass index (BMI) z-score, fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Bias-adjusted latent profile analysis was used on the 24-hour MB data to identify MB typologies and their associations with adiposity indicators. The models were adjusted for potential confounders. The identified typologies were labelled to reflect the behavioural profiles of bees to aid interpretability for the general public.ResultsTwo typologies were identified in children: highly active Workers characterised by high levels of MVPA and LPA, and inactive Queens characterised by low levels of MVPA and LPA, high levels of SB and longer sleep duration compared to Workers. In adolescents, an additional typology labelled as Drones was characterised by median levels of MVPA, LPA, SB and longest sleep duration. After controlling for covariates, we found that children labelled as Queens were associated with 1.38 times higher FM%, 1.43 times higher FMI, and 1.67 times higher VAT than Workers. In adolescents, Drones had 1.14 times higher FM% and Queens had 1.36 higher VAT in comparison with Workers, respectively.ConclusionOur study highlights the importance of promoting active lifestyles in children and adolescents to potentially reduce adiposity. These findings can provide insights for interventions aimed at promoting healthy MB and preventing childhood obesity.Graphical

The development of the Egyptian 24-h movement guidelines for adults aged 50 years and older: an integration of sleep, sedentary behavior, and physical activity by the Egyptian Academy of Bone and Muscle Health

BackgroundWith the vision of healthy aging, the Egyptian Academy of Bone and Muscle Health followed an established guideline development process to create the Egyptian 24-h movement clinical guideline for adults aged 50 years and older adults. This guideline highlights the significance of movement behaviors across the whole 24-h day. Online databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) were searched for relevant peer-reviewed studies that met the a priori inclusion criteria.ResultsA total of 53 studies met the inclusion criteria. Leveraging evidence from the review of the literature led to the development of 27 statements answering the 5 key questions. Results revealed a major change in the previous basic understandings as it shifts away from focussing on a sole movement behavior to the combination of all the movement behaviors. Based on this, the final guideline was developed providing evidence-based recommendations for a “Healthy 24-Hour Day”, comprising a mix of light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity, sleep, and sedentary behavior.ConclusionThe developed guidelines are meant to help in the decision-making process and are intended for use by adults and older both nationally and internationally; also, for endorsement by the policy-makers. Dissemination and implementation efforts would impact positively on both health professionals and researchers and would also be useful to interested members of the public sector.

Parent–Child Associations in Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: The FAMIPASS Study

Parent–child patterns in objectively measured movement behaviours were the highlight of this study. A total of 381 families (337 mothers, 256 fathers, 190 daughters, and 191 sons) from 36 randomly selected schools and kindergartens provided valid accelerometer data. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) were assessed using ActiGraph accelerometers. Spearman’s rho was used to evaluate parent–child associations, while logistic regression analysis (the backward LR method) was used to recognize factors related to children’s achievement of PA recommendations. Results indicated that girls engaged more in light PA, while boys showed higher levels of moderate and vigorous PA. Mothers spent less time sitting and more time in light PA compared to fathers, resulting in higher total PA levels. Father–son pairs showed a stronger association in total PA than mother–son pairs. Children aged 6–10 years and those with mothers who engaged in more vigorous PA were more likely to meet PA recommendations compared to younger children and those with less active mothers.

The Effect of Herding Behavior on the Efficiency of Pedestrian Evacuation in Subway Stations

In the emergency evacuation of pedestrians in subway stations, most people do not know the correct evacuation routes and methods, and tend to follow others blindly, resulting in herding behavior. To study the process of pedestrian evacuation with herding behavior in subway stations, a cellular automata pedestrian evacuation model is established to simulate the pedestrian evacuation with herding behavior in subway stations, and the effects of the weight coefficients of the parameters in the model on the overall evacuation time and the distribution of people’s positions are investigated to quantify the effects of herding on the efficiency of the pedestrian evacuation and the movement behavior. The simulation results show that moderate (kC < 40) crowd behavior can play a beneficial role in reducing reaction time and guiding the direction of evacuation; on the contrary, excessive crowd behavior (kC > 40) will lead to an increase in evacuation time and a decrease in evacuation efficiency. The conclusions presented in this paper can help to improve the efficiency of pedestrian evacuation in emergencies and provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the management of safety evacuation in subway stations.

Electroosmotic peristaltic flow of thixotropic-Newtonian fluids in a circular tube: Effect of variable viscosity co-efficient of core fluid

In this article, the behaviour of peristaltic motion of two-phase immiscible fluids under the influence of an external electric field is investigated. The core fluid (thixotropic) is deliberated as a variable viscosity attribute which is surrounded by Newtonian fluid. Meanwhile, both fluids possess electrical conductivity in nature. This analysis was carried out under certain physical restrictions, namely, Debye–hückel linearization, a very thin electric double layer effect at the wall area, low Reynolds number and long wavelength approximation. The interface analysis was computed and higher resistance was noticed in the power-law index and variable viscosity components and lower resistance in the electrokinetic body force. Moreover, the present study also evaluates the characteristics of pressure rise, the influence of variable viscosity and the electroosmotic effect on the mechanical efficiency and wall shear stress. The vanishing moments of trapping phenomena were spotted when the magnitude of the electroosmotic effect and structural parameter increased. The present model is the generalized form of the power-law – Newtonian model and Newtonian–Newtonian model. These resultant outcomes may be fruitful for the modulation of pumping in a physical environment in the presence of an external electric field and variable viscosity.

Adaptive movement behavior for real-time crowd simulation

Adaptive movement behavior for real-time crowd simulation

Can step count be used to identify older adults with high sedentary time and low moderate-to-vigorous physical activity?

Combined high sedentary time (ST) and low moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has been associated with adverse cardiovascular events. However, accurately assessing ST and MVPA in older adults is challenging in clinical practice. To investigate whether step count can identify older adults with unhealthier movement behavior (high ST/low MVPA) and poorer cardiometabolic profile. Cross-sectional study (n = 258; 66 ± 5 years). Step count, ST, and MVPA were assessed by hip accelerometry during 7 days. The cardiometabolic profile was assessed using a continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS), including blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and waist circumference. Receiving operating curve analysis was used to test the performance of step count in identifying older adults with unhealthier movement behavior (highest tertile of ST/lowest tertile of MVPA). Healthier movement behavior was defined as lowest tertile of ST/highest tertile of MVPA, with neutral representing the remaining combinations of ST/MVPA. A total of 40 participants (15.5%) were identified with unhealthier movement behavior (ST ≥ 11.4 h/day and MVPA ≤ 10 min/day). They spent ~73% and 0.4% of waking hours in ST and MVPA, respectively. Step count identified those with unhealthier movement behavior (area under the curve 0.892, 0.850-0.934; cutoff: ≤5263 steps/day; sensitivity/specificity: 83%/81%). This group showed a higher cMetS compared with neutral (β = .25, p = .028) and healthier movement behavior groups (β = .41, p = .008). Daily step count appears to be a practical, simple metric for identifying community-dwelling older adults with concomitant high ST and low MVPA, indicative of unhealthier movement behavior, who have a poorer cardiometabolic profile.

Effect of vibration and airflow on separation of 6–1 mm fine coal in compound dry separation bed

The segregation behaviour of solid particles are affected by airflow and vibration in a compound dry separation bed. The distribution characteristics of airflow field on the bed surface have been systematically investigated by a novel method of regional air distribution, and the movement and segregation behavior of fine coal particles have been observed under different gas velocity. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution characteristics and ash variation of fine coal particles during the process of segregation and stratification were analyzed. The obtained results show that the airflow velocity of the bed showed a zonal air distribution characteristic of gradual decrease from the separation area to the clean coal section and the gangue section. The segregation and stratification of particles in the Y-axis and Z-axis directions of the bed surface can be enhanced by vibration. When the vibration frequency is 34 Hz, the probable error (E) is 0.08 g/cm3. The bed inclination and the bed grid height have a certain influence on the segregation behavior of fine coal.

An investigation into the physical factors that control slow mass movements

The behavior of slow mass movements like soil creep is well known to be governed by soil composition, slope, and cycles in temperature and rainfall. However, their magnitude and importance vary dramatically in often unpredictable ways, with important consequences for creep rate and infrastructure damage prediction. Here, we present long-term (2015–2022) creep measurements for four regions of the UK characterized by intense mass movement activity but different bedrock lithologies. We also obtained co-located temperature and precipitation time series over this period, as well as local measurements of slope and soil thickness and composition. Our goal was to deconvolve the relative importance of each observable on creep behavior. Our results imply that parent lithology governs first-order creep rates indirectly via hillslope repose angles and soil thickness and composition. Rates of ground movement on peat and sandstone soils are dictated by annual fluctuations in precipitation and temperature, respectively. By employing a simple error-minimizing regression routine, we demonstrate how creep rates can be predicted in these settings as a function of climatological observables. Over thinner limestone and thicker clay soils, however, our model fails: in these settings, we suggest that creep behavior is instead dominated by variations in regolith thickness, and slope and clay mineral content, respectively.

Insight into the diffusion behaviors of SBS‐compatibilizer‐coupled modified asphalt: Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental validation

AbstractCompatibilizers play a crucial role in enhancing the compatibility between styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer and asphalt, and the coupling of compatibilizers with SBS affects the motion behavior of asphalt molecules, which influences the performance of SBS modified asphalt. In this investigation, molecular dynamics simulation is employed to evaluate the impact of SBS coupling with compatibilizers on alterations in the self‐motion behavior of asphalt molecules, changes in relative free volume, and modifications in system energy. The findings reveal that with the introduction of a compatibilizer, the combined effect of the compatibilizer and SBS coupling amplifies the mobility of the constituents within the modified asphalt. This amplification manifests as increased relative free volume within the system, heightened activation of modified asphalt molecules, and a simultaneous reduction in the interaction energy among these molecules. Following that, the high‐temperature rheological properties of SBS modified asphalt were verified with the simulation results, coupled with temperature scanning experiments. This study describes the intrinsic mechanism of interaction of compatibilizers in SBS modified asphalt at the molecular scale.Highlights Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental validation were implemented for styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)‐modified asphalt. Compatibilizers can activate the activity of SBS modified asphalt. Compatibilizers allow a better release of the properties of the bitumen and SBS. Compatibilizers can replace bitumen and act with SBS to improve its modification efficiency. The optimum dosage of compatibilizer is 3%.

Co-design of a walking activity intervention for stroke survivors.

Stroke survivors may not maintain gains made in gait performance after task-oriented circuit training. Behavior change interventions may enhance the long-term adoption of physical activity. This study uses a co-design methodology to develop an intervention and tools to facilitate physical and exercise therapists in supporting an active lifestyle in stroke survivors, which is defined as a lifestyle that integrates daily walking performance with day-to-day activity. (1) To describe the insights generated during the co-design process; and (2) To describe the tools that were developed during the co-design process. A multidisciplinary team consisting of staff members of the Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy, exercise and physical therapists specializing in neurorehabilitation and conducting task-oriented circuit class training in primary care settings or day therapy centers within residential care facilities, stroke survivors and their carers, experts in measuring movement behavior in stroke survivors, a company specializing in manufacturing sensors and related software, behavior change specialists, and co-designers all collaborated in a three-stage (define, develop, and deliver) co-design process. In the design process, the team iteratively developed a prototype accelerometer system for measuring walking performance with a feedback function for stroke survivors and their therapists and a prototype toolbox for therapists to support the facilitation of behavior change in their stroke survivors. This study shows how co-design can be applied to develop interventions for stroke survivors. Both the prototype system for measuring walking performance and the toolbox incorporate behavior change techniques to support a more physically active lifestyle in stroke survivors. Further research will investigate the feasibility of the intervention.

Measurement of the Axial Magnetic Susceptibility of m-SWCNTs at High Temperatures in a Magnetic Field-Assisted FC-CVD.

We synthesized some SWCNTs films under different magnetic fields and temperatures in a magnetic field-assisted FC-CVD and obtained Raman spectra of the films. By analyzing the Raman spectra, it was concluded that the SWCNTs films had defects, and the relative content of m-SWCNTs in the SWCNTs films was obtained. The trajectory of m-SWCNTs was obtained by analyzing the motion behavior of m-SWCNTs flow in the field-assisted system, and a model was built to describe the relationship between the relative content of m-SWCNTs and magnetic fields. The axial magnetic susceptibility of m-SWCNTs as a parameter was obtained by fitting the experimental results and the model. This is the first time that the axial magnetic susceptibility of m-SWCNTs has been obtained. The result obtained at 1273 K is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the magnetic susceptibilities and anisotropies of purified m-SWCNTs at 300 K, indicating that the defects increase the Curie temperature and Curie constant of m-SWCNTs. This is consistent with the spin-polarized density functional theory, which predicts that m-SWCNTs with vacancies have local magnetic moments around the vacancies and exhibit ferro- or ferrimagnetism.

Humpback whales in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean: investigating their breeding movements by satellite tracking

AbstractUnderstanding animals' movements is essential to assess habitat use, life‐history strategies, and population dynamics. Here, we investigate the movement and behavior patterns of 153 humpback whales in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SWA) using data obtained by satellite telemetry between 2003 and 2019 during the species' breeding season (August–December) off the Brazilian coast. Switching state space models were applied to estimate behavior states (bmode) classified as Area Restricted Search (ARS), Transiting (TRANS), or uncertain. Whales were distributed from 4°S to 24°S, and five clusters of ARS behavior were identified along the Brazilian coast. Generalized linear mixed modeling revealed three main results: (1) a transition towards more sinuous behavioral states with increasing latitude; (2) more sinuous movement behavior around new moons; (3) movement behavior was temporally dynamic throughout the breeding season over the years, particularly in 2019. The results then revealed important regions where humpback whales cluster to engage in mating and nursing behaviors, highlighting the influence of spatial location and environmental cycles on their behavior. Estimated movement behavior presented here improves the knowledge about the habitat use and movement patterns of SWA humpback whales in their breeding ground and can be used to mitigate potential human‐related impacts.

Column setting and text justification influence return-sweep eye movement behavior during Chinese multi-line reading

People regularly read multi-line texts in different formats and publishers, internationally, must decide how to present text to make reading most effective and efficient. Relatively few studies have examined multi-line reading, and fewer still Chinese multi-line reading. Here, we examined whether texts presented in single or double columns, and either left-justified or fully-justified affect Chinese reading. Text format had minimal influence on overall reading time; however, it significantly impacted return-sweeps (large saccades moving the eyes from the end of one line of text to the beginning of the next). Return-sweeps were launched and landed further away from margins and involved more corrective saccades in single- than double-column format. For left- compared to fully-justified format, return-sweeps were launched and landed closer to margins. More corrective saccades also occurred. Our results showed more efficient return-sweep behavior for fully- than left-justified text. Moreover, there were clear trade-off effects such that formats requiring increased numbers of shorter return-sweeps produced more accurate targeting and reduced numbers of corrective fixations, whereas formats requiring reduced numbers of longer return-sweeps caused less accurate targeting and an increased rate of corrective fixations. Overall, our results demonstrate that text formats substantially affect return-sweep eye movement behavior during Chinese reading without affecting efficiency and effectiveness, that is, the overall time it takes to read and understand the text.

Association between profiles of accelerometer-measured daily movement behaviour and mortality risk: a prospective cohort study of British older adults

ObjectivesWe identified profiles of wake-time movement behaviours (sedentary behaviours, light intensity physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) based on accelerometer-derived features among older adults and then examined their association with...

Linking 24-hour movement behavior guidelines to academic engagement and social-emotional functioning among youth with chronic pain

BackgroundGrowing evidence documents the health benefits of meeting the 24-h movement behavior (24-HMB) guidelines (including recommendations concerning physical activity [PA], screen time [ST], and sleep [SL]) regardless of age or health status. However, the association between meeting the 24-HMB guidelines and academic engagement, social functioning, and emotional functioning has not been investigated in children and adolescents (youth) with chronic pain. Therefore, this cross-sectional study examined the potential links between meeting the 24-HMB guidelines and indicators of the above-mentioned outcomes in a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth with chronic pain. MethodsData from caregiver proxy reports for 7918 U.S. children and adolescents with chronic pain, aged between 6 and 17 years, were retrieved from the 2020 National Survey of Children's Health. Exposures of interest included the isolated and combined 24-HMB guidelines, while outcomes included measures of academic engagement, social functioning, and emotional functioning. To determine the association between the variables mentioned above, a logistic regression analysis was conducted using adjustment for confounding variables (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity, household federal poverty level [FPL] status, education level of primary caregivers, premature birth, and overweight). ResultsA low (4.53 %) proportion of U.S. youth with chronic pain met the combined 24-HMB guidelines. As compared to the reference group (i.e., did not meet the 24-HMB guidelines), youth with chronic pain who met the combined 24-HMB guidelines (referring to PA + ST, PA + SL, PA + ST + SL) showed significantly better performance on our measures of interest (e.g., learning interest/curiosity, difficulty in making friends, resilience; p < 0.05 for all). ConclusionsIn youth with chronic pain, meeting the 24-HMB guidelines is associated with better academic engagement, social functioning, and emotional functioning. However future intervention studies are necessary to provide more robust evidence before more firm conclusions can be drawn. Our results suggest that fostering a healthy lifestyle behavior in this vulnerable population might support their social-emotional and cognitive development (e.g., academic engagement).