Mountains Echoed Research Articles

Emotional and Cultural Resonances: A Nostalgic Analysis of Khaled Hosseini’s Selected Novels

This paper explores the nostalgia experienced by major characters in Khaled Hosseini’s selected novels, The Kite Runner and the Mountains Echoed. The study employs a qualitative-interpretive research methodology while applying textual analysis as a research method for data analysis, including Homi K. Bhabha’s theory of hybridity as the lens. The protagonists of the novels leave their homeland (Afghanistan) to pursue a better life in the host countries away from the turmoil of their native land, but they find the new lands antagonistic to their expectations, and as a result, they are confronted with various problems, including nostalgia, a pervasive theme that prompts the diasporic struggles of the immigrants and keeps challenging and problematizing their identity and lifestyle in the new world. This research seeks to unearth the nuanced layers of nostalgia in Hosseini’s storytelling, shedding light on the emotional and cultural resonances that have made his novels enduring classics.

Women’s Shared Traumas in Khalid Khalid Hosseini’s Selected Novels: A Thousand Splendid Suns, the Mountains Echoed, and The Kite Runner

This study looks at some of the novels by Khalid Hosseini, an American writer of Afghan descent. Khalid Hosseini's novels chiefly, “A Thousand Splendid Suns, And The Mountains Echoed, and The Kite Runner” were a huge success, becoming international best-sellers. What distinguishes these novels is that their main ideas address some of the challenges and difficulties that Afghan women face in a patriarchal society. Women face severe dilemmas and trials as a result of exclusion, inequality, violence, discrimination, and a negative perception of women. The study will also look at Spivak's concept of subalternity and how it has come to be associated with women in societies where there is no true equality among its members. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that in societies experiencing violent and persistent internal conflicts and challenges, women are always the main victims and the biggest losers.

The Problem of Dilemma from the Viewpoint of Aesthetic and Ethical Existence in Kh. Hosseini’s Novel “And the Mountains Echoed”

Key words: personality, sacrifice, self-sacrifice, morality, virtue, feelings The article is dedicated to the inseparable reality of human existence – the analysis of the problem of choice. The analysis is based on the philosophical observations concluded in the works of the 19th century Danish philosopher, theologian and writer Søren Kierkegaard. The study of the problematics of the dilemma was carried out within the limits of the heroes’ life experience in the novel “And the Mountains Echoed” by Kh. Hosseini. The characters of the composition often have to face a dilemma during their lifetime, to sacrifice or self-sacrifice, to perish or be reborn morally. In the border zone, within the same reality, the heroes manifest different moral and psychological emotions, different behavior and different characteristics – taking personal or universal interests as a starting point. On their complicated path of identity search the heroes, at the aesthetic existential field, fall into oblivion, lose their common sense and the ability to judge, violating written and unwritten human laws. On the contrary, for some heroes in the existential paradigm, life's breakthrough events and the problem of dilemma serve as a transitional bridge: they have experienced moral development and now see the meaning of their existence in serving the general welfare. Considering the issue within the value systems of morality and virtue, it can be concluded that the characters of the novel make fatal decisions according to their respective existential spheres, i.e., from the aesthetic and ethical positions.

Inferior Conditions of Afghan Women in Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns and And the Mountains Echoed

Inferior Conditions of Afghan Women in Khalid Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns and And the Mountains Echoed

Bai Opera: Only the Mountain Echo Responds. 2017. Produced by Bernard Kleikamp. Project directed by Zhang Xingrong. Anthology of Music in China 10. Ethnic Series PAN 2120. Liner notes and (colour) photographs by Zhang Xingrong, with additional photographs by Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Bai Opera Troupe (11 pp.), English translation by Helen Rees and Yang Hong. CD, 15 tracks (70:44).

Bai Opera: Only the Mountain Echo Responds. 2017. Produced by Bernard Kleikamp. Project directed by Zhang Xingrong. Anthology of Music in China 10. Ethnic Series PAN 2120. Liner notes and (colour) photographs by Zhang Xingrong, with additional photographs by Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Bai Opera Troupe (11 pp.), English translation by Helen Rees and Yang Hong. CD, 15 tracks (70:44). - Dai Opera: A Song Wafts into the Heart. 2017. Produced by Bernard Kleikamp. Project directed by Zhang Xingrong. Anthology of Music in China 11. Ethnic Series PAN 2121. Liner notes and (colour) photographs by Zhang Xingrong (9 pp.), English translations by Helen Rees and Ito Satoru. CD, 20 tracks (56:59). - Volume 54 Issue 1

Transcultural Narrative in Khalid Hosseini’s and the Mountains Echoed: A New Historicist Analysis

Hosseini in his third novel And the Mountain Echoed endeavors to portray the social, political, and historical background of different cultures and highlights the core issues running parallel within the situation of Afghanistan, entangled in challenges of political instabilities, social unrest, insecurities due to foreign invasion, the rise of Taliban and the status of Afghanistan after 9/11. By keeping tabs on Afghan culture, this research has explored Hosseini’s paralleled narratives of other cultures such as Paris, America, and Greece. To generate a power discourse, these narrations construct an identity and authoritative stance by invoking the influential backgrounds and histories that cause these different ethnicities to revolve all around the world, a global movement towards the reevaluation of the old notions and concepts about the fixity of boundaries of nation-states. By observing the cultural taboos in different countries, Hosseini points out the distressing factors that weaken a culture by referring to the Afghan wars and a certain political agenda in counter countries. By highlighting these cultural taboos, different nations uphold a discourse of power against rival cultures. Through counter-cultural practices, cultural values and taboos are set forth to evaluate the nature and function of different cultures presented in the novel. His indecisive affinity with his own native place shows his monomaniacal focus on a transcultural outlook. This research combines the technique of textual analysis with a qualitative mode of study. Hosseini’s ambivalent approach towards divergent cultural narratives inclines towards advanced and innovative aspects of the new historicist theory by Greenblatt. His radical ideas about culture and history have been utilized in the present study to analyze the text. His idea of anecdote in new historicism exists between de-nationalization and re-nationalization, between de-territorialization and re-territorialization authenticates his view of culture as being a gigantic text which embraces small events that skirmish with each other in a way that exemplifies a text on the basis of which the author constructs a melodrama to back up non-fiction elements within fictional taste. To support the power factor in cultural analysis, Foucault’s notions about the power structure are employed within Greenblatt’s two-sided cultural concept. The complicated nature of culture has been traced by the analysis of historical incidents and dialogue by different characters having contradictory and complex nature as per the complicated procedure of cultural phenomenon.

Sea Prayer: An Illustrated Literary Narration on the Afflictions of Refugees

Illustrated fiction is one of the narrative media that came into the arena of literature during the 18th century because of the technological advancements that occurred during this period. Illustrated editions of literary creations became more popular during the late18th century until the last decades of the 19th century. During this period, an illustrated edition of fictional works was in higher demand than the prose editions. However, the emergence of various adaptations of literary creations, such as films and graphical representation that came into command at the end of the 19th century and 20th century replaced the popularity of illustrated fiction. Khaled Hosseini, one of the beloved writers of the 21st century has documented the sufferings of Afghan society in his three novels; The Kite Runner (2003), A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007), and And the Mountains Echoed (2013). His works explore the sufferings of common people under the dark shadows of war and violence and spread the rays of peace and humanity. His latest work, Sea Prayer, published on 18 September 2018, Illustrated by Dan Williams, is also deals with the perennial problems faced by the human race in the modern world; war, violence, and refugee life. Written in the form of a letter from a father to son, on the eve of their journey to find their new home, the work describes the traumatic condition of the Syrian refugees and the glory of pre-war Syria. Thus, Hosseini urges the readers to reflect on the dilemmata faced by the Syrian society during the period of war and to hold their hands together to bring peace in Syria and all over the world.

The Subversion of Male Unlimitism--an Eco-feminist Reading of A Thousand Splendid Suns

Khaled Hosseini is now a world renowned writer famous for his three novels: The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns and And the Mountains Echoed. His second book A Thousand Splendid Suns mainly deals with two Afghan women, Mariam and Laila, whom in the book are ruthlessly oppressed by male dominators under the patriarchal system, together with the two heroines, nature is another oppressed object in the novel. After years of destruction, nature in Afghanistan is severely destroyed. This paper is divided into four parts. In the introduction part, a brief analysis on the author as well as the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns will be presented. Besides, a brief definition on eco-feminism will also be given; in the second part, the close relationship between nature and women first and the oppression that nature and two heroines have suffered will be exposed; in the third part, the revolt of two heroines against male power will be analyzed respectively; in the fourth part, a conclusion of the whole paper will be offered.

And the Mountains Echoed; Family Ties and Roots

And the Mountains Echoed; Family Ties and Roots

Representation of Women and Circulation of Power in Khaled Hosseini’s and the Mountains Echoed: A Montrosean Reading

Representation of Women and Circulation of Power in Khaled Hosseini’s and the Mountains Echoed: A Montrosean Reading

Sisterhood as a Saviour of Afghan Women: An Analysis of Khaled Hosseini’s Ideology

Sisterhood corresponds to a bond of love, cooperation and solidarity among women to fight against their individual or collective oppression at the hands of patriarchy. It initiates and shapes the struggle of women against their sexism. On the other hand, envy and non-cooperation act as enemies of women, making them as easy prey for the patriarchal forces. This study provides a textual analysis of Afghan American novelist Khaled Hosseini’s novels A Thousand Splendid Suns and And the Mountains Echoed. The theoretical foundations of the research are laid down on the theories proposed by bell hooks. The study shows that the solidarity of female characters in the novels freed them from the oppression of patriarchy. However, their envy and non-cooperation led them to the domination of men. This study is a unique addition to the topic as it brings together the ideals of sisterhood and envy on the selected novels of Khaled Hosseini.

Conflicting and Challenging Patriarchal and Liberal Feminist Ideologies and Norms in Afghanistan: Critical Stylistic Study of Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed

The study unveils the Afghan patriarchal ideology and norms that are in conflict and challenge with liberal feminist ideology in Khaled Hosseini’s (2013) And the Mountains Echoed, depicting the cultural and socio-political context of Afghanistan. Tools of critical stylistics, developed by Jefferies (2010), have been used to delve into the conflict as mentioned above. The conflict in ideologies leads to gender differences, and inequalities. Patriarchs view liberal feminism and its motive as a threat to patriarchal social structure. The study reveals how women challenge the monopoly and status-quo of patriarchs to raise their voice for their emancipation and free will in matters of their life. Women in Afghanistan are the nang (pride) and namoos (honor) of their families. Men, especially patriarchs, mis-perceive the status and image of women as damaging their reputation if they are granted full freedom in matters and walks of life. Nila Wahdati, a liberal feminist character in the novel, challenges the stereotypical image of women as fragile, fickle, and prone to sex. She even resists and negates the imposed traditional, conservative ideology and supremacy of her father. Through the use of language, women challenge the Afghan patriarchal thinking. The novelist has manipulated verb processes to represent the patriarchal ideology of the Afghan men, while the discourse-producers utilize nouns and modifications to indicate patriarchs’ contrary thinking towards women. Linguistic tools, like nouns, pronouns, pre-modifiers, negative evaluative words, epistemic modality, and subordinate clauses, describe the conflict and challenge between patriarchal and liberal feminist ideologies.

Abscission of Familial Bonding in Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed

Adoption is a beautiful thing in the world when it comes to giving life to abandon children. But as said often, “The only guarantee if a child is adopted is trauma,” the same adoption is so brutal when the child has been separated from the living family members and given for adoption. There is no worse pain than the pain of the children being separated from their birth family. This research throws light on abscission from the familial cohesion because of the critical situations in the family. Here, in this study, a young child is abscissed from her own family by adoption. The permanent separation from her biological parents creates the feeling of separation and longingness in the novel, And the Mountains Echoed, written by Khaled Hosseini. Pari, is theadopted child, and the protagonist of the novel was in her immature age when she had been separated from her family. The importance of familial relationships is shown very deeply in this novel through the plight of the protagonist, Pari. After the years of separation, the same child who became a mature woman gets reunited with her brother. But the traumatic experience that she had undergone can never be undone.

Conflicting and Challenging Patriarchal and Liberal Feminist Ideologies and Norms in Afghanistan: Critical Stylistic Study of Khaled Hosseini’s And the Mountains Echoed

The study unveils the Afghan patriarchal ideology and norms that are in conflict and challenge with liberal feminist ideology in Khaled Hosseini’s (2013) And the Mountains Echoed, depicting the cultural and socio-political context of Afghanistan. Tools of critical stylistics, developed by Jefferies (2010), have been used to delve into the conflict as mentioned above. The conflict in ideologies leads to gender differences, and inequalities. Patriarchs view liberal feminism and its motive as a threat to patriarchal social structure. The study reveals how women challenge the monopoly and status-quo of patriarchs to raise their voice for their emancipation and free will in matters of their life. Women in Afghanistan are the nang (pride) and namoos (honor) of their families. Men, especially patriarchs, mis-perceive the status and image of women as damaging their reputation if they are granted full freedom in matters and walks of life. Nila Wahdati, a liberal feminist character in the novel, challenges the stereotypical image of women as fragile, fickle, and prone to sex. She even resists and negates the imposed traditional, conservative ideology and supremacy of her father. Through the use of language, women challenge the Afghan patriarchal thinking. The novelist has manipulated verb processes to represent the patriarchal ideology of the Afghan men, while the discourse-producers utilize nouns and modifications to indicate patriarchs’ contrary thinking towards women. Linguistic tools, like nouns, pronouns, pre-modifiers, negative evaluative words, epistemic modality, and subordinate clauses, describe the conflict and challenge between patriarchal and liberal feminist ideologies.

MEMORIES AND STORIES OF RETURNING HOME IN KHALED HOSSEINI'S NOVELS THE KITE RUNNER, AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS

The aim of this paper is to analyze the acts of returning home, thinking about home and the significance of home and returning home in Khaled Hosseini’s novels The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns, and in the novel And the Mountains Echoed. As an American writer of Afghan origin, who left his home country as a child and moved to USA, Khaled Hosseini addresses the concepts of leaving home, immigration, and returning home in all of his published novels. In 2003, Khaled Hosseini published his first novel The Kite Runner. This story depicts the friendship between two Afghan boys, whose relationship is broken by the Afghan civil war and the violence before and in the aftermath of the war. In this novel, returning home is an act of redemption on behalf of Amir, for the betrayal of his best friend Hassan. Hosseini’s second novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, describes the relationship between two women and their lives under the Taliban regime. Mariam’s and Laila’s life stories are intertwined the moment Laila, forced by the circumstances in Kabul during the civil war and the loss of her parents and her home, accepts Rasheed’s marriage proposal, becoming his second wife. The strained relationship between her and Mariam develops into close friendship, which ends the day Mariam kills Rasheed to protect Laila. Laila returns to Afghanistan and visits Mariam’s home. For her, this is an act of paying respect, of visiting a place where she can sense Mariam’s soul and her presence. And the Mountains Echoed presents the life stories of a number of characters, mutually connected in different ways. One of the sibling relationships described is the relationship between Pari and Abdullah who are separated as children. Pari, who leaves her home and is adopted, always feels the strange sensation of being homesick and missing somebody or something in her life. For Pari, who plans to travel to Afghanistan in attempt to find the answers to her questions, the act of returning home is exploring her own personality and heritage.

Perspectives in the novels by Khaled Hosseini

The present research focuses on the analysis of the
 novels “The Kite Runner”, “A Thousand Splendid Suns”, “And the Mountains
 Echoed” by Afghan born American writer Khaled Hosseini in line with the major
 characteristics of the historical perspective in literature.  The literature scholars and researchers are
 highly interested in Afghan-American literature as representing the diaspora
 features. In his novels Hosseini could depict Afghanistan in terms of three
 perspectives: childhood, womanhood and family reunion in pre-in-post Taliban
 periods. Considering the perspectives found in this research, it is obvious
 that Hosseini globally demonstrates the real outlook of his nation and country,
 and moreover establishes that having peace and wealth is the life meaning for
 Afghan people the same as for other human beings. In the present analysis, the
 research problem is to investigate how the major perspectives of Afghanistan
 have been employed to represent Khaled Hosseini’s literary image as a writer.
 The data collected from the detailed analysis of the texts of Hosseini’s novels
 “The Kite Runner”, “A Thousand Splendid Suns”, “And the Mountains Echoed”
 helped to answer questions related to childhood, womanhood and family reunion
 perspectives of Afghanistan. The results of this work revealed that the writer
 used these three perspectives effectively in his texts to show the macrocosm of
 Afghanistan. This study is an effort to unfold the significance of literary
 characteristics of the novels mentioned above. It will help to decode the
 essential perspective peculiarities of Hosseini’s works by applying historical
 perspective method.

CHILDHOOD, WOMANHOOD AND FAMILY PERSPECTIVES ON THE EXAMPLE OF KHALED HOISSEINI’S WORKS

The present research focuses on the analysis of the novels “The Kite Runner”, “A Thousand Splendid Suns”, “And the Mountains Echoed” by Afghan-born American writer Khaled Hosseini in line with the major characteristics of childhood, womanhood and family perspectives. Considering those perspectives found in this research, it is obvious that Hosseini globally demonstrates the real outlook of his nation and country, and moreover establishes that having peace and wealth is the life meaning for Afghan people the same as other, human beings. There are different literary perspectives in the studies of literature as archetypal, formalist, psychoanalytical, social-class, gender, feministic and historical. Hosseini’s works are interpreted, analyzed and criticized by using the historical perspective, which definitely show their contextual and discursive meaning in terms of diaspora literature. The childhood perspective is depicted in “The Kite Runner” via three personages of the novel Amir, Hassan and Sukhrob, moreover the writer describes the fate of Afghan people inside and outside of Afghanistan and can determine the problems of the people in diaspora. In “A Thousand Splendid Suns”, which deals with the problems of Afghan women, the author skillfully demonstrates the terrible conditions of females in pre-in-post Taliban periods on the example of two wives Mariam and Laila belonging to one man. The next work devoted to a family perspective “And the Mountains Echoed” gives the images of more than twenty various families from different parts of the world. Pariand Abdulla are the major characters of the novel and they are separated from each other in their childhood, yet reunited in their aged years when the value of memory and feelings lose their importance because of time and place correlation.

AN ANALYSIS POWER AND LOVE OF MAIN CHARACTER IN NOVEL “THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED”BY KHALED HOSSEINI

This study was aimed to reveal the kind of power and love of the novel “The Mountains Echoed” by KhalledHosseini. The method on this study was qualitative descriptive. The data was obtained the kind of love and the power of love. It focused on analyzing kind love and power of love. The technique of collecting data used documentation technique, for library documentation studies, close-reading, identifying, and note taking, classifying in order to find out kind of love and power of love the novel The Mountains Echoed by Khalled Hosseini. The data analysis used qualitative descriptive particular data reduction, data displayed, conclusion, drawing and verification. There are three main concepts that will be used, first is the general theory of love by Thomas Lewis, FairiAmini, and Richard Lanmon, second is kinds of love by C.S Lewis, and the third is the concept of power and love by Adam Khane. To answer the statement of the problems, this study are using the concept of kinds of love that depicted by the characters in the novel. Description is used to describe the result of analysis. After getting through long analysis by using three kinds of method above, it can reveal the depiction of kinds of love that Affection depicted between Baba Ayub and Qais, Abdullah and Pari, and between; Friendship depicted between Abdullah and Markos, and between PariWahdati and Abdullah; Eros depicted between Abdullah and Parwana; and Charity, between Abdullah and Pari. Power and love depict by each kinds of love in their own way, unites or intentionally spares the two people, resembles the history of life, complete and walks together side by side

AN ANALYSIS POWER AND LOVE OF MAIN CHARACTER IN NOVEL “THE MOUNTAIN ECHOED”BY KHALED HOSSEINI

This study was aimed to reveal the kind of power and love of the novel “The Mountains Echoed” by KhalledHosseini. The method on this study was qualitative descriptive. The data was obtained the kind of love and the power of love. It focused on analyzing kind love and power of love. The technique of collecting data used documentation technique, for library documentation studies, close-reading, identifying, and note taking, classifying in order to find out kind of love and power of love the novel The Mountains Echoed by Khalled Hosseini. The data analysis used qualitative descriptive particular data reduction, data displayed, conclusion, drawing and verification. There are three main concepts that will be used, first is the general theory of love by Thomas Lewis, FairiAmini, and Richard Lanmon, second is kinds of love by C.S Lewis, and the third is the concept of power and love by Adam Khane. To answer the statement of the problems, this study are using the concept of kinds of love that depicted by the characters in the novel. Description is used to describe the result of analysis. After getting through long analysis by using three kinds of method above, it can reveal the depiction of kinds of love that Affection depicted between Baba Ayub and Qais, Abdullah and Pari, and between; Friendship depicted between Abdullah and Markos, and between PariWahdati and Abdullah; Eros depicted between Abdullah and Parwana; and Charity, between Abdullah and Pari. Power and love depict by each kinds of love in their own way, unites or intentionally spares the two people, resembles the history of life, complete and walks together side by side

THE MAIN CHARACTER IDENTITY SEARCH PROCESS IN NOVEL AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED BY KHALED HOSSEINI (PROSES PENCARIAN JATI DIRI TOKOH UTAMA DALAM NOVEL AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED KARYA KHALED HOSSEINI)

The objective of this research was to to search the identity of the main character in And the Mountains Echoed novel by Khaled Hosseini. This study uses a psychoanalytic approach with content analysis methods. Data collection techniques using documentary techniques in the novel And the Mountains Echoed by Khaled Hosseini. Data analysis techniques with the following steps: data collection, data reduction, data presentation with interpretation, and conclusions. The results showed that the process of finding the main character of the main character Pari in the And the Mountains Echoed novel consisted of the following seven stages: 1) Trust vs. Mistrust: Hope begins at birth-18 months with an example of independence and self-confidence from the family; 2) Autonomy vs. Shame, Doubt: Will starts from 18 months to 3 years in the form of independence and simplicity taught by the family; 3) Initiative vs. Guilt: Purpose starts at 3-6 years of age in the form of learning strength from separation from family and learning to take initiative; 4) Industry vs. Inferiority: Competence starts from 6-12 years in the form of talent development facilitated by his adoptive family and independent learning; 5) Identity vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity starts from 12-18 years in the form of an understanding of its strengths in Mathematics, its lack of attitude; 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation: Love starts from 18-40 years in the form of understanding and accepting the presence of the wife; and 7) Generativity vs. Self-Absorption, Stagnation: CareI begins at the age of 40-65 years in the form of a struggle to educate children, struggle against disease, and struggle to obtain the youngest professor's degree. Keywords: search process, identity, main character, novel