Mouth Odor Research Articles

Assessment of the Quality and Readability of Web-Based Arabic Health Information on Halitosis: Infodemiological Study.

Halitosis, characterized by an undesirable mouth odor, represents a common concern. This study aims to assess the quality and readability of web-based Arabic health information on halitosis as the internet is becoming a prominent global source of medical information. A total of 300 Arabic websites were retrieved from Google using 3 commonly used phrases for halitosis in Arabic. The quality of the websites was assessed using benchmark criteria established by the Journal of the American Medical Association, the DISCERN tool, and the presence of the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HONcode). The assessment of readability (Flesch Reading Ease [FRE], Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level [FKGL]) was conducted using web-based readability indexes. A total of 127 websites were examined. Regarding quality assessment, 87.4% (n=111) of websites failed to fulfill any Journal of the American Medical Association requirements, highlighting a lack of authorship (authors' contributions), attribution (references), disclosure (sponsorship), and currency (publication date). The DISCERN tool had a mean score of 34.55 (SD 7.46), with the majority (n=72, 56.6%) rated as moderate quality, 43.3% (n=55) as having a low score, and none receiving a high DISCERN score, indicating a general inadequacy in providing quality health information to make decisions and treatment choices. No website had HONcode certification, emphasizing the concern over the credibility and trustworthiness of these resources. Regarding readability assessment, Arabic halitosis websites had high readability scores, with 90.5% (n=115) receiving an FRE score ≥80, 98.4% (n=125) receiving a Simple Measure of Gobbledygook score <7, and 67.7% (n=86) receiving an FKGL score <7. There were significant correlations between the DISCERN scores and the quantity of words (P<.001) and sentences (P<.001) on the websites. Additionally, there was a significant relationship (P<.001) between the number of sentences and FKGL and FRE scores. While readability was found to be very good, indicating that the information is accessible to the public, the quality of Arabic halitosis websites was poor, reflecting a significant gap in providing reliable and comprehensive health information. This highlights the need for improving the availability of high-quality materials to ensure Arabic-speaking populations have access to reliable information about halitosis and its treatment options, tying quality and availability together as critical for effective health communication.

Chemical characterization and angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Indonesian stinky beans

The chemical composition of four Indonesian stinky beans has been explored. Those bean are Petai (Parkia speciosa), Lamtoro Gung (Leucaena leucochepala ssp. Glabrata (Rose) S. Zarate), Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa) and Kabau (Archidendron bubalinum). This exploration belongs to the local food utilization research theme of functional food sources. Those beans have a unique flavour and usually lead to foul stools, sweat, urine or mouth odour. Their intense flavour may be due to the content of amino acids. High hydrophobic and negative charge hydrophilic amino acids are crucial in preventing hypertension through inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. This study evaluated the chemical properties of beans and its angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) peptides. The amino acid profile was determined as preliminary data to ensure the content of hydrophobic and negative charge hydrophilic amino acids. Their ability to inhibit ACE was studied to represent an antihypertensive effect. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion was applied to obtain more small molecular peptides and evaluate their ACE-I activity after digestion. Petai has the highest glutamic acid (20.90 g/100 g protein d.b.), lysine (13.31 g/100 g protein d.b.), arginine (11.76 g/100 g protein d.b.), leucine (10.98 g/100 g protein d.b.), and aspartic acid (10.72 g/100 g protein d.b.). Fresh Jengkol has the highest ACE-I activity (67.59%). Subsequential digestion by pepsin and pancreatin improves the ACE-I activity, and Kabau had the highest (79.87%). Based on the results, Indonesian stinky beans can prevent hypertension by inhibiting ACE activity and being used as a protein source alternative

Association of Oral Health and Periodontal Disease with Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives: The association of orodental and cardiovascular health has been an area of extensive research for many years. As per American Heart Association hypertension 2017 guidelines, good periodontal health is associated with better systolic blood pressure control. However, there have been conflicting results for hypertension and dental correlation in a few other studies. Moreover, there are no recognized oral manifestations, seen in patients with hypertension. Indian data on this subject are scarce. Therefore, the present study was contemplated to determine the frequency and nature of oral manifestations in hypertensive patients as compared to normotensive patients. Materials and Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, participants were divided into two groups. Group A included 40 hypertensive subjects and group B included 40 healthy normotensive volunteers. Oral symptoms such as dry mouth, altered taste sensation, mouth odor, and bleeding from gums were noted. An oral examination was performed to check periodontal pockets, lichenoid reactions, and gingival hyperplasia. Russell’s Periodontal Index was used to estimate gingival and periodontal health. Results: The mean age of patients in the hypertensive group was higher than normotensive groups (53.8 ± 11 vs. 42.45 ± 12, P = 0.001). Oral symptoms in the form of dry mouth, halitosis, and altered taste were reported in 60%, 52.5%, and 42.5% of hypertensive patients which were significantly higher as compared to the control group. Bleeding gums, lichenoid reactions, and gingival enlargement were also significantly higher in hypertensive than normotensive groups. The mean value of Russell’s index was 1.09 ± 0.41 in group A which was significantly different from group B (0.05 ± 0.10). Gingival hyperplasia and gum bleeding were predominantly found in patients on calcium channel blockers, whereas lichenoid reactions were significantly present in patients on angiotensin receptor blockers. Hyposalivation was reported with all four classes of antihypertensive drugs, predominantly diuretics. Conclusion: The orodental involvement in hypertensive subjects has a wide spectrum from mildly symptomatic halitosis and dryness of mouth to severe bleeding gums, lichenoid lesions, irreversible bone loss, and periodontitis that may require dental visits and interventions. The documented mucosal changes can also be attributed to antihypertensive drugs. Regular dental examinations should be made part of routine screening programs of hypertensive patients to protect them from various oral complications and subsequent inflammation-mediated changes in vasculature endothelium.

The Effect of Menthol Ice on Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patients' Thirst, Dry Mouth, Mouth Taste, and Bad Mouth Odor: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effect of menthol ice application on thirst, dry mouth, mouth taste, and bad mouth odor in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the postoperative period. DesignThe study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with an experimental design. MethodsThe study sample consisted of 90 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and met the inclusion criteria. Patients were divided into three groups by randomization program. Patients in the menthol ice and ice popsicle (ice prepared with drinking water only) group were administered menthol ice/ice popsicle (10ml) twice at 20 minutes intervals. Patients in the control group did not receive any intervention. Routine practices of the clinic were performed by the nurses of the general surgery clinic. Postoperative thirst intensity, severity of dry mouth, bad taste, and bad odor in the mouth were evaluated at 0, 20, and 40 minutes. FindingsThere was no statistically significant difference between the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients in the control group, menthol ice group, and ice popsicle group (p>0.05). It was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of thirst intensity and severity of dry mouth at times in patients in the control group, menthol ice, and ice popsicle group at the 20th and 40th minutes after the application (p<0.01). It was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the bad taste and bad odor sensation scores of the patients in the control and intervention groups at the 20th and 40th minutes after the application (p<0.05). ConclusionThe study concluded that menthol ice and ice popsicle application are effective strategies to reduce the intensity of thirst, severity of dry mouth, bad taste, and bad odor in postoperative patients.

Relationship between Quality of Marriages, Marital Counseling and Management of Oral Lesions among Married Female Worshippers attending Religious Worship Centers in South Western Population in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND/ AIMS AND OBJECTIVES&#x0D; Quality of marriage is a strong indicator of human health. Happily married people tend to show signs of better health when compared to the unmarried. Women in unhappy homes are under chronic stress, they show impaired social behavior, mental stress disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Information on the effects of marriage on oral health is very scanty despite the huge influence of oral health care on the quality of life. &#x0D; METHODOLODY&#x0D; This is a longitudinal designed study of female religious worshippers in a south western state of Nigeria. Religious Worship Centres (RWCs) were selected at random in the city. Married females in the selected RWCs were contacted through their leaders on the scheduled date. They were offered health education and were asked to complete a structured questionnaire on their oral health and quality of their marriages. Extra oral and intra oral examination were carried out and the findings recorded. Scaling and polishing, marital counseling with emphasis on the needs to maintain quality marriages, and appropriate routine dental treatments were delivered to all participants. Data analysis was done with STATA 16 software. Relationship between frequency of oral lesions before and after intervention was analyzed for using ttest, p &gt;0.01.&#x0D; RESULTS&#x0D; A total of 113 married female religious worshippers participated in the study. Their mean age was 57.9 years SD 12.8. Majority (101, 92%) currently reside with their husbands, 2(2%) divorced and 7% widowed. 81 (71.7%) had good quality of marriages while 32 (28.3%) had poor quality of marriages. Oral lesions seen before intervention are periodontitis (30, 26.5%), xerostomia (25, 22.1%), mouth odour (22, 19.1%) and Orofacial/TMJ pain (27, 23.3%). Lesions are significantly more prevalent among those with poor quality of marriages. After intervention the prevalence of mouth odour, periodontitis, xerostomia and extra marital romantic relationship reduced significantly by 82% (p=0.04), 53% (p=0.001), 76% (p=0.001) and 89 %( p=0.024) respectively.&#x0D; CONSCLUSION&#x0D; One third of married, self employed women in their fifth decade of life had poor quality of marriages. Oral lesions are more prevalent among married women with poor quality of marriage and they also have 94.4% chance of getting involved in extra marital romantic relationship. Significant oral lessons were mouth odour, Orofacial pain, xerostomia and periodontitis. Treatment of oral lesions coupled with marital counseling significantly reduced the prevalence of oral lesions and enhanced their marital life.&#x0D; Key words: Quality

Intoxication in a Colombian mercury mine: Aranzazu, 1948-1975.

This study analyzes the activities, poisoning, and medical treatment of the "La Esperanza" mercury mine workers in Aranzazu (Caldas, Colombia) between 1948 and 1975. The mining work there was difficult due to the geological instability of the area and the use of inappropriate mining technology, which generated a high occurrence of poisoning manifested in tremors of limbs, bleeding gums, loss of teeth, and bad mouth odor. The mine was the first Colombian company to treat its poisoned workers with dimercaprol and penicillamine. Occupational toxicology in Colombia was thus born during one of the most significant occupational health disasters in the country.

Factors Influencing Smokeless Tobacco Use in Rural Communities of Bangladesh

Smokeless tobacco, SLT is a tobacco product used for chewing, sniffing, placing between teeth and gum. The situation and tradition of SLT use, influential personal and socio-cultural factors and awareness about harmful effect were observed from 552 SLT users using a semi-structured questionnaire for comparative analysis. Rural communities were selected in 2-districts where tobacco is cultivated traditionally (Kushtia) and tobacco is not cultivated (Khulna). Respondents’ mean age was 48.6±14.4 and about half without any formal education. Most of the respondents (92%) use SLT daily and among them three-fourths were the user of zarda followed by gul and sadapata. More number of respondents in Khulna use gul (27.9%) than Kushtia (20.7%), reversely sadapata is used more in Kushtia (22.1%) compared to Khulna (11.9%). Almost half of the respondent’s (45.7%) parents and wives (41.7% and 32.6% respectively) were more likely to use SLT in Kushtia (37.0%) than in Khulna (30.0%). Only 13.0% of the respondents were influenced to intake SLT by their family members. The reasons behind consuming SLT as mentioned by the respondents in Khulna are to reduce depression (32.7%), remove mouth odor (27.7%) and control vomiting (19.8%). Irrespective of the locations, almost half of the respondents (47.3%) were influenced by social factors such as peer group (79.3%) and gossiping partners (64.4%). It was also noted that, 95.8% of the respondents offer SLT to the guests during the wedding ceremony. A good portion of the respondents (84.6%) believe that SLT has harmful effects as they got such information from product cover (31.7%), medical professionals (23.6%) and television (14.1%). About 40% of the respondents believe that cancer may be caused by regular consumption of SLT, though yet they use SLT for the remedy from toothache and gum pain (31.9%), on peer pressure (28.6%) and for amusement only (10.1%). It could be concluded that, the use of SLT in the study areas is at an alarming level which should be noticed by the concerned authority to control the promotional activities and to imposing restrictions on the availability of SLT as traditional items. South Asian J. Agric., Vol. 9, No.1&amp;2, 2022-‘23: 11-21

Oral health in an urban slum, Nigeria: residents’ perceptions, practices and care-seeking experiences

Background/introductionOne of the key recommendations for the new WHO global strategy for oral health is inclusion of disadvantaged populations and their engagement in policy dialogues such that their needs and views are addressed in policy decisions.ObjectivesThis study explored oral health perceptions, practices and care-seeking experiences of slum residents in Ibadan, Nigeria.MethodFocus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with family health-decision makers in an urban slum site. Oral health perceptions, practices, and care-seeking experiences were discussed. FGDs were recorded, transcribed, and translated. ATLAS.ti qualitative research software was deployed for analysis using thematic analysis.ResultsSix FGD sessions, divided by gender and age, were conducted between September–October 2019, (N = total 58 participants, aged 25 to 59 years). Common dental ailments mentioned were dental pain, tooth sensitivity, bleeding gums, tooth decay, mouth odor, gum disease, and tooth fracture. Perceived causes of dental conditions included poor dental hygiene and habits, sugary diets, ignorance, and supernatural forces. Mouth cleaning was mostly done once daily using toothbrush and paste. Other cleaning tools were ground glass, wood ash, charcoal, “epa Ijebu” (a dentrifice), and “orin ata” (a type of chewing stick). Remedies for relieving dental pain included over-the-counter medicines, warm salted water, gin, tobacco (snuff/powdered), cow urine/dung, battery fluid, and various mixtures/ concoctions. Visits to the dentists were mentioned by a few but this was usually as last resort. Main barriers to accessing care from dental care facilities were unaffordability of service charges and fear of extreme treatment measures (extraction). Suggested measures to improve timely access to dental health care included reducing/subsidizing costs of treatments and medications, offering non-extraction treatment options, and oral health education programmes.ConclusionThe slum residents experience various forms of dental ailments mostly pain-related. The residents perceived formal dental clinics as unaffordable, thereby engaging in self‐care remedies and harmful oral health practices before seeking professional help. Policymakers and decision-makers may leverage this empirical evidence for the people’s education on early dental care and address challenges to affordable, available, and acceptable oral healthcare services among slum residents to improve access to care facilities.

THE PROBLEM OF HALITOSIS WHEN USING REMOVABLE DENTURES (CLINICAL CASE)

Recently, more and more publications are appeared in the literature in relation to the occurrence of the problem of bad breath, which are based on the basis of scientific researches.&#x0D; Halitosis, or fetor oris chronic bad breath, according to one of the researchers in this field, belongs to the category of "social disability". Since, for a certain group of the population, halitosis is the reason for limited communication with people suffering from this disease.&#x0D; The purpose of our work is to highlight a clinical case of chronic halitosis in a patient who uses partial removable prostheses made of acrylates.&#x0D; Patient M., born in 1952, complained of chronic, unpleasant mouth odor, which is observed every day and cannot be eliminated with the help of toothpaste and a brush.&#x0D; From the anamnesis of the patient M., it became known that the patient has been using partially removable plate prostheses for about a year. The patient notes that the unpleasant smell from the oral cavity bothered her even before the manufacture of removable prostheses. However, since using them, halitosis has increased. According to the patient’s words, she takes care of the prostheses regularly, but sometimes, during night sleep, they remain in the oral cavity.&#x0D; Treatment of halitosis in patient M. was carried out in two directions. Firstly, it is motivation and training in proper oral hygiene, selection of hygienic care products, demonstration of the technique of cleaning lingual plaque, application of antiseptic rinses and mouth fresheners. Secondly, it is a careful individual selection of structural materials, proper care of the prosthesis and its timely replacement during the using.&#x0D; Remote results of the examination of the oral cavity of patient M. and determination of the IR index by the method of S. Ulitovskyi confirmed the absence of the slightest smell at a close distance and confirmed the correctness of the selected treatment.&#x0D; Conclusion. The clinical case of chronic halitosis in a patient who uses removable prostheses shows the need for diagnosis, treatment and the use of preventive measures in patients suffering from this pathological condition.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Effect of Onion against Oral Pathogenic Bacteria

Dental caries remains a major health problem. This problem along with the antibiotic resistance has created a renewed interest to search for new other antimicrobial substances from various sources including medicinal plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of onion and its effect on oral pathogenic bacteria responsible for tooth decay and mouth odour. Two were used in the study (shallot and red Creole ), and their activities against the oral pathogenic bacteria were compared with fluoride toothpaste. The method of extraction employed was soxhlet extraction using methanol as the solvent. The extract at different concentrations was then applied to the cultured bacteria (streptoccousmutans). The results shows that Red Creole (alliumcepa.varcepa ) at 200mg/ml, 100mg/ml and 50mg/ml shows 6mm, 4mm and 3mm zones of inhibition, respectively, while the Shallot (alliumcepavar. Aggregatum)species at the same concentrations respective concentrations shows inhibitions of 3mm, 1mm and 0. The results of chemical test carried out revealed that tannin, saponin, alkaloid, anthraquinones and flavonoid were present in the extract.

Application of Lactobaillus salivarius WB21 to the Oral Care of Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Comparative Study.

Objective: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover comparative study was conducted in a healthy older population to assess the usefulness of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 (WB21) ingestion for oral self-care. Methods: The study population included 33 healthy older individuals who were randomly divided into two groups (A and B). Group A consumed WB21 tablets during the first two months and placebo tablets during the following two months. Group B consumed placebo tablets during the first two months and WB21 tablets during the following two months. Before and after ingestion, oral examination, mouth odor test, and saliva collection were performed a total of four times. In addition, health conditions were obtained from a questionnaire survey at the study’s midpoint. Results: Two people in group A and one person in group B dropped out of the study. Thus, 15 people in group A and 15 people in group B were included in the analysis. Over two months of WB21 ingestion, salivary secretory IgA increased significantly (p = 0.047) and tongue coating score decreased significantly (p = 0.013). The plaque index, bleeding on probing, and mouth odor levels (H2S and CH3SH concentrations) did not change. During the 6-month study period, no caries, deterioration of periodontitis, or changes in oral health or systemic subjective symptoms were observed. Conclusion: Continuous ingestion of WB21-containing tablets may promote self-care of the teeth and mouths of healthy older adults. Trial registration: R000028335 (UMIN-CTR).

The Liver histopathology structure of Wistar rats on the acute toxicity test of Kapulaga Seeds extract (Amomum cardamomum)

One-third of the Indonesian population uses herbs for alternative medicine empirically. One of them is Kapulaga (Amomum cardamomum) which known as a spice and traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatic, fever, cough, sore throat, and mouth odor. The clinical use of herbs must be supported by scientific evidenced-based and its safety profile. The risk of exposure to a substance in humans can be identified through the toxicity tests on animals. The liver histopathological structure is one of the parameters of the acute toxicity test. This study to determine the acute toxicity of Kapulaga seeds extract (Amomum cardamomum) based on the liver histopathological structure of Wistar rats.&#x0D; The sample selection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria in the OECD 420 guideline. The research consisted of a preliminary and the main test. One rat was used in the preliminary test with an initial dose of cardamom seed extract 300 mg/kg BW and followed by a maximum dose of 2000 mg/kg BW after 48 hours. The main test used 10 rats that were randomly divided into control and treatment groups. Based on the result of the preliminary test, the treatment group was given a single dose of cardamom seed extract 2000mg /kg BW, whilst the control group was given distilled water. Observations of any toxic signs or dead were conducted every 30 minutes in the first 4 hours and continued once per day until 14thday. Assessment of the degree of liver damage was done using the liver damaged scoring and compared using the Mann Whitney test (α = 0.05).&#x0D; The average liver damage score of control and treatment groups is 0.96 ± 0,856 and 0.96 ± 0,604, respectively, and did not show any statistically significant differences (p&gt;0,05).&#x0D; Kapulagaseeds (Amomum cardamomum) had no acute toxic effect based on the liver histopathological structure of Wistar rats.

Current Situation of Rhinogenic Headache in-between Sohag University Students

Background: Headache is a symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck, and it can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not. Objective: To detect the rhinogenic headache cases among Sohag University students and to determine their characteristics. Patients and methods: Over a period from Oct 2017 to May 2019, 104 patients were complaining of rhinogenic headache and diagnosed by CT scanning. Data obtained using a structured questionnaire. Results: Most of the population enrolled in the study (59.6 %) were females, mostly in the first grade (46.2 %), inhabiting rural and/or slum areas of Sohag (69.2 %). Smoking habit associated with all pneumatization cases and 16.7 % of DNS were male cases. Frontal site of headache predominated, then the nasalglabellar site. These followed by periorbital, tempro-parietal, temporal and scalp regions respectively in 32.7, 25, 17.3, 11.5, 7.7 and 5.8 % of the rhinogenic cases. Compressing and dullness types are predominated in cases of rhinogenic headache without abnormalities in about 55 %. The associated symptoms with rhinogenic headache cases included malaise, allergic nasal symptoms like running nose and red eyes, sneezing, nasal itching and bleeding. Congestion and occlusion affected larger percent (55.8 %), followed by running nose (40.4 %) and postnasal discharge (46.2 %). Diminished sense of smell to a lesser extent of rhinogenic headache cases. In addition, sore throat, bad mouth odor and chronic cough had been reported in some cases. Conclusion: Understanding the preoperative CT scan is substantially important because it is the road map for the sinus surgeon.

Current Situation of Rhinogenic Headache in-between Sohag University Students

Background: Headache is a symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck, and it can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not. Objective: To detect the rhinogenic headache cases among Sohag University students and to determine their characteristics. Patients and methods: Over a period from Oct 2017 to May 2019, 104 patients were complaining of rhinogenic headache and diagnosed by CT scanning. Data obtained using a structured questionnaire. Results: Most of the population enrolled in the study (59.6 %) were females, mostly in the first grade (46.2 %), inhabiting rural and/or slum areas of Sohag (69.2 %). Smoking habit associated with all pneumatization cases and 16.7 % of DNS were male cases. Frontal site of headache predominated, then the nasalglabellar site. These followed by periorbital, tempro-parietal, temporal and scalp regions respectively in 32.7, 25, 17.3, 11.5, 7.7 and 5.8 % of the rhinogenic cases. Compressing and dullness types are predominated in cases of rhinogenic headache without abnormalities in about 55 %. The associated symptoms with rhinogenic headache cases included malaise, allergic nasal symptoms like running nose and red eyes, sneezing, nasal itching and bleeding. Congestion and occlusion affected larger percent (55.8 %), followed by running nose (40.4 %) and postnasal discharge (46.2 %). Diminished sense of smell to a lesser extent of rhinogenic headache cases. In addition, sore throat, bad mouth odor and chronic cough had been reported in some cases. Conclusion: Understanding the preoperative CT scan is substantially important because it is the road map for the sinus surgeon.

Ethnopharmacological Survey and Physiological Evaluation of Nutritional and Phytochemical Contents of Indigenous Plants Used for Treatment of Toothache and Mouth Odour in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria

Ethnopharmacological Survey and Physiological Evaluation of Nutritional and Phytochemical Contents of Indigenous Plants Used for Treatment of Toothache and Mouth Odour in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria

Self-Perception of Periodontal Health and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors associated with self-awareness of periodontal health. Data were collected from a representative sample of 736 adults (25–75 years old) in a city of Northern Italy who self-assessed gingival bleeding, oral malodor, and tooth mobility in a questionnaire and who underwent clinical periodontal examination and organoleptic evaluation. Approximately 50% of the subjects were aware of their actual gingival health status and oral odor. The logistic regression analysis revealed that females presented higher odds of correctly perceiving their gingival conditions and mouth odor, while those who were older and smokers had a greater probability of being less objective in reporting them. Tooth type and position in the dental arches were positively associated with self-perception of tooth mobility. These findings reflected a low level of self-awareness that may influence oral care-seeking behavior. Subjects may be unconcerned about their periodontal health condition or lack enough knowledge to be aware of it. This points to the need for planning strategies to improve education and knowledge about periodontal health, which, by enhancing self-perception of periodontal symptoms, could help everyone to seek treatment in the initial stage of the disease.

Ethnopharmacological Survey and Physiological Evaluation of Nutritional and Phytochemical Contents of Indigenous Plants Used for Treatment of Toothache and Mouth Odour in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria

The use of herbs for improvement of oral hygiene is increasing in many communities in Nigeria despite the usage of other dental care products. On the basis of this the present study was conducted to assess indigenous plants used to manage dental condition and mouth odour and to evaluate nutritional, phytochemicals and antinutrient content of the plants. A survey was conducted to document plants used for treatment of toothache and mouth odour in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area. Using random sampling technique, a total of one hundred structured questionnaire was administered to Traditional Health Practitioners in three major markets of the study area. Nutritional, phytochemical and anti-nutrient contents of most used plants were evaluated. Data were analyzed using Statistical Analysis System. Means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 5% level of significance (p &lt; 0.05). A total of twenty-three (23) plants belonging to sixteen families were enumerated out of which Capsicum frutescens, Piper guineense fruits and Zanthoxylum zanthoxloides roots were the most exploited for management of the conditions. Crude fibre (8.86 %), fat (1.12%) and ash contents (4.73%) were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in Z. zanthoxloides roots while moisture (25.75 %) was significantly higher (p &lt;0.05) in C. frutescens fruits. Calcium (192.10 mg/100g), phosphorus (108.50 mg/100g), sodium (51.33 mg/100g), iron (4.85 mg/100g), Zinc (3.94 mg/100g), manganese (1.15 mg/100g) and copper (2.12 mg/100g) were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in Z. zanthoxloides roots compared C. frutescens and P. guineense fruits. Vitamin A (600.00 µ/100g), vitamin B (0.07.00 mg/100g), vitamin C (94.54 mg/100g) and vitamin E (720.00) were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher in C. frutescens than Z. zanthoxloides and P. guineense. Results also showed that tannin (6.40 %), oxalate (30.00%), phytate (0.40%) and trypsin inhibitor (20.00 %) were significantly higher in frutescens than Z. zanthoxloides roots. Similar significant (p&lt;0.05) increase were observed in the quantity of flavonoid (3.25%), saponnis (1.30%), phenol (0.60%) and anthocyaninns (0.23%) in Z. zanthoxloides compared with C. frutescens and P. guineense.

Knowledge of School-Going Adolescents About the Oral Effects of Tobacco Usage in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria.

The individual knowledge of the effects of tobacco usage on health plays an important role in its uptake. Tobacco consumption usually starts during adolescence, and lack of knowledge about the oral problems of tobacco usage probably plays a role in it. To determine the knowledge of adolescents about the effect of tobacco usage on oral health. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,465 adolescents aged 12 to 20 years who attended senior secondary schools in a major city in Nigeria. Data were obtained through a semistructured questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed with SPSS. The mean age of respondents was 15.2 (±1.4) years. Only 40 (2.7%) of them used tobacco at the time of study and 992 (67.7%) said that tobacco usage has effect(s) on oral health. The main effects mentioned were mouth odor: 338 (34.1%); teeth discoloration: 297 (29.9%); tooth decay: 138 (13.9%); damage to teeth: 72 (7.3%); lip discoloration: 39 (3.9%); and oral cancer: 11 (1.1%). It was found that female respondents (72.1%, odds ratio = 1.4, confidence interval = 1.1-1.7, p = .005); those aged 12 to 15 years (73.6%, odds ratio = 2.0, confidence interval = 1.6-2.5, p < .001); and children of skilled workers (73.4%, odds ratio = 1.9, confidence interval = 1.2-3.0, p = .008) were more likely to mention that tobacco has adverse effect(s) on oral health. Although two thirds of the students knew that tobacco usage has effects on oral health, there were gross inadequacies in the knowledge and misconceptions about those effects.

Uji Aktivitas Antiseptik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih (Piper betle Linn.) dalam Obat Kumur terhadap Staphylococcus aureus secara in Vitro

Betle leaf (Piper betle Linn.) is very popular in Indonesia. Betle leaf is useful for dental health and frequently used as mouthwash; to eliminate body and mouth odor; treats mouth ulcer, nosebleed, itching, ulceration and vaginal discharge in women. An oral cavity is a place for bacteria. If there is a bacterial immunity reduction, that was originally commensal bacteria can turn into a pathogen that cause infection. One of bacteria that commonly found in the oral cavity is Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria have the ability to occupy and form biofilm on biomaterials that cause resistant to antimicrobials, thus making it difficult to eradicate host that is infected by S. aureus. Previous study reported a multidrug resistant of S. aureus that could cause death, that to overcome it, betle leaves extract ethanol in vitro antiseptic test to S.aureus was conducted. The test was conducted by the phenol coefficient method using S. auereus ATCC 25923 bacteria. Povidone iodine mouthwash that is circulated in the market is used as a comparison. The results showed that mouthwash containing ethanol extract of betle leaf had a phenol coefficient value of 1.87 while povidone iodine mouthwash as a comparison, had a phenol coefficient of 1.0. Mouthwash containing ethanol extract of betle leaf had higher antiseptic effectiveness than the comparative mouthwash.

Halitosis as an indication for tonsillectomy in chronic hypertrophy tonsillitis

Main purpose: This paper aimed to confirm a relationship between chronic hypertrophic tonsillitis (CHT) and bad mouth odour. To this end, detailed identification of the microbial flora inhabiting affected tonsils was carried out. The results obtained might be helpful in specifying indications for tonsillectomy. Materials and method: From among 247 patients with clinically diagnosed CHT, 33 generally healthy individuals aged 18- 40 (10 male and 23 female) were selected. Patients in whom other causes could be the possible reason for their fetor ex ore (halitosis) were not included. Before and 2 to 3 months after tonsillectomy, organoleptic and halimeter testing was undertaken for each patient. A swab was collected from the interior of the enucleated tonsils in a sterile manner, and was inoculated onto surfaces enabling the culture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi. A histopathological examination was subsequently performed. Results: Fetor ex ore was initially found in 95% of the patients with CHT. In 90% of cases with confirmed halitosis, after tonsillectomy a significant reduction in its intensity was observed. On average, the concentration of VSC in the patient decreased by approximately 75 ppb (62%), which was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). It was also shown that the concentration of VSC in carriers of anaerobic bacteria, compared to carriers of only aerobic bacteria, was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The results obtained confirm the role of CHT in the pathogenesis of halitosis. Conclusions: Halitosis in patients with CHT requires a number of laboratory tests and specialist consultations to exclude other possible causes of fetor ex ore. A dental examination plays an important role in the differential diagnosis. Performing targeted microbiological testing to determine the patient’s carrier state for anaerobes should eventually be considered. When these conditions are met, halitosis can be considered an independent indication for tonsillectomy.