Mouthwash Group Research Articles

Increased number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in buccal mucosa cells from people exposed to alcohol-containing mouthwash

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alcohol-containing mouthwash on the induction of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in exfoliated buccal cells, including binucleated cells, cells with nuclear buds, and karyolitic, karyorrhectic, condensed chromatin, and pyknotic cells. Buccal mucosa cells were collected from 107 healthy participants who were divided into three groups: control subjects who did not use mouthwash (n = 33), subjects who were exposed for 30 days and two times rinsing with 30 seconds each time to alcohol-containing mouthwash (n = 38; 26% ethanol concentration); and subjects exposed to a non-alcohol-containing mouthwash (n = 36). A slide was used to collect cells from the oral mucosa from the inner lining of both cheeks. Samples were spread directly onto two separate, precleaned and precoded slides. Smears were air-dried, fixed, stained, and analyzed by microscopy for micronuclei and nuclear anomalies. Frequency of micronuclei, nuclear buds, and karyolitic, karyorrhectic, and condensed chromatin cells increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the alcohol-containing mouthwash group after mouthwash exposition, compared with both the control and the non-alcohol-containing mouthwash groups. Our results suggest that subjects exposed to alcohol-containing mouthwash exhibited an increase in frequency of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in oral mucosal cells, which is directly related to DNA damage.

Effect of green tea mouthwash on oral malodor.

This study aimed to determine the effect of green tea mouthwash on oral malodor, plaque, and gingival inflammation. Gingivitis subjects who had over 80 parts per billion of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the morning breath were randomly assigned into green tea or placebo mouthwash group. At baseline, VSC, Plaque Index (PI) and Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) were recorded. Participants were rinsed with the assigned mouthwash, and VSC level was remeasured at 30 minutes and 3 hours postrinsing. For the following 4 weeks, participants were asked to rinse with the assigned mouthwash twice daily. VSC, PI and PBI were remeasured at day 28. It was found that, at 30 minutes and 3 hours postrinsing, VSC was reduced by 36.76% and 33.18% in the green tea group and 19.83% and 9.17% in the placebo group, respectively. At day 28, VSC was reduced by 38.61% in the green tea group and 10.86% in the placebo group. VSC level in the green tea group was significantly different when compared to the placebo. PI and PBI were significantly reduced in both groups. However, no significant difference was found between groups. In conclusion, green tea mouthwash could significantly reduce VSC level in gingivitis subjects after rinsing for 4 weeks.

The effect of Camellia Sinensis (green tea) mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis: a single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial

Background and the purpose of the StudyComplementary medicine received high attention during last decades. We aimed to assess the efficacy of Green tea mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis as the most common form of periodontal disease.Methods and materialsWe designed a single blinded placebo controlled clinical trial. High school female students with chronic generalized plaque-induced gingivitis were distributed to receive either 5 ml of Green tea 5% two times/day or normal saline with the same dosage. Gingival index (Sillness & Loe), plaque index (Sillness & Loe) and bleeding index (Barnett) were recorded at baseline and five consecutive weeks. Comparisons were made by a general linear model, repeated measure ANOVA and a Bonferroni test applied for multiple comparisons.ResultsTwenty five students were recruited in each arm of the study. A significant improvement was observed in all periodontal indices during the study (P < 0.001). Two groups were contrasted by changing patterns of alteration of indices (P < 0.05). Although total amount of improvement was higher in mouthwash group, the differences did not reach a statistically significant level (P > 0.05, observed power for GI: 0.09, PI: 0.11 and BI: 0.07).ConclusionGreen tea mouthwash may be a safe and feasible adjunct treatment for inflammatory periodontal diseases. A future larger scale study is warranted for better evaluating the effect of green tea.

Effect of low-concentration daily topical fluoride application on fluoride release of giomer and compomer: An in vitro study

To determine the effect of low-concentration daily topical fluoride application on fluoride release of Giomer and Compomer and to compare the amount of fluoride release from Giomer to that of Compomer. Forty-eight specimens of each Giomer and Compomer were divided into four treatment groups, namely, control group, fluoridated dentifrice (500 ppm) once-daily group, fluoridated dentifrice (500 ppm) twice-daily group and fluoridated dentifrice (500 ppm) once-daily + fluoridated mouthwash (225 ppm) group. Each specimen was suspended in demineralising solution for 6 h and remineralising solution for 18 h. Fluoride release was measured in both the demineralising solution and the remineralising solution daily for 21 days. Total daily fluoride release for each specimen was calculated by adding the amount released in the demineralising solution to that released in the remineralising solution. The fluoride release (ppm) was found to be higher in Giomer when compared with Compomer. The fluoride released from Giomer and Compomer was significantly higher in the acidic demineralising solution than in the neutral remineralising solution. It was found that increasing fluoride exposure significantly increased fluoride release from Giomer and Compomer. It was found that the fluoride release from the subgroups of Giomer and Compomer was in the following order: fluoridated dentifrice twice-daily > fluoridated dentifrice once-daily + fluoridated mouthwash > fluoridated dentifrice once-daily > control group. It was found that Giomer showed a greater fluoride uptake Compomer.

A comparison of the friction associated with diamond-like carbon (DLC) or titanium nitride (TiN) plating metal brackets

The purpose of the present study was to compare the friction associated with DLC as compared to TiN coating brackets. A total of 270 metal brackets were divided into 3 groups: a blank control group, a DLC-coated group, and a TiN-coated group. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used to identify the elemental composition of bracket surfaces. After metal brackets were corroded by an electrochemical device in artificial saliva and mouthwash, static and kinetic friction were evaluated and recorded on an EZ-test machine. A randomized design (two-way) ANOVA was used to test for significant differences. The DLC-coated corrosion group in mouthwash exhibited the highest corrosion potential among all groups (p<0.0001). Static friction was higher in the mouthwash group for all test samples (p<0.0001). The kinetic friction of corrosion brackets in mouthwash was statistically different from the no coated and DLC- or TiN-coated groups (p<0.0001). However, in artificial saliva, corrosion brackets (DLC- or TiN-coated groups) were not statistically different from control (p=0.241>0.05). The DLC-coated groups exhibited lower static and kinetic friction forces than TiN-coated brackets. DLC-coated metal brackets can be applied to reduce metal bracket friction.

Effect of Manuka honey, chlorhexidine gluconate and xylitol on the clinical levels of dental plaque

Aims:To compare the effect of Manuka honey, chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%) mouthwash and xylitol chewing gum on the dental plaque levels.Materials and Methods:Sixty healthy male dental students aged between 21 and 25 years (mean age 23.4 years) participated in the study. All the subjects received a professional prophylaxis at the start of the study, with the purpose of making the dentition 100% free of plaque and calculus. The subjects were then randomly divided into three groups, i.e. the Manuka honey group, the chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash group and the xylitol chewing gum group. Rinsing with water or any other fluid after the procedure was not allowed as also any form of mechanical oral hygiene for all the subjects during the experimental period of 72 h. After the experimental period, the plaque was disclosed using disclosing solution and their scores were recorded at six sites per tooth using the Quigley and Hein plaque index modified by Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman.Results:The mean plaque scores for Groups I, II and III were 1.37, 1.35 and 1.57, respectively. The ANOVA revealed that between-group comparison was significant, with an F-value of 5.99 and a probability value of 0.004. The T-test was carried out to evaluate the inter-group significance, which revealed that the plaque inhibition by Manuka honey was similar to that of chlorhexidine mouthwash. Both Manuka honey and chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced plaque formation significantly, better than the xylitol chewing gum.Conclusion:Manuka honey and chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced plaque formation significantly better than xylitol chewing gum.

Comparative evaluation of fluoride release from PRG-composites and compomer on application of topical fluoride: An in-vitro study

To determine the fluoride release from Giomer and Compomer, using different topical fluoride regimes, and to compare the amount of fluoride release from giomer with that of compomer. Forty-eight specimens of each giomer and compomer were divided into four treatment groups, namely, control group, fluoridated dentifrice (500 ppm) once daily group, fluoridated dentifrice (500 ppm) twice daily group, fluoridated dentifrice (500 ppm) once daily + fluoridated mouthwash (225 ppm) group. Each specimen was suspended in demineralizing solution for six hours and remineralizing solution for 18 hours. Fluoride release was measured in both the demineralizing solution and remineralizing solution daily for seven days. Total daily fluoride release for each specimen was calculated by adding the amount released in the demineralizing solution to that released in remineralizing solution. The fluoride release (ppm) was found to be more in Giomer when compared to Compomer. The fluoride released from Giomer and Compomer was significantly greater in the acidic demineralizing solution than in the neutral remineralizing solution. It was found that increasing fluoride exposure significantly increased fluoride release from the giomer and compomer. It was found that the fluoride release from the subgroups of giomer and compomer was in the following order: fluoridated dentifrice twice daily > fluoridated dentifrice once daily + fluoridated mouthwash > fluoridated dentifrice once daily > control group. It was found that the giomer showed a greater fluoride uptake than the compomer.

Inhibition of “De Novo” Plaque Formation With 0.12% Chlorhexidine Spray Compared to 0.2% Spray and 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely accepted as the most effective product in the control of supragingival plaque. It is available in different delivery devices. The aim of this study was to test whether 0.12% CHX spray was as effective as 0.2% CHX spray and 0.2% CHX mouthwash in a 3-day "de novo" plaque formation model. Ninety volunteers were enrolled into a single-blind, randomized, three-group parallel study. They received a thorough dental prophylaxis prior to the test period. Subjects were divided randomly into three equal groups. They were requested to refrain from all forms of mechanical oral hygiene and instructed to use only their assigned product during the 3-day experimental period. After 3 days, the plaque growth was assessed using the Quigley and Hein plaque index (Q&H PI) at six sites per tooth. After 3 days, the CHX mouthwash group had a mean Q&H PI of 1.17 compared to 1.41 for the 0.2% CHX spray and 1.49 for the 0.12% CHX spray. The difference between the mouthwash and the two sprays was statistically significant, whereas the two sprays did not differ significantly from each other. Within the limitations of this 3-day "de novo" plaque formation study, the two sprays were not as effective as the mouthwash in plaque inhibition. No significant difference was found between the two sprays. To achieve the same effectiveness as a mouthwash, a higher dose (number of puffs) of CHX spray may be necessary.

Effect of selected mouthwashes on the surface roughness of resin modified glass-ionomer restorative materials

Objectives It is known that the use of mouthwashes and toothbrushing can affect some restorative dental materials. The purpose of this laboratory study was to investigate the effect of four commercially available mouthwashes on the surface roughness of a number of resin modified glass-ionomer restorative materials when used with and without tooth brushing. Methods Specimens of the restorative materials in the study (Vitremer, Compoglass and Dyract) were prepared. Half of the specimens were only exposed to a mouthwash (Plax, Macleans, Listerine, Corsodyl or deionised water as control). The remaining specimens were exposed to one of the mouthwashes in conjunction with tooth brushing. The initial surface roughness and the subsequent changes in surface roughness were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profilometry. The assessment times were: baseline, 4, 12 and 24 weeks. Results Initial SEM observations of the surface morphology of the specimens revealed a rougher surface for Vitremer in comparison to the other two materials. Assessments at increasing time intervals showed that specimens exposed to a mouthwash only appeared to become rougher. The appearance of specimens exposed to mouthwash and brushing seemed to become even rougher with increasing time. The results of the profilometric assessment showed that at 24 weeks, specimens exposed to mouthwash only, had an overall increase in the surface roughness values for all three materials investigated. The differences between groups allocated to different mouthwashes were not however statistically significant ( P > 0.05). Exposure to mouthwash and toothbrushing over the same time period resulted in an increase in roughness values in all groups. The differences between mouthwash groups were not statistically significant at this stage ( P > 0.05). Significance Exposure of the materials investigated to the mouthwashes included in the study had adverse effects on surface roughness. The adverse effects were more pronounced with tooth brushing.

A Clinical Trial of Dextranase-Containing Mouthwash on the Inhibition of Plaque Formation and Gingivitis

【A novel glucanhydrolase(DXAMase) from a mutant of Lipomyces starkeyi(KSM 22) has been shown effective in hydrolysis of mutan, reduction of mutan formation by Streptococcus mutans and removal pre-formed sucrose-dependentadherent microbial film and DXAMase has been strongly bound to hydroxyapatitie. These in vitro properties of Lipomyces starkeyi DXAMase are desirable for its application as a dental plaque control agent. This study was performed to determine the adjunctive oral hygiene benefits and safety of dextranase(Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 DXAMase)-containing mouthwash when used alongside normal tooth-brushing. This 6-month clinical trial was placebo-controlled double-blind design evaluating 1U/ml dextranase mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. A total 39 systemically healthy subjects, who had moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis were included. At baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months, subjects were scored for plaque accumulation(Turesky modification of Quingley-Hein's plaque index), gingivitis status( $L\ddot{o}e$ and Silness gingival index), and tooth stain(Area and severity index system by Lang et al). Additionally, oral mucosal examinations were performed and subjects questioned for adverse symptoms. Two weeks after pre-experiment examinations and a professional prophylaxis, the subjects provided with allocated mousewash and instructed to use 20-ml volumes for 30s twice daily after toothbrushing. All the groups showed significant increase in plaque accumulation since 1 month of experiment. During 6 months' period, the Dextranase mouthwash group showed the least increase in plaque accumulation, compared to the Chlorhexidine mouthwash and placebo groups. As for gingival inflammation, all the groups showed significant increase during 6 months of experiment. The Experimental group(Dextranase mouthwash) also showed the least increase in gingival index score, compared to the Positive control(Chlorhexidine mouthwash)as well as the Negative control(placebo)groups. Whereas the tooth stain was increased significantly in the Positive control group, compared to the baseline score and the Negative controlgroup since 3 months of mouthrinsing. It was significantly increased after 6 months in the Experimental group, still less severe than the Positive control group. As for the oral side effect, the Experimental group showed less tongue accumulation, bad taste, compared to the Positive control group. From these results, mouthrinsing with Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase provided adjunctive benefits to toothbrushing, comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash in inhibition of plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and local side effects were if anything less frequent and less intense than chlorhexidine, with long-term use of the mouthwash. All data had provided positive evidence for Lipomyces starkeyi KSM 22 dextranase as an antiplaque agent and suggested that further development of dextranase formulations for plaque control are warranted.】

One‐year trial of the effect of rinsing with an amine fluoride‐stannous‐fluoride‐containing mouthwash on gingival index scores and salivary microbial counts in lymphoma patients receiving cytostatic drugs

This double-blind study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of twice-daily use of a mouthwash containing 0.025% of fluoride as amine fluoride-stannous fluoride (AmF + SnF) or 0.05% of fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF) on visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) and on some salivary micro-organisms in patients suffering from non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphomas. 79 patients were allocated at random to the two mouthwash groups. Mouthwashing began at the start of cancer chemotherapy. Results relating to 45 patients who completed a 1-year rinsing protocol showed a significant decrease in VPI and GBI in the AmF + SnF group. An increase was found in the NaF group. Mean values for stimulated salivary secretion rates and buffering capacities mostly did not differ significantly from baseline values during the study. In both groups, mutans streptococci counts decreased significantly after the study began and remained low in the AmF + SnF group. No corresponding effect was seen in relation to lactobacilli and yeast counts. In the NaF group, lactobacilli counts increased significantly over a year. Significantly more patients reported adverse or unpleasant effects in the AmF + SnF group (52%) than in the NaF group (6%), although both solutions had the same colour and taste. However, all patients continued with rinsing.