Mountain Path Research Articles

A Symphony of Poems and Pictures: Hwa-Jen Ho's Nonfiction Picturebooks about Wild Birds in Taiwan

A Symphony of Poems and PicturesHwa-Jen Ho's Nonfiction Picturebooks about Wild Birds in Taiwan Yi-Ching Su (bio) Immersing himself in birdwatching in Taiwan—a small island country that has the second highest bird species density in the world—for over thirty years, Hwa-Jen Ho dedicated his life to wild bird ecology and conservation. Using poetic words and pictures, Ho creates nonfiction picturebooks to illuminate wild bird ecology and to reveal the wonders of nature. This article focuses on Hwa-Jen Ho's life and his five nonfiction picturebooks about wild birds in Taiwan. Inspired by Roger Tory Peterson, a twentieth century American ornithologist who published the first modern field guide to birds, Hwa-Jen Ho devoted his life to wild bird ecology and conservation. As a dedicated artist, writer, and ornithologist, Hwa-Jen Ho shares the wonders of birds with young readers through his words and artwork. Before creating nonfiction picturebooks about birds for children, Ho was an art editor for China Times. While he was working in the newspaper industry, Ho was invited to create a double-page spread illustration of the Swinhoe's pheasant for a publication. After seeing Ho's illustration of Swinhoe's pheasants wandering in a vast grassland, several bird experts expressed that they had never seen a Swinhoe's pheasant wandering recklessly in an open field, for it is shy and alert, and it is usually found in the mountains of central Taiwan. The experts' comment made Ho feel the urge to devote himself to studying Taiwan's endemic bird species (Ho, "Ho, Hwa-Jen: Wild Birds Observation, Woodcuts, Picturebooks"). Click for larger view View full resolution Ho resigned from China Times in 1986 and went to Liugui Forestry Research Center to study birds in southern Taiwan. There, Ho walked ten kilometers everyday on the same mountain path to document the birds' life for ten months. Using the data he collected in Liugui, Ho published 台灣野鳥圖誌 (Field Guide to the Wild Birds in Taiwan) (see Fig. 1), a bird-identification guide centering on the wild birds living in the medium altitude mountains in Taiwan. As a self-taught woodcut artist, Ho experimented with different wood blocks, lines, colors, and carving techniques to make the birds come alive on the pages in this field guide (Chen 20). Wanting to pass down his bird watching experience, Ho accepted a publisher's invitation to create nonfiction picture-books about birds in Taiwan for children. 鳥兒的家 (The Homes of the Birds) is about birds' homes in the Lanyang Plain, an ecologically diverse place in northeastern Taiwan. To engage young readers [End Page 84] in guessing where the birds' homes are, Ho uses the question-and-answer approach. The content also starts from introducing the birds children are familiar with, such as the striated swallows, to the ones that are less known, such as the little ringed plovers. The back endpaper presents the whole scene of the introduced birds and their homes in the Lanyang Plain (see Fig. 2). This book gives children a sense of place, and it naturally invites readers to go out and discover birds' homes. Click for larger view View full resolution 彩鷸奶爸 (Painted-Snipe Daddy) is written from a baby painted-snipe's point of view. Ho tells the everyday moments painted-snipe daddy spent with his babies in the Lanyang Plain in dialogue between father and children. Woodcut is used as the medium of the book illustration. The lines powerfully show the painted-snipe daddy spreading his wings to protect his babies (see Fig. 3). They also reveal the painted-snipe daddy's tenderness and patience while feeding his babies (see Fig. 4) and waiting for them to climb over a mound one by one (see Fig. 5). Through dialogues and woodcuts, Ho reveals the ecology of painted-snipes to young readers. 台灣鳥四季 (The Four Seasons of the Birds in Taiwan) is a book of haiku poems about Taiwan's endemic birds species in the four seasons. When introducing the Taiwan bush warbler, Ho writes, Under the haiku poem, Ho provides further explanation: "In autumn, the giant knotweeds are like having wings and flying everywhere. The Taiwan bush warbler's song resembles...

Dabie Mountain Area Construction and Path Selection of the Citizen Health Network

Dabie Mountain Area Construction and Path Selection of the Citizen Health Network

Paintings of Traveling Bullock Carts (Panche Tu) in the Song Dynasty (960–1279)

Abstract This paper is a study of Song dynasty panche tu (paintings of traveling bullock carts), a unique genre combining elements of jiehua (paintings requiring the aid of measuring tools), landscape, and genre art. As early as the Five Dynasties, bullock carts were represented in paintings showcasing water mills to celebrate technology and its contribution to agricultural prosperity. In the Song period, the realistic representation of bullock carts meandering along the mountain paths of northern landscapes became a distinctive genre. This paper examines the forces contributing to this transformation: a dominant interest in landscape painting and realism, and the grain contribution required of commoners for the defense of the northern frontier.

Plastic Wastes Filled Sacred Mountain Paths of Southwest China

Anthropology NewsVolume 57, Issue 9 p. e168-e170 September Online Content Plastic Wastes Filled Sacred Mountain Paths of Southwest China Bo Wang, Bo WangSearch for more papers by this author Bo Wang, Bo WangSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 May 2017 https://doi.org/10.1111/AN.167AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume57, Issue9September 2016Pages e168-e170 RelatedInformation

The Health Centre Community.

The greatest burden of malaria is borne by the children of rural sub-Saharan Africa. Each year nearly 90% of all malaria-related deaths occur in these remote areas, far from lifesaving medical care. In the Bugoye sub-county of rural Western Uganda, most families subsist on small plots of staple crops carved into the hillsides. Lacking transportation, worried parents carry their sick children down the narrow mountain paths to the health centre in search of care (Figure 1). The Level III Health Centre in Bugoye is the only facility in the sub-county—an area spanning more than 40 villages and nearly 60 km—equipped to treat cases of severe malaria. During the high season, hundreds of malaria-stricken children come to the health centre each week for diagnosis and treatment (Figure 2). Like many public health facilities in rural sub-Saharan Africa, the Bugoye Health Centre faces many challenges, including drug shortages, unreliable electrical power and inadequate staffing. The health centre is not shiny or new. There are no private rooms. The unfinished cement floors are cracked, the paint is peeling, the thin foam mattresses are worn and tattered and most of the equipment is decades old (Figure 3). What Bugoye does have, however, is a vibrant sense of community. In many ways, the health centre has the atmosphere of a bustling village unto itself. It is the heart of the sub-county. Entire families inhabit the wards, providing food, linen and clothing for their sick loved ones (Figures 4 and 5).The bright colours of children in church clothes dot the yard and groups of women gather behind the clinic, preparing meals over open fires (Figure 6). Village officials, health centre staff and local tradesmen sit on the benches at the front to wave to friends, chat about

Forest structure and regeneration of the Tertiary relict Taiwania cryptomerioides in the Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan, southwestern China

We studied forests containing Taiwania cryptomerioides of various ages and habitats on the eastern slopes of the Gaoligong Mountains in terms of forest structure and composition, population structure (size, age), regeneration patterns, and persistence of the species in relation to their favored habitats. Taiwania thrives in unstable habitats on riverbanks in deep valleys, on steep slopes, on cliffs, on roadsides and by mountain paths at the altitudes of 1175-2500 m a.s.l. All these locations were subject to frequent landslides, whereas Taiwania was very rare at similar altitudes on stable gentle slopes or on mountain ridges free of major disturbances. The maximum age of Taiwania was calculated to be c. 1,872 yr, with 358 cm DBH (diameter at a height of 1.3 m) and 70 m high. The size and age classes of Taiwania in old-growth forests were multimodal, indicating that the regeneration varied by chance, depending on disturbances. In the old-growth forests where above-ground competition for light was intense, shade-intolerant and long-lived coniferous Taiwania became emergent (40–70 m), rising above a forest canopy comprised of more shade-tolerant evergreen broad-leaved trees. The reproduction of the species was mainly by means of minute wind-dispersed seeds falling into rock crevices on cliffs or a rocky forest floor, or on disturbed sites. These populations depended on disturbances or gap regeneration to survive. Taiwania gave way to evergreen broad-leaved tree species of Lithocarpus, Cyclobalanopsis, and Manglietia, and to other conifers such as Tsuga dumosa, where landslides were infrequent. Our results provide insights into the ecological characteristics and survival mechanisms of this East Asian paleoendemic conifer, and contribute to our understanding of the differentiation of forests.

Changes in Footpath Degradation 1983–1992: a study of the Brandy Pad, Mourne Mountains

Footpath degradation is assessed by comparison of surveys carried out in 1983 and 1992 along the principal cross mountain path - the Brandy Pad. Measurements show that overall path width has generally increased, as have the number of subsidiary tracks and the extent of bare ground. Greatest changes occurred where path width was initially narrow, suggesting that there are maximum widths (wiihin the constraints exercised by local terrain) beyond which walkers will no longer seek detours by establishing new paths.

Gibanje kot prostorske prakse in ekonomske strategije na primeru družinskega sirarstva v Bohinju

Članek obravnava družinske sirarske kmetije v Bohinju in analizira njihove ekonomske strategije v povezavi z družinsko in zadružno obliko sirarstva ter v povezavi z različnimi oblikami prostorskega gibanja oziroma mobilnosti. V zadnjem desetletju se je več družinskih kmetij (ponovno) začelo ukvarjati s sirarstvom, ki je močno povezano s tradicionalnimi oblikami zadružništva in pašnimi pravicami agrarnih skupnosti. Kmetije so se naslonile na tradicionalne oblike sirarstva in obenem oblikovale nove ekonomske strategije, ki zajemajo predvsem pluralnost njihovih dejavnosti – delo izven kmetije, turizem, prodaja izdelkov itd.Članek na kratko predstavi razvoj sirarstva v Bohinju, spremembe v zasebni oziroma zadružni organizaciji dejavnosti, predvsem pa izpostavi gibanje in pletež poti, stez, cest in krajev, ki so temeljno povezani s sirarsko ekonomijo. Pri tem poveže različne prakse gibanja, med njimi dnevno pašo ob vaseh, pastirstvo, pašo na planinah ter prodajo sira in mlečnih izdelkov na tržnicah in sejmih. Skozi analizo gibanja članek poveže ekonomske strategije sirarskih kmetij, modelov zadružništva in zasebne produkcije ter konceptualizacije in organizacije prostora – zlasti poti, planin in drugega pašnega okolja.

A Ghost Story An Excerpt from Kuunmong

A Ghost Story An Excerpt from Kuunmong Kim Man-jung Translated by Heinz Insu Fenkl (bio) Yang Shao-yu had many official duties in court, but that still left him with an abundance of free time and many days of leisure, which he spent visiting friends or enjoying the flowers and foliage of the countryside in spring. One day, his friend Shih-san1 said to him, “There is a quiet and beautiful place south of the city. Let us go there together sometime soon for an outing.” “That is just what I wanted,” Yang replied. They had food and wine prepared for them, and leaving the servants they rode their donkeys several miles to a place where the mountains were high and the streams were clear. They were alone, far from the world of dust, and the fragrance of myriad flowers and grassy meadows cleared their thoughts. They dismounted on the bank of a stream, countless flowers and trees blooming around them, and sat to compose some verses together to celebrate the onset of summer. [End Page 364] Suddenly, Yang noticed some fallen petals drifting toward them on the water. “Spring, fully come, peach petals floating,” he said, reciting the lines from Wang Wei.2 “There must be a place like the Peach Blossom Paradise3 of Wu Ling4 upstream.” “This stream flows down from Tzŭ-ko Peak,”5 said Shih-san. “They say, ‘When the flowers bloom and the moon is full, one hears the music of the immortals among the clouds.’ I myself have no affinity for the world of fairies, and I have never been among them. But today, with you, I have entered that world and I would like just once to drink their wine and taste their enchanted food.” Yang was delighted. “If there are such things as fairies in this world,” he said, “then surely they must be here on this mountain.” Just then one of Shih-san’s servants came running, sweat streaming from him, and panting for breath, he said, “I’ve come to tell you that the lady has suddenly taken sick.” Shih-san quickly stood up. “Hearing now that my wife is ill is just another reminder that I have no affinity for the world of fairies,” he said. He mounted his donkey and rode away. Yang grew bored after Shih-san’s departure. He followed the stream up the valley, looking for something more to see. The waters were crystal clear over the rocks, with no speck of dust, and his mind was tranquil as he continued slowly on. Soon he noticed a cinnamon leaf floating on the water, and when he had the servant boy pick it up for him, he saw that two lines of verse had been written on it. [End Page 365] The fairy’s watch dog barks among the clouds,Knowing that Master Yang is on the way. Yang was amazed. “How could anyone possibly be living in these mountains?” he said. “And who could possibly have written this verse?” As he walked on, the servant boy said, “Sir, it will soon be dark and it will be too late to get back into the city before they shut the gates.” Yang paid no attention and continued for another seven or eight li up the steep mountain path, where he could see the moon rising in the east. By its light, he passed through the shadow of the pine woods and crossed the stream. He heard the cries of startled birds and the forlorn howl of monkeys. Stars sparkled beyond the mountain peaks and dewdrops hung from the pine needles. He realized that night had fallen, and he grew uneasy. At that moment he saw a young girl dressed in green, like a fairy, washing clothes in the stream. “My lady!” she called out, rising up in alarm. “The Master is coming!” Yang was puzzled by what he heard. He continued another dozen steps until the mountain path ended and he saw the small pavilion rising up by the side of the stream. It seemed to be floating above the water. In the moonlight there appeared a woman dressed in red standing...

An egocentric semantic reference system for affordances

This article suggests a theory of egocentric semantic reference systems for human observations of affordances that can be used to semantically account for subjective human observations on the web. Based on the perceptual theory of affordances, which suggests that humans perceive the potential actions the environment affords, an egocentric semantic reference frame is established, which is anchored in the observer’s specific capabilities for perception and action. The theory is completed with transformations that allow to project values of observed affordances from one user’s ordinal reference frame into another user’s ordinal reference frame. The potency of the theory to capture the semantics of human observations is demonstrated through the implementation of a full fledged egocentric semantic reference system for the prototypical affordance of hikability that a mountain path affords to a hiker. The prototype uses real user-ratings from a community driven web portal.

Important-Satisfaction Analysis as a Management Strategy of the Seoul Castle Path - Mainly with Bukak Mountain Path -

Important-Satisfaction Analysis as a Management Strategy of the Seoul Castle Path - Mainly with Bukak Mountain Path -

Harriette Simpson Arnow: A Biographical Sketch

Harriette Simpson Arnow:A Biographical Sketch Sandra L. Ballard (bio) Harriette Simpson Arnow (1908-1986) was born at home in Kentucky, in Wayne County, and she grew up in Burnside, in Pulaski County. She graduated from Burnside High School (1924) and attended Berea College (1924-26), earning a teaching certificate there. By the time she was 18, she was a teacher in a one-room school in Pulaski County. She then left rural Kentucky to complete an undergraduate degree at the University of Louisville (BS, education, 1931). She moved to Cincinnati in 1934 and held a variety of "short hour" jobs as a waitress, typist, and clerk to support herself as a writer. She had success as a writer of short stories and published her first novel, Mountain Path (1936). Her novel Between the Flowers, written in 1938, was published posthumously (1999). While working for the WPA as a writer and researcher in Cincinnati, she met Harold B. Arnow (1908-1985), a journalist who courted her with stories of his Alaskan adventures and life in Chicago. They were married in 1939. The couple bought a farm at the edge of the Cumberland National Forest in a community called Keno, not far from Burnside, and lived there for five years (1939-1945). They became parents of four children, two of whom lived to adulthood: Marcella Jane Arnow (September 22, 1941- February 14, 2010) and Thomas Louis Arnow (December 15, 1946). During World War II, they were among the people who left the Southern Appalachian mountains in record numbers for Northern industrial centers, moving in 1945 to public housing in Detroit and then buying 40 acres on Nixon Road in Ann Arbor in 1950. In Detroit, Harold worked as a reporter for the Detroit Times, and Harriette completed her remarkable novel, Hunter's Horn (1949), a best seller and one of the ten best American novels of 1949. The Dollmaker (1954) received recognition as runner-up (to Faulkner's A Fable) for the National Book Award. Known for the historical authenticity of her fiction and the compelling storytelling in her histories, Arnow published two award-winning history books: Seedtime on the Cumberland (1960) and Flowering of the Cumberland (1963), which reconstruct the transitional years of early exploration and settlement along the Cumberland River, from 1780-1803. In 1963, Harold was hired by [End Page 24] the Michigan Heart Association, and worked there until his retirement ten years later. Old Burnside (1976), Harriette Arnow's only autobiographical book, is a valuable account of her childhood in Kentucky. In The Weedkiller's Daughter (1970), her only novel set entirely outside of Kentucky, Arnow examines themes of American history of the 1950s and 1960s. Her final published novel, The Kentucky Trace: A Novel of the American Revolution (1974), is historical fiction about frontier identities. At the end of her life, she was revising a Civil War novel, Belle. Through her writing, Harriette Arnow was drawn to explore the effects of big historical events on ordinary families, to record daily events and common struggles in unflinching and insightful ways that revealed them as realistic and extraordinary. The Arnows never sold their land in Kentucky, and when Harold Arnow died on February 20, 1985, he was buried in the Cassada family cemetery in Keno, Kentucky. Harriette died at home on March 22, 1986, and was buried next to her husband. The principal collection of Arnow's manuscripts and personal correspondence is in the Special Collections at the University of Kentucky's Margaret I. King Library in Lexington, Kentucky. Smaller collections of letters and other materials are located at Berea College and the University of Louisville in Kentucky. Arnow's correspondence with editor Granville Hicks is in the George Arents Research Library for Special Collections at Syracuse University. Letters to and from Detroit political activist Josephine Gomon are in the Bentley Library at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, which also has correspondence from Arnow in the Hopwood Awards Collection. Eastern Kentucky University Library has letters between Arnow and Kentucky author John Wilson Townsend. Arnow's novels have been reissued by the University Press of Kentucky and Michigan State University Press, which will soon release new editions...

Harriette Simpson Arnow's First Novel: A New Look at Mountain Path

Harriette Simpson Arnow's First Novel: A New Look at Mountain Path

Possessed by Love, Thwarted by the Bell

Possessed by Love, Thwarted by the Bell Tamagusuku Chōkun Written around 1719 by Tamagusuku Chōkun, Shūshin Kani’iri (Possessed by Love, Thwarted by the Bell) is one of the earliest kumi odori and continues to be one of the most frequently performed. For the 250 years following the development of kumi odori, the most important performances were in the context of ukwanshin, entertainments for the official envoys sent to the Ryūkyū Kingdom by the Chinese emperor. With the demise of the Ryūkyūan court in 1879, the genre languished until it was designated as an important cultural asset by the Japanese government in 1972. This translation of a version of Shūshin Kani’iri includes stage directions and choreography based on the practice of Kin Ryōshō, an important twentieth-century master of the traditional form. Cast of Characters wakamatsi, a young aristocrat woman, a village girl demon chief priest first novice second novice third novice Wakamatsi’s Travel Song: “Chin Bushi” 1 The singer, who plays the sanshin, is accompanied by flute [hansō] and drum [kodaiko]. He expresses wakamatsi’s thoughts as the character enters from upstage right in the slow, stylized walk of classical dance. wakamatsi wears a salmon pink bingata kimono that is pulled up, revealing his red leggings and tabi. The short stick he carries and the wicker hat [hana amigasa] signify that he is on a journey. [End Page 98] singer Even when the shining sunlight in the west has become slanted to the length of a cloth, 2 I am going alone, to Shuri because of court service. Wakamatsi moves a few steps in one direction, turns and tries another. Finally halting in confusion, he faces the audience and introduces himself, his voice rising and falling in the gentle chant of wagin delivery. wakamatsi I am Wakamatsi of Nakagusiku. As I must serve at the court I am going up to Shuri. In the dark night of the twentieth of the month I have lost my way. The mountain paths are especially heavy with dew. He looks at his sleeve, indicating weariness, then glances toward his right. Toward the light at the edge of that village I shall go, and there ask for a night’s lodging. He moves upstage right and halts, facing the wings. Is someone in this house? May I ask for your assistance? The day set while I was traveling, and I have lost my way. Have pity on me and let me stay this night. woman [ Offstage ] Who is this that wants to have lodging so late in the evening? Because my parents are away, I cannot do such a thing on my own. wakamatsi In this world even the dew borrows its lodging on a flower. Please have mercy on me and provide me with lodging. woman If I let someone stay for the night while my parents are out, it will become known to others and rumors may arise. wakamatsi When you have said your parents are away and you cannot act on your own, it is hard for me to repeat my request. [End Page 99] But I am Wakamatsi of Nakagusiku. As I have service at the court, I am going up to Shuri. In the dark night of the twentieth day, I cannot see the way to the capital, I do not know the way to return. So I have been at a loss. Please have pity and let me stay overnight. Song: “Hwishi Bushi” 3 The singer accompanied only by his sanshin sings the woman’s thoughts as she enters from upstage right and circles behind wakamatsi. She pauses and moves the lamp back so that she can see his face more clearly, then circles behind to survey him from the other side. Her pink bingata kimono is untied since she is at home and reveals her red and pink half-kimono, white skirt, and red tabi that she wears underneath. singer Now that I realize it is you why should I refuse your request for lodging? Through the long winter’s night let us have conversation. As she turns away wakamatsi moves and both kneel on the...

The Mystery of Movie Stardom

The Mystery of Movie Stardom Robert B. Ray (bio) “Social Sequence Theory” and the Need for Memorable Examples “Remember,” Amherst College professor Theodore Baird once cheerfully confided to a colleague, “education doesn’t work.”1 Baird reached that conclusion by teaching English for over forty years at one of America’s best colleges, but his remark has wider implications for learning and thinking, activities that require a continual negotiation between specific details and general concepts. In effect, Baird proposed the classroom as a lab where experiments in learning and thinking take place, and any teacher can tell stories about how students will surprise you, and not always in a good way. Recently, while grading an exam question about Italian scriptwriter Cesare Zavattini’s analogy for Neorealism, I kept encountering the baffling phrase, social sequence theory. The light dawned when I realized that the class and I had been engaged in a version of Chinese Whispers, the old parlor game where a message initiated at one end of the table comes back unrecognizable after making the rounds of the guests. In a discussion about Neorealism, I had suggested that Zavattini had modeled his ideas on social science; one student seems to have written this phrase down as social sequence theory, and the others who borrowed his notes simply fell in line, accepting it without question. The mistake is instructive: it indicates that (1) in certain situations, most of us will readily—indeed eagerly—offer as “an answer” something that we ourselves don’t understand; and (2) we remember details far better than ideas, especially, even almost exclusively, ones singled out for notice. All but the best students have trouble defining the general issue posed by a leading question. Even the least industrious, however, can supply detailed descriptions of the particular scenes considered in class. In effect, many students, and indeed, most people, resemble the elderly Thomas Hardy, who once admitted that he had “no philosophy—merely a confused heap of impressions, like those of a bewildered child at a conjuring show.”2 Is this situation really so surprising? Nearly a century ago, Proust began showing us how our memories organize themselves around concrete sensations—tastes, smells, sounds. T. S. Eliot noticed the same thing: Why, for all of us, out of all that we have heard, seen, felt, in a lifetime, do certain images recur, charged with emotion, rather than others? The song of one bird, the leap of one fish, at a particular place and time, the scent of one flower, an old woman on [End Page 175] a German mountain path, six ruffians seen through an open window playing cards at night at a small French railway junction where there was a water-mill: such memories may have symbolic value, but of what we cannot tell, for they come to represent the depths of feeling into which we cannot peer.3 Eliot’s memories resemble striking film scenes; Wittgenstein would deploy such scenes for philosophy, in an activity he called “assembling reminders for a particular purpose.”4 Denying that he had any “philosophical theses” to offer, Wittgenstein insisted that “What I invent are new similes,”5 which took shape as concrete images: a safe that needs unlocking, a hair on the tongue that eludes your grasp, a man imprisoned in a room. “We now demonstrate a method, by examples,” Wittgenstein remarked, “and the series of examples can be broken off.”6 In a similar vein, Stanley Cavell has drawn attention to the philosopher J. L. Austin’s reliance on stories and examples, whose role, Cavell suggests, “is a topic of inexaggeratable importance.”7 Elaborating on the value of such examples, Cavell has described his own particular fondness for a story of Austin’s that distinguishes between doing something “by mistake” and doing something “by accident”:8 You have a donkey, so have I, and they graze in the same field. The day comes when I conceive a dislike for mine. I go to shoot it, draw a bead on it, fire: the donkey falls in its tracks. I inspect the victim, and find to my horror that it is your donkey . . . [for Cavell, a mistake] Then again, I go...

Ecological characterization of supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.) germplasm from the Italian Alps

AbstractA collection was carried out in the Italian Alps to gather local genetic resources and acquire information on the ecological adaptation of supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.), a cool‐season grass native to the Alpine region in Europe. It has potential for pastures and a growing interest for turfs, owing to excellent traffic, shade and cold tolerance. Available germplasm for research and breeding is scant, and extensive collections are needed to enable further development of adapted materials. Alpine germplasm has already proved valuable for breeding at lower altitude in pioneering selection work carried out in Germany. Extensive exploration throughout different environments, mostly above 1600 m elevation, yielded fifty‐five novel populations. Collections largely occurred in environments exposed to heavy disturbance by livestock, but it was also frequently found on very poor substrates along mountain paths and dirt roads, or around buildings. Some populations were present locally in shaded environments. Preliminary ex‐situ observations indicated likely among‐population variation to occur for important traits of breeding relevance such as disease and drought tolerance. Genetic variation for adaptive traits, although unproven, is hypothesized given the diversified habitats where the species was collected across the Italian Alps.

Dispersion of Vascular Plant in An-do, Korea

The vascular plants observed in the area were composed of a total of 342 taxa; 104 families, 239 genus, 309 species, 30 varieties, 2 forms and 1 sub-species. The endangered species found in the area were Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schm. and Milletia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) A.Gray. The five endemic plants were found growing in the area like Carpinus coreana Nakai., Celtis choseniana Nakai, Clematis trichotoma, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora and Weigela subsessilis L.H.Bailey. Specialized plants of Geumodo were a total of 45 species; 34 taxa in Grade I, 10 taxa in Grade III, and 1 taxon in Grade V. Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schm. and Milletia japonica (Siebold & Zucc.) A.Gray confirmed in this study formed a colony alongside the coast and mountain paths. Currently, the construction to build water supply and sewer systems destroyed part of the colony. Therefore, in the long-term perspective, the conservation plan such as comprehensive research and monitoring on the ecosystem shall be established to protect indeciduous plants in the warm temperate zone.

Front and Back Covers, Volume 25, Number 1. February 2009

Front cover caption, volume 25 issue 1A boy shows off on his horse at the annual festival of racing, games and music in Barsko'on, Kyrgyzstan in October 2007. The festival includes endurance races of up to 36 kilometres over steep, rocky mountain paths and streams, a far cry from the bowling‐green surfaces of Churchill Downs and Newmarket.Abdildechan, an expert in horse games in Kyzyl Suu, explained that horse games and competitions such as these derive from the importance of horses to the nomadic and warrior traditions of the Kyrgyz people. Horses enable people to move away from danger, he explained, and are also essential for work and food. Cars are becoming increasingly common in Kyrgyzstan, but many people believe that they will never completely replace horses in this mountainous region. ‘Young people may have cars’, says shepherd Jakshylyck Orgochor, ‘but where there is a Kyrgyz person there is always a horse: a horse is a man's wings’.In this issue, Rebecca Cassidy scrutinizes claims about the distinctiveness of the Kyrgyz horse and considers the political consequences of evaluating domesticated animals on the basis of contested categories including ‘breed’ and ‘type’.Back Cover: HUMAN‐ANIMAL RELATIONSRos Coard, lecturer in archaeology and specialist in archaeozoology and forensic taphonomy in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Wales Lampeter, examines forensic evidence taken from the scene of a suspected big cat kill in West Wales, UK.The skulls in the foreground belong to an array of known big cat species, and Coard compared tooth pit data from these skulls with those found in sheep and horses killed in unusual circumstances. These data have been used to provide evidence for the existence of at least one large predatory felid in West Wales.However, even without this scientific corroboration, many people around the UK report sightings of non‐endemic ‘alien’ big cats (ABCs) on a regular basis, attributing to them an almost mythical status, and this makes them an interesting phenomenon to be considered from an anthropological perspective.Coard has been working collaboratively with Samantha Hurn, an anthropologist who has been documenting narratives relating to big cat sightings in West Wales. In this issue of ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY, Hurn outlines the data collected so far. She argues that ABCs do, indeed, exist in West Wales, and discusses how and why her informants from the local Welsh farming community regard these predators in positive terms. Many see ABCs as both important keystone species performing the valuable function of keeping other problematic predators (notably foxes) in check, and highly politicized animals who symbolize their own marginalized position within contemporary UK society.As Lévi‐Strauss put it long ago, animal‐human relations are, indeed, good to think with.

Littoral Crustaceans in Lakes of Conguillio National Park (38°S), Araucania Region, Chile

The water bodies located in the southern Andes are mainly characterized by their relatively great depth and large surface in combination with oligotrophy and glacial origin (Steinhart et al., 2002). In the same area, there are numerous small oligotrophic lakes in high mountain valleys, located in zones with native forests composed of Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. & Endl.), N. pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser, N. dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst., and Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch (cf. Marticorena & Rodriguez, 1995, 2003; Pauchard & Alaback, 2004). Also between 40 and 41?S, Eitzroya cupressoides Mol. (Johnston) is abundant and coexists with N. dombeyi, Drymis winteri J. R. Forst & G. Forst, and Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. in mountain zones (Marticorena & Quezada, 1985; Marticorena & Rodriguez, 1995, 2001, 2003; Steinhart et al., 1999). Many of these lakes are located in zones protected by the Chilean government (Steinhart et al., 2002; De los R?os et al., 2007), and many also present problems in accessing them as access to the water bodies is invariably possible only by walking along mountain paths (Steinhart et al., 2002; De los Rios et al., 2007). The present study was done in Conguillio National Park, an area protected by the Chilean government and characterized by the presence of mainly Araucaria araucana, coexisting there with Nothofagus ant?rctica (G. Forst) Oerst., N. pumilio, and N. dombeyi (cf. Pauchard & Alaback, 2004). This park is located in the surroundings of the active Llaima volcano, and the activity of this volcano has determined both the kind of forest communities (Pollman, 2003; Mu?oz-Pedreros et al., 2007), and the aquatic biota of the local water bodies (Araneda et al., 2007). The studied site was visited in February and March 2007, and four lakes were taken into consideration: the lakes Verde, Arcoiris, Conguillio, and Captren (table I). Horizontal hauls were made in the littoral zones with an Apstein net with 20 cm mouth diameter and 100 /xm

A Ballad Romantically Restored

A Ballad Romantically Restored John Hollander For Paul Fry Westron Wynd when will thou blow, The small rain down can rain Christ if my love were in my armes, And I in my bed againe. Then up he rose upon the heath So dry all summer long, His love lay dreaming, far away— Nor heard his wearied song, Nor saw him stride toward the setting sun Leaving far behind The blasted east, troubled and plain, Beclouded and unkind, Nor felt the beat of his anxious heart, The touch of his distant hand, As she lay shivering in her bed In an unpromised land. He gathered up his heavy harp Whose strings were weak and slack, And sighing like a dying wind, He slung it on his back; He seized his never-flowering staff, And with a heavy heart Set out upon the narrow way Where two paths forked apart [End Page 89] And to the right lay the darkling wood Which strips of all who enter Memories of where they had been, Like leaves plucked down by winter; And to the left lay the gleaming field Which hides in its golden floor The memories of where one is, What one is headed for. And straight ahead where the path died out A steep hill slowly rose, And at its top a silent spot Where the air was in repose, Where no wind blew through his silent harp Nor thrummed its slackened strings, Though it plucked the branches of the trees With thousands of unseen wings. And when he gained that silent spot He gazed toward the faraway And bitterly unpromised land Where, shivering, she lay But saw no more than the prostrate earth Maimed by occasional hills, And felt no more than the warm grey air Whose very silence chills. And there he called to the wind again And again he made his plea Without the sounds of bird or brook To lend some melody: Northron wind when will thou sweep Away the feverish air? But no wind blew through his silent harp Nor thrummed the strands of his hair. Eastern wind when will thou bring A message from her to me? But the east wind answered not a word As it blew from the eastern sea. [End Page 90] Southern wind where hast thou fled From dale and lake and hill? O rare is the good wind that blows No one any ill, And the knowing wind with a will to do One well is rarer still. But no wind blew through his silent harp Nor caused the boughs to moan, He was left trembling on that hill Unanswered and alone. Then down he went and many a mile He strode along the path, Heedless of the sweltering sun And the great rain's wrath. And now he came to a narrow lake Girt by a shelf of stone, Its surface mirrored nothing, its depths Returned an unwindy moan: Dark and still are my silent deeps Hiding all images there That first alight on my glittering face Reflecting but empty air Where she is and how she fares Cannot be seen from here As you sit alone on a shelf of stone And your hope dries into fear. Could you but hear the talk of the winds You could not understand: But know that she lies alone and ill In an unpromised land. Alone and ill in a goatherd's hovel Along a mountain path Raving with merciless fever and chills, Racked by the four wind's wrath [End Page 91] Herself unknowing of where you are Or how she had come to lie Alone with only a muttering crone Waiting for her to die. Call then no more to the deafened winds And seek no more to know Where to find her, even in what Direction you must go. With never a word in answer then He knew, by the water's side, That the paths toward only nowhere With emptiness to guide, Could take him to her who...