Mouthrinse Group Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Green Coffee and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse against Salivary Streptococcus Mutans: A Cross-over Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: The health advantages of chlorogenic acid from green coffee (GC) are linked to weight loss, and the extract also positively affects dental health. Little research is available that assesses the anticariogenic properties of GC in mouth rinse form. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial efficacy of GC and chlorhexidine (CHX) against Streptococcus mutans. Study Setting and Design: This was a short-term triple-blinded cross-over randomized controlled trial conducted among 18–25-year-old adolescent females attending a private school in Gurugram, Haryana. Materials and Methods: A cross-over randomized controlled trial was conducted among 50 school subjects. Participants were randomized into the GC mouth and CHX mouth rinse groups. A computer-generated list of random numbers was used to carry out randomization. This list was prepared by an investigator who was not clinically involved in the trial. Subjects were instructed to use 10 ml of provided mouthwash for 15 s twice daily for 3 weeks. Salivary S. mutans colony counts were recorded at baseline and postintervention (3 weeks). Nonparametric tests were used for inferential statistics as data failed to follow the normal distribution. Results: Intergroup and intragroup comparison showed a significant reduction in S. mutans colony count between the two study groups and from baseline to postintervention in the similar groups when analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0.05), respectively. Conclusion: GC can be considered a preventive home therapy, as it has added health benefits and is economically viable.

Efficacy and safety evaluation of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses: A clinical study

Background: This clinical study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses in a controlled setting. With oral hygiene being a crucial aspect of overall health, it is essential to determine which type of mouth rinse is more effective and safer for daily use. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study was conducted with 150 adult participants. They were divided into two groups: one using an alcohol-containing mouth rinse, and the other using an alcohol-free alternative. Participants followed a standardized oral hygiene regimen for four weeks, using their respective mouth rinses twice daily. Key parameters such as plaque reduction, gingival health, and adverse effects were assessed at baseline and after the study period. Results: The results indicated a significant reduction in plaque accumulation in both groups, with the alcohol-containing mouth rinse group showing a mean reduction of 25.4% and the alcohol-free group showing a mean reduction of 23.1%. In terms of gingival health, both groups demonstrated improvement, with the alcohol-containing mouth rinse group showing a mean reduction of gingival inflammation by 19.2%, while the alcohol-free group exhibited a reduction of 18.5%. Importantly, the alcohol-free mouth rinse group reported fewer cases of adverse effects such as dry mouth and irritation compared to the alcohol-containing group. Conclusion: This clinical study suggests that both alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses are effective in reducing plaque accumulation and improving gingival health when used as part of a daily oral hygiene routine. However, the alcohol-free mouth rinse demonstrated a lower incidence of adverse effects, making it a potentially safer choice for individuals with sensitivity or a history of irritation. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm these findings. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.23 (Special Issue) 2024 p.S97-S100

Comparison of the effectiveness of red ginseng herbal mouth rinse with chlorhexidine and saline in oral cancer patients: A pilot double-blinded randomized control trial.

Red ginseng is an herb with many medicinal properties and aids as a mouth rinse with fewer side effects than chlorhexidine. The study aimed to compare the efficacy of red ginseng herbal mouth rinses with those of chlorhexidine and saline in oral cancer patients. The present pilot study was a double-blinded randomized control trial with 45 histopathologically diagnosed oral squamous cell carcinoma patients divided into three groups: two intervention groups (herbal and chlorhexidine mouth rinse) and one control group (saline). Saliva samples for each patient were collected at baseline and after 14 days of using the mouth rinses. A microbiological examination of salivary samples was done by analysing total oral bacterial load along with specific counts for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum at baseline and after the usage of mouth rinse. The data normality was analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and following the normal distribution of data, parametric tests were employed. Paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance, followed by post hoc Bonferroni test, were used for inter-group and intra-group differences. There was a significant mean difference in total colony count, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis with oral hygiene index and gingival index improvement in the red ginseng herbal mouth rinse group when compared to the chlorhexidine and saline groups. In this study, red ginseng mouth rinse exhibited an increased antibacterial effect compared to chlorhexidine and saline. Hence, red ginseng mouth rinse can be used in oral cancer patients to maintain oral health, thereby improving the prognosis of these patients.

Effect of high-fluoride toothpaste and mouth rinse on the prevention of demineralized lesions during orthodontic treatment: a randomized controlled trial.

To evaluate the effect of high-fluoride mouth rinse and high-fluoride toothpaste on the development of demineralized lesions (DLs) during orthodontic treatment. Three-armed parallel-group randomized controlled trial. The trial was performed with 270 adolescent orthodontic patients. Randomization was performed in blocks of 30, enrolling the patients into one of the following groups: the fluoride mouth rinse (FMR) group receiving 0.2% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse plus 1450 ppm fluoride (F) toothpaste; high-fluoride toothpaste (HFT) group receiving 5000 ppm F toothpaste; and the Control (CTR) group receiving 1450 ppm F toothpaste. Inclusion criteria were patients scheduled for treatment in both arches with fixed appliances and age between 12 and 20 years. The primary outcome variable was the proportion of participants with at least one new demineralized lesion as assessed on digital photos taken before and after treatment, analysed by a blinded clinician. The analysis included all teeth or teeth in the aesthetic zone, i.e. all central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. A random sample of 30 participants was assessed to check intra- and inter-reliability. For pairwise comparison between groups, Fisher's non-parametric permutation test was used for continuous variables. Blinding was employed during the caries registration and data analysis. October 2010 to December 2012. In total, 270 patients were randomized, of which 22 were excluded during treatment. Therefore, 248 participants were included in the study. The number of patients with an increase of ≥1 DL, including only central- and lateral incisors and canines, during orthodontic treatment, was significantly lower in the HFT group, 51/85 60%, compared to the CTR group, 64/82 78%, RR 0.77 (CI 0.62; 0.95), P = .01 and in the FMR group, 47/81 58%, compared to the CTR group, RR 0.74 (CI 0.60; 0.92), P < .01. To prevent demineralized lesions in the aesthetic zone, high-fluoride mouth rinse and high-fluoride toothpaste may be recommended. The protocol was not registered, and the present study did not use a double-blinded design.

Diluted Home Bleach as a Preprocedural Mouthrinse Prior to Ultrasonic Scaling: A Non Randomised Clinical Trial

Introduction: The benefit of mouth rinsing with an antiseptic prior to aerosol generating dental procedures has been reported and widely accepted. Chlorhexidine (CHX), the widely employed antiseptic mouthrinse is not without side effects. Diluted home bleach (sodium hypochlorite) has been in use as an antiseptic mouthrinse and its role in plaque control is well documented. It is safe, less expensive and readily available. Aim: To compare the aerosol microbial load after ultrasonic scaling between three preprocedural rinses namely 0.1% sodium hypochlorite (diluted home bleach), 0.2% CHX and distilled water. Materials and Methods: A non randomised clinical trial was conducted in the Postgraduate Clinic, Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College, Kottayam and Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India, from April 2021 to September 2021. Study included sixty systemically healthy adults {Full-mouth Plaque Score (FMPS) and Full-mouth Bleeding Score (FMBS) &gt;25%, with atleast one periodontal pocket &gt;4 mm in each quadrant} who were divided into three groups of 20 receiving diluted home bleach, CHX or distilled water, respectively as preprocedural rinse. Subjects rinsed 15 mL of solution for 30 seconds, 10 minutes prior to ultrasonic scaling. Blood agar plates kept at patient’s chest and doctor’s chest locations to collect aerosols were incubated for 48 hours and microbial Colony Forming Units (CFUs) counted. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the amount of CFUs at the two sites between three groups. Independent t-tests were used to compare the intragroup CFU counts between two sites. Results: The mean age of group A, group B and group C was 45.15±7.01 years, 41.9±9.96 years and 43.2±7.93 years, respectively. There were 13 males and 7 females, 7 males and 13 females and, 11 males and 9 females in group A, group B and group C, respectively. There were more CFUs in patient’s chest location sample compared to doctor’s chest location in all three mouthrinse groups. For Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), mean difference was 43.850 (95% CI 15.2-72.4), for CHX 45.800 (95% CI 25.9-65.6), for distilled water 56.650 (95 % CI 20.2-93.0), respectively which were statistically significant (p-value&lt;0.05). The home bleach and CHX groups showed significantly fewer CFUs than distilled water on both locations. On comparison with CHX, diluted home bleach demonstrated fewer CFUs, but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Diluted home bleach and CHX preprocedural rinses were comparable in terms of CFU counts in dental aerosols generated during ultrasonic scaling. Diluted home bleach mouthrinse is safe, economical and readily available in every house hold.

Comparative evaluation and influence of various staining agents on color stability and fluorescence of different esthetic orthodontic wires: An in vitro study.

This study aimed to compare and evaluate the effect of three staining solutions on the color stability of three different brands of esthetic archwires using a spectrophotometer and also to compare the fluorescence of esthetic archwires with extracted human teeth. A total of 84 nickel-titanium (NiTi)-coated esthetic archwires with the same cross section and size (0.016 × 0.022″) were included. All samples were divided into four groups of 21 each, that is, group 1: artificial saliva (AS), group 2: coffee (C) solution, group 3: turmeric (T) solution, and group 4: chlorhexidine (CH) mouth rinse; each group was subdivided into three subgroups of seven each (Opal Classic (OC), Libral Rabbit Force (LRF), and Ortho Organizers (OO)). The baseline value (T0) was measured before immersion in the staining solution and then immersed in the staining solution for 21 days. The color measurements were recorded at different time intervals on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days using a spectrophotometer. The fluorescence of archwires is tested in a dark atmosphere using a fluorescent black lamp. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post hoc Bonferroni test. A significant amount of color change in all three brands of archwires from day 0 to day 21 (p < 0.005) was observed, except for OC in the CH mouth rinse group (p = 0.230). The fluorescence of OO matches with the natural teeth. LRF showed the highest overall color change followed by OO and OC. Turmeric is the most chromogenic agent, followed by Coffee and CH mouth rinse.

Effect of Pomegranate Mouthrinse on Gingival Health

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Punica granatum mouthrinse as compared to 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) on periodontal health. Settings and Design: This was a randomized controlled trial among patients aged ≥40 years selected from the outpatient department of Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research. Methodology: Fifty subjects diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis were selected and randomly divided into two groups, i.e., P. granatum mouthrinse group and CHX group. The mouthrinse extract was prepared using peel of P. granatum fruit. Patients were advised to use their prescribed mouthwash for 21 days. Clinical evaluation was done at baseline, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days using the gingival index and the plaque index. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS Inc 21 software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) was used. For inferential statistics, Friedman test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Mann–Whitney U-test were used. Results: There was significant improvement in gingival status in both the sites. Subjects using P. granatum rinse showed significant improvement in gingival scores as compared with CHX. In contrast, P. granatum was shown not to be so effective in reducing plaque scores. Conclusions: P. granatum rinse is beneficial in improving gingival status due to its profound styptic action, with sufficient reduction in plaque scores.

CARBOHYDRATE MOUTH RINSE IMPROVES MODERATE INTENSITY TREADMILL RUNNING IN COLLEGIATE ATHLETES

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on self-selected running speeds, heart rate and psychological response during a 30-min treadmill run. Twelve endurance-collegiate male athletes (N=12) age 22.33 ± 0.63, mean height 169 ± 5.89 m, and mean body weight 62.57 ± 7.69 kg performed two trials that have one-week interval of crossover study. Each trial involved a 10-min warm-up at 60% HRmax followed by a 30-min run. The run was performed on an automated treadmill that allowed the spontaneous selection of speeds without manual input. Participants were asked to mouth rinsing with either a 6% CHO or taste-matched placebo (PLA) solution. Parameters measured include self-selected speed during treadmill running, heart rate and psychological responses (feeling arousal scale, feeling scale, gastrointestinal scale). Significant interaction between groups across experimental sessions were noted on three parameters (p&lt;.05). The CHO mouth rinse group showed improvements of heart rate, feeling scale and feeling arousal scale compare to control group during treadmill running. These findings demonstrated that 6% CHO mouth rinse is effective in improving performance of moderate intensity running physiologically and psychologically.

Effect of a mouth rinse and a high-fluoride toothpaste on caries incidence in orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled trial

The objective was to evaluate the effect of a fluoride mouth rinse and a high-fluoride toothpaste on caries incidence in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. In this 3-armed, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial, patients referred to the Specialist Clinic of Orthodontics, Mölndal, Sweden, were randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 groups. (1) Fluoride mouth rinse (FMR) group: 0.2 % sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinse plus 1450 ppm fluoride (F) toothpaste; (2) High-fluoride tootpaste (HFT) group: 5000 ppm F toothpaste; and (3) Control (CTR) group: 1450 ppm F toothpaste. The generation of a randomization sequence was performed in blocks of 30. Inclusion criteria included patients scheduled for treatment with fixed appliances in the maxillary and mandibular arch aged 12-20 years. The primary outcome variable was the change in Decayed Initial Filled Surfaces (ΔDiFS) based on radiographs taken before and after the treatment. For statistical comparisons between groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test were used for continuous variables, whereas the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for pairwisegroup comparisons. Furthermore, the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) based on clinically relevant cutoffs (DiFS ≥2) were calculated to compare the increase of caries during orthodontic treatment between 2 groups. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method was used to adjust RR for baseline values. Blinding was employed during the caries registration and the data analysis. In total, 270 participants were randomized, with 15 patients dropping out, such that 255 patients were included in the statistical analyses. Recruitment was from October 2010 to December 2012. An increase in DiFS (≥1 DiFS) during treatment was observed in 48.3% of the FMR group, 42.0% of the HFT group, and 35.6% of the CTR group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding increased DiFS (P= 0.17). The risk of increase in DiFS ≥2 during orthodontic treatment was 31.0% in the FMR group, 25.9% in the HFT group, and 18.4% in the CTR group. The RR for an increase of ≥2 DiFS during orthodontic treatment was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.81-2.34; P= 0.23) for FMR vs CTR, 1.21 (95% CI, 0.70-2.10; P= 0.51) for HFT vs CTR, and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.57-1.49; P= 0.76) for HFT vs FMR. In patients who demonstrate a low prevalence of caries and are undergoing orthodontic treatment, daily use of high-fluoride toothpaste or fluoride mouth rinse in combination with regular toothpaste does not appear to significantly alter the caries incidence compared with the use of regular toothpaste. The trial was registered in the FoU i Sverige research database (http://www.fou.nu/is/sverige), with registration no.236251. The protocol was not published before trial commencement. Local Research and Development Board for Gothenburg and South Bohuslän (grant no. 768531); and The Swedish Patent Revenue Fund (grant number EKF-780/19).

Effect of liquorice (root extract) mouth rinse on dental plaque and gingivitis - A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Background:Around the world, an increasing number of people are turning towards nature by using the natural herbal products not only because they are inexpensive but also for better cultural acceptability, better compatibility with the human body and minimal side effects. This study assessed the effectiveness of liquorice (root extract) mouth rinse against dental plaque and gingivitis and compared it with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate mouth rinse.Materials and Methods:A double-blind, concurrent parallel randomized controlled clinical trial (CTRI/2016/09/007311) of four months duration was conducted. Forty-four volunteers who met the inclusion criteria were randomized into two groups through the computer-generated random sequence. Based on in vitro minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration evaluations on periodontal pathogens, a concentration of 20% (w/v) of aqueous liquorice root extract mouth rinse was prepared. Both the groups were asked to rinse with their respective mouthwash twice daily for 15 days. Gingivitis was evaluated using gingival index (GI), and dental plaque was evaluated using the Turesky modification of the Quigely Hein Plaque Index (PI). The evaluation was carried out at day zero, 8th and 23rd (15 days after intervention). Intra- and intergroup comparisons of indices for both the arms were done using the paired sample t-test and unpaired t-test, respectively.Results:There was a statistically significant (P = 0.000) reduction in mean PI and GI scores for both the groups after a follow up of 15 days. The intergroup comparison of plaque and gingival index scores for both the mouth rinse groups came out to be statistically significant (P = 0.000).Conclusion:Both liquorice and CHX gluconate mouth rinse restricted plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Considering the established side effects of long-term use of chemical formulations, the herbal mouth rinse preparation can promise to be an effective self-care therapy.

Efficacy of herbal alternatives in maintaining oral health in cancer patients: A systematic review.

Herbal rinses possess different medicinal properties. Numerous studies have reported the usefulness of various herbal oral rinses. Few studies claimed that herbal rinses are superior to synthetic mouth rinses for certain purposes, but there appears to be a lack of sound scientific evidence to prove the efficacy of herbal rinses in controlling oral plaque in cancer patients. This review analyses the various clinical studies on herbal rinses and aims to find the safety and efficacy of red ginseng mouth rinses over other available mouth rinses in carcinoma patients. A thorough electronic search was conducted in various databases and 10 articles were included in the review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data extracted were tabulated and analyzed. The risk of bias table was drawn. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Of the 10 clinical trials included in the review, three studies appeared to have low risk of bias. The mean follow-up period was 14 days, ranging from 7 to 21 days. The sample size in each study was reported to be between 10 and 50, except one study with 240 samples. Seven studies have reported a significant difference between the herbal mouth rinse group and the chlorhexidine group. Of all the herbal rinses, mouth rinses with ginger extracts show more efficacy over other herbal rinses and red ginseng appears to be a more safer herbal rinse. Based on the available evidence, herbal mouth rinses are comparable to synthetic mouth rinses in their anti-bacterial properties. The red ginseng with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous properties may be an alternative mouth rinse in cancer patients. However, further clinical trials with more samples are required for better evidence.

Comparison of the Streptococcus mutans colony count changes in plaque following chlorhexidine (0.12%) mouth rinse and green tea extract (0.5%) mouth rinse in 8-12-year-old children.

Mouth rinses are solutions or liquids used to rinse the mouth to have a therapeutic effect by relieving infection or preventing dental caries due to their antimicrobial properties. Aims: This study was carried out to compare the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinse and 0.5% green tea extract mouth rinse on the colony-forming units (CFUs) of Streptococcus mutans in plaque in children. The sample for the study consisted of fifty schoolchildren aged 8-12 years with four or more (decay component) of decayed, missing, and filled teeth index. Children were divided randomly into two groups and were asked to rinse with the prescribed mouth rinse twice daily for 2 weeks under supervision. The plaque samples were collected at baseline (prerinsing) and postrinsing and tested for the CFUs of S. mutans. The results of the study indicate that there was a statistically significant reduction (pre- and postrinsing) in S. mutans colony count in both the study groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the reduction of S. mutans colony count between 0.12% chlorhexidine mouth rinse group and 0.5% green tea mouth rinse group. Green tea mouth rinse is effective against S. mutans - one of the major dental plaque microorganisms.

Influence of preprocedural antiseptic mouthrinses against COVID-19 on enamel/dentin bond strength of a universal adhesive

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of preprocedural mouthrinses used against COVID-19 on enamel/dentin shear bond strength (SBS) of a universal adhesive with different application strategies. Three hundred sound human mandibular anterior teeth were used for the study. The teeth were distributed according to the tooth substrates; enamel and dentin. After obtaining flat enamel/dentin surfaces, each substrate group was divided into a control and four experimental groups (n = 30): Group I (Control) – distilled water; Group II – 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (30 s); Group III – 1.5% H2O2 (60 s); Group IV – 0.2% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) (30 s); Group V – 0.2% PVP-I (60 s). Each group was then assigned into two subgroups according the application strategy of the universal adhesive, Prime & Bond Universal (n = 15); a-etch and rinse (ER) and b-self-etch (SE). The resin composite bonded assemblies were subjected to SBS testing after 24 h. The failure modes and SEM investigations were evaluated. Statistical analysis involved four-way ANOVA with pair-wise comparisons using Bonferroni correction test (p < 0.05). On enamel, the highest SBS in ER application strategy were determined for the control group, followed by PVP-I and H2O2 group, respectively (p < 0.05). For self-etch strategy, no significant difference was detected among the groups (p > 0.05). The ER application mode showed higher SBS on enamel (p < 0.05) except for group H2O2 for 30 s. There was no difference between the dentin SBS of control and mouthrinse groups regardless of application mode (p > 0.05). In comparison between the rinsing times, 60 s rinsing significantly improved the enamel SBS when ER mode was used(p < 0.05). Neither rinsing period, nor adhesive strategy affected the dentin SBS (p > 0.05). The preprocedural usage of antiseptic mouthrinses and their rinsing times affect the bonding performance of the universal adhesive only on enamel surfaces in ER mode.

Efficacy of commercial mouth-rinses on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva: randomized control trial in Singapore.

PurposeOne of the key approaches to minimize the risk of COVID-19 transmission would be to reduce the titres of SARS-CoV-2 in the saliva of infected COVID-19 patients. This is particularly important in high-risk procedures like dental treatment. The present randomized control trial evaluated the efficacy of three commercial mouth-rinse viz. povidone–iodine (PI), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), in reducing the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load in COVID-19 patients compared with water.MethodsA total of 36 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were recruited, of which 16 patients were randomly assigned to four groups—PI group (n = 4), CHX group (n = 6), CPC group (n = 4) and water as control group (n = 2). Saliva samples were collected from all patients at baseline and at 5 min, 3 h and 6 h post-application of mouth-rinses/water. The samples were subjected to SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR analysis.ResultsComparison of salivary Ct values of patients within each group of PI, CHX, CPC and water at 5 min, 3 h and 6 h time points did not show any significant differences. However, when the Ct value fold change of each of the mouth-rinse group patients were compared with the fold change of water group patients at the respective time points, a significant increase was observed in the CPC group patients at 5 min and 6 h and in the PI group patients at 6 h.ConclusionThe effect of decreasing salivary load with CPC and PI mouth-rinsing was observed to be sustained at 6 h time point. Within the limitation of the current study, as number of the samples analyzed, the use of CPC and PI formulated that commercial mouth-rinses may be useful as a pre-procedural rinse to help reduce the transmission of COVID-19.ISRCTN (ISRCTN95933274), 09/09/20, retrospectively registered

Superiority of an essential oil mouthrinse when compared with a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride containing mouthrinse: a six-month study

To evaluate the antiplaque/antigingivitis effectiveness of an essential oils containing mouthrinse as compared to a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinse. Generally healthy subjects with mild to moderate levels of plaque and gingivitis participated in a 6-month, examiner-blind, single centre, randomised, parallel-group controlled clinical trial. They were randomised into three mouthrinse groups--control (C), 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), or a fixed combination of essential oils (EO). Subjects received a dental prophylaxis at baseline and rinsed twice daily in addition to their usual oral hygiene for six months. Plaque Index and Modified Gingival Index were determined at 3 and 6 months. At 6 months, the EO group exhibited statistically significantly lower mean scores for MGI and PI than CPC (32.4% and 56.2% reductions, respectively). Compared to control, EO provided statistically significantly lower mean MGI and PI scores (36.3% and 69.7 %, respectively). The CPC group showed statistically significantly lower mean MGI and PI scores than the C group (5.8% and 30.7%, respectively). This study demonstrated the superiority of an EO rinse compared to a 0.05% CPC rinse in reducing plaque and gingivitis and confirmed that the daily use of an EO containing mouthrinse can provide a clinically significant benefit in reducing plaque and gingivitis.

In vitro tooth whitening effectiveness of whitening mouth rinses

Regardless of the extensive availability of mouth rinses that claim to whiten teeth, evidence of achievement of such effect is still missing. Aim: Therefore, this study assessed in vitro the whitening effectiveness of whitening mouth rinses. Methods: Sixty intact bovine incisors were embedded in acrylic resin and had their buccal surface flattened and polished. Then, the specimens were randomly allocated to three conventional (Colgate Plax, Cepacol and Listerine Cool Mint) and three whitening mouth rinse groups (Colgate Luminous White, Cepacol Whitening and Listerine Whitening Extreme) (n=10). Following, the specimens were immersed twice a day in the mouth rinses for one minute for 28 days. In between each immersion period, the specimens remained in artificial saliva at 37oC. Color was measured at baseline, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days using a portable spectrophotometer (Easyshade, Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany) with a 6 mm of diameter probe. Color change was analyzed considering the parameters of ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b* and, ultimately, ∆E*. The whitening efficacy of the mouth rinses was analyzed using the Whiteness Index for Dentistry (WID). Data of ∆s was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Results: The type of mouth rinse affected significantly all the ∆ parameters (p&lt;0.05). A non-whitening (conventional) mouth rinse produced the highest ΔE*, followed by the three whitening mouth rinses. The application time also affected ΔE* (p&lt;0.05), with emphasis on the third week of treatment. Only the hydrogen peroxide-containing mouth rinse (Listerine Whitening Extreme) presented a whitening effect, with an increasing trend over time. Conclusion: Although the overall color change was not different when comparing conventional and whitening mouth rinses, the hydrogen peroxide-containing whitening mouth rinse produces an increasing whitening trend over time. Not every mouth rinse that claims to whiten teeth produces the desired effect.

Dental caries: The reverse gear – Comparative synergistic remineralizing potential of sodium fluoride mouthrinse with xylitol and essential oils: An In situ study

Background: With the universal use of topical fluorides, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of dental caries, but still the quest is on for a better topical agent which can provide a superior remineralizing effect. Aims: The present in situ study was to evaluate the remineraliizing efficacy of sodium fluoride mouth rinse and two experimental mouth rinses xylitol sodium fluoride, essential mouth rinses. Materials and Methods: Partially demineralized human enamel slabs were used in the study; five enamel slabs were embedded in each of the Hawley's appliances worn by nine participants enrolled in the study. The participants were divided equally into three groups. Each group used one of the experimental mouthrinses. Hence, in each mouthrinse group, there were 15 demineralized enamel slabs in each appliance used by three participants in each mouthrinse group. The study was conducted for a period of 14 days, after which the enamel slabs were retrieved and analyzed using quantitative wavelength-independent microradiography with the assistance of image processing. Results: Analysis of the samples showed a statically significant increase in the amount of remineralization with xylitol sodium fluoride mouthrinse. The order of increase in the remineralization was as follows: xylitol sodium fluoride > sodium fluoride > essential oil sodium fluoride > baseline demineralization (control). Conclusion: The xylitol sodium fluoride mouthrinse can prove to be a great weapon in reversing the initial dental caries. Essential oil mouthrinses are known for their antigingivitis and anti-inflammatory properties, and their efficacy in synergistically acting with sodium fluoride in remineralizing dental caries is questionable under in vivo conditions.

Comparison of effectiveness for Stevia rebaudiana and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque and gingival scores among 12–15-year-old government school children in Belagavi City – A randomized controlled trail

AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness for two mouthrinses Stevia and chlorhexidine (CHX) on plaque and gingival scores among 12–15-year-old government school children in Belagavi city.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a triple-blind randomized controlled field trial which was crossover in design. The study included 70 children aged 12–15 years from two randomly selected government schools in Belagavi city. The study was divided into two phases: each phase lasted for 7 days separated by a washout period of 21 days in between them. Each group was subjected to both the interventions in a phased manner. The study participants were instructed to use 10 ml of the assigned mouthwash twice daily for 30 s for 7 days. At the baseline, examination parameters such as plaque and gingival scores were recorded. Reevaluation of both the parameters was done after 7 days at both the phases of the study. Data obtained was compiled, tabulated, and subjected to statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.RESULTS: Statistically significant reductions (P<0.001) in plaque and gingival scores were found for both the mouthrinse group at both the phases of the study from the baseline to the 8th day (immediately after discontinuing the mouthwash).CONCLUSION: Among the two mouthwashes, CHX had superior effectiveness in reducing plaque scores and gingival scores. Stevia mouthwash exhibited almost similar anti-plaque and antigingivitis effect and can be used as an adjunct to the regular oral hygiene practices and can also be potentially included in various oral hygiene products.

Effect of Probiotic Mouthrinses on Surface Microhardness of Esthetic Restorative Materials

To assess the influence of three probiotic mouthrinses on the microhardness of three esthetic materials used for teeth restorations. Thirty specimens of each material: conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin-modified glass ionomer, and resin composite were randomly assigned to three groups. Surface microhardness was measured at baseline. The specimens were immersed in probiotic mouthrinses, group I: (P2 probiotic power), group II: (Probioclean), and group III (BōKU natural). Microhardness was measured after 21 and 63 minutes of immersion which is comparable with 3 and 9 weeks of mouthrinse use every day, respectively. Measurements of microhardness were completed using Micro Vickers testing machine with a 200 g load applied for a duration of 15 seconds. The microhardness change of the three restorative materials reveled statistically significant differences in all mouthrinse groups (p = 0.001). BōKU natural mouthrinse decreased microhardness significantly in all restorative materials (p < 0.05). However, Probioclean mouthrinse was associated with an increase in microhardness in all restorative materials. The effect of P2 probiotic power mouthrinse varied depending on time cycles and the restorative material. The mean difference in mouthrinse groups of resin composite was highest in BōKU natural at immersion time of 63 minutes. While no mean difference was seen in P2 probiotic power group at immersion time of 21 minutes which had no effect on the microhardness of resin composite. Surface microhardness was affected by immersion in probiotic mouthrinses. The BōKU natural mouthrinse had the highest reduction, while resin composite showed the least change in surface microhardness. There is lack of studies that investigated the effect of probiotics mouthrinses on the surface properties of restorative materials. This study showed evidence that some of the tested probiotic mouthrinses in this study decreased the microhardness of the tested tooth-colored restorative materials after immersion for 21 and 63 minutes which is equivalent to 3 and 9 weeks of everyday use.

Clinical efficacy of a new cetylpyridinium chloride-hyaluronic acid-based mouthrinse compared to chlorhexidine and placebo mouthrinses-A 21-day randomized clinical trial.

To compare the effectiveness of a novel cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-hyaluronic acid (HA)-based mouthrinse with chlorhexidine (CHX) and placebo mouthrinses in preventing plaque and gingivitis. The secondary outcomes were calculus, extrinsic stains, oral malodour and occurrence of adverse events. A 21-day randomized, double-blind, three-arm parallel study with random allocation of young dental students to any of the three mouthrinse groups. Thorough prophylaxis was done at baseline followed by a baseline examination for oral malodour, extrinsic stains, calculus, gingivitis and plaque by a single examiner. All the subjects used the allocated mouthrinse twice daily for 21days and were examined again at the end of the experimental period. They were also interviewed for adverse events. Change in the scores of clinical indices was calculated and compared between the groups. A total of 75 subjects were included and completed the experiment. There was a significant difference for change in plaque index scores between the groups (P=.015); subjects in the placebo group experienced higher levels of plaque accumulation than the other groups. Teeth staining increased in the CHX (P<.001) and placebo groups (P=.002), but not in CPC-HA users (P=.573). No significant differences were found between the three experimental groups for change in the gingival index (P=.08), calculus scores (P=.494), oral malodour (P=.870) and reporting of adverse events (P=.249). CPC-HA and CHX had similar effectiveness in preventing plaque accumulation, while no differences were observed between the mouthrinses for preventing gingivitis. Dental staining was caused by CHX and the placebo mouthrinses but not by CPC-HA mouthrinse.