Mountain Fortress Research Articles

인조~숙종대 산성중시와 邑治移設論의 전개

인조~숙종대 산성중시와 邑治移設論의 전개

The Movement of the Local Administration in Hadong County and Jeongan-bong Mountain Fortress

The Movement of the Local Administration in Hadong County and Jeongan-bong Mountain Fortress

Defeating Guerrilla Logistics: Soviet Operation ‘Trap’ in Western Afghanistan

ABSTRACTIn preparation for withdrawing from Afghanistan, the Soviets targeted key guerrilla logistics trans-shipment depots located in remote, difficult-to-access regions. One of these was located on the Iranian border in the vicinity of Herat. The Soviet 40th Army and Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan launched a successful, hard-fought battle to take down this mountain fortress and destroyed large amounts of war stocks before withdrawing. It was a blow to guerrilla efforts, but was not decisive. Redundant guerrilla logistics networks were able to sustain the guerrilla effort following the battle.

중고기 신라의 대(代)와 대법(代法)에 대한 고찰 : 함안 성산산성 17차 발굴조사 출토 사면 문서목간을 중심으로

중고기 신라의 대(代)와 대법(代法)에 대한 고찰 : 함안 성산산성 17차 발굴조사 출토 사면 문서목간을 중심으로

A Study on the Change in Occupation Influence through Observation of Woelpyoeng Mountain Fortress and Woelpyoengdong site Relics

A Study on the Change in Occupation Influence through Observation of Woelpyoeng Mountain Fortress and Woelpyoengdong site Relics

竹州의 歷史的 變遷과 竹州山城

이 논문에서는 죽주의 역사적인 변화에 유의하면서 각 시대마다의 지방행정체계에서 죽주산성의 기능과 성격이 어떻게 변화했는지를 검토하고자 하였다.BR 이곳은 처음 한성백제의 영역으로 산성 역시 이 시기에 初築되었을 가능성이 높다. 서남쪽으로 진출하려는 한성백제의 군사 거점성으로 활용되었을 것이다. 5세기 후반 고구려의 한강 진출로 고구려 영역에 편입되어 개차산군이 설치되었고, 백제 방비를 위한 거점성으로 사용되었다. 6세기 후반 신라의 한강 진출로 개차산성의 성격은 변화하였다. 신라의 대 중국 항로에서 교통상의 위치가 부각되었다. 8세기 중엽 군현의 명칭이 개산군으로 변경되됨에 따라 개차산성은 개산성으로 바뀌었고, 태수와 같은 지방관이 파견되었다. 이때 개산성은 治所城으로 사용되었으며, 찰산성으로도 불렸다. 이곳에는 박씨가 토호세력으로 자리했고, 이들은 9세기 후반 ‘개산장군’정도로 불렸을 기훤 · 궁예 등과 주도권을 두고 경쟁하였다. 10세기 전반에는 고려 태조가 능달을 앞세워 이곳을 후백제 공격의 배후기지로 삼았다.BR 고려 태조 23년(940) 지방제도 정비로 이곳은 죽주로 바뀌었고, 산성의 명칭도 죽주산성으로 바뀌었다. 그 성격이 경주를 중심으로 하는 신라 변경에서 개경을 중심으로 교통망이 연결된 내륙행정도시로 변화했음을 의미한다. 여전히 죽주산성은 죽주의 치소성으로 사용되다가 명종 2년(1172) 감무가 설치되어 지방관을 파견하여 그 치소는 조선시대의 읍치가 있던 곳으로 옮겨졌을 것이다. 이후 죽주산성은 고종 23년(1236) 9월 송문주 장군이 몽고군과 전투에서 승리한 것에서처럼 대외적인 침입에 대응한 入保城으로 기능하였다.BR 조선 태종 13년(1413) 한양을 중심으로 지방행정체제가 개편되면서 이곳은 다시 죽산산성으로 변화하였다. 군현의 명칭이 죽산으로 개편되었기 때문이다. 조선의 방어체제가 한양을 옹위하기 위해 북쪽을 중심으로 재편되어 죽산산성은 그 용도를 잃고 적어도 15세기 중반 이전에 폐성된 것으로 보인다. 그런데 임진왜란을 전후하여 그 중요성은 재주목되었고, 수축의 필요성이 제기되었다. 본격적인 수축은 선조 37년(1604) 12월 말부터 이듬해 6월 말까지 6개월간 이루어졌다. 또 병자호란 때에도 활용되었고, 이후 국가의 변란시에 인근 지역의 군사들이 산성에 들어가 지키는 속영 체제에 편제되었다. 18세기 초부터는 남한산성 수어청을 옹위하는 5군영의 후영으로 기능했지만, 곧 폐성되었다.

Building a Mountain Fortress for India: Sympathy, Imagination and the Reconfiguration of Ladakh into a Border Area

ABSTRACTThis article examines the relationship between affect and the state in post-colonial India, foregrounding sympathy as a feeling that arises from the embodied encounters and interactions between the state and a local population through state-building in the Himalayas. It establishes the emergence of sympathy in the materiality of the Himalayas and in the historical conjuncture of the passage to Indian nationhood in Ladakh, which was marked by the mobilisation of the local population in the defence of the territory of India amid the first Indo-Pakistani war (1947–48). This article argues that sympathy, in leading the state to reimagine the population of Ladakh, is integral to the reconfiguration of the region into a border area and to the rethinking of the sovereignty of the Indian state at its Himalayan frontier.

삼척 오화리산성과 신라사적 의미

삼척 오화리산성과 신라사적 의미

From Bandit Cell Phones to Branding the Nation: Three Moments of Shanzhai in WTO-era China

This article examines three significant moments of the shanzhai discourse in WTO-era China. Literally referring to a “mountain fortress” occupied by antiofficial bandits, shanzhai is a new term for wide-ranging knockoff products and copycat media forms. Often invoking Robin-Hood-like righteousness, it connotes a sense of defiance against the globalizing intellectual property rights regime. My account traces shanzhai's rise in the informal mobile phones sector in southern China to its proliferation on the Internet and its representation on state-run television. The discursive formation of shanzhai, I argue, makes visible an imaginary of collectivity, one that disrupts the state's continuous claim to “the nation” as a signifier for “the people.” To realign the national interest with that of “the people,” state media reshapes the shanzhai discourse by separating “shanzhai economy” from “shanzhai culture.” While the fixation of the former as “the illicit” and “the fake” allows the state to re-emerge as a protector of the people, the acknowledgment of the latter reinserts the state as a leader who can direct the energy of “the people” toward national progress. The meaning-making capacity of shanzhai is thus reworked to fit with a value-making notion of creativity so as to be channeled into a developmental force suitable for building the nation's own brands. The ideological struggles manifested in these shanzhai moments call for new perspectives in understanding the Chinese state's operation in globalization.

Archaeological Consideration of Jeong - an Mountain Fortress

Archaeological Consideration of Jeong - an Mountain Fortress

The Castle of Smar Jbeil—A Frankish Feudal Stronghold in Lebanon

ABSTRACT Smar Jbeil is a medieval stronghold built during the Crusader period. A feudal mountain castle belonging to the barony of Boutron (Batrun), it was part of the Crusader county of Tripoli. The castle witnessed three consecutive phases of construction. The first phase is dated to the first quarter of the twelfth century AD. The barbican was built in third phase of construction, and its architectural elements date to the beginning of the second half of the twelfth century AD. This typical mountain fortress acted as a military observation post, controlling the settlements and sites of the inner countryside.

Provincial Structure and Tax System of Silla Seen in Mokkans of Seongsan Mountain Fortress in Haman

Provincial Structure and Tax System of Silla Seen in Mokkans of Seongsan Mountain Fortress in Haman

A Study on GunHyeon(郡縣) and Chisoseong(治所城) in Ancient Korea - Focused on the Hagseongsanseong mountain fortress in Asan -

A Study on GunHyeon(郡縣) and Chisoseong(治所城) in Ancient Korea - Focused on the Hagseongsanseong mountain fortress in Asan -

The fortress gate structure and change process of Baekje stone mountain fortress

The fortress gate structure and change process of Baekje stone mountain fortress

Restoration of Iksan Imperial Capital City Structure and Construction Model in Late Baekje from the Point of Ancient Capital City Planning

This study aims to draw out planning principles and structure of Iksan imperial capital city in late Baekje, especially in view of the relationship among imperial capital city planning area, skeletal axis and the location of royal castle. With site survey and analysis of historical records, old maps, topographical maps, archeological excavation data, land registration map of 1915, some significant inferences were drawn out. Firstly from the point of topological conditions, the contiguous line of a stratum from Mireuk mountain(彌勒山) to Wangkung-ri castle(王宮里遺蹟) and two waterways made a topological axis of Iksan Imperial capital city. Secondly district of Iksan imperial capital city can be deduced to the inner area north to Kummado soil wall(金馬都土城), south to the confluence of Iksan river(益山川) and Busang river(扶桑川), west to Okum mountain fortress(五金山城) and Galjeon river(葛田川), east to line near to eastern wall of Jesuksa temple(帝釋寺). Iksan ssang-reung(益山雙陵) was located outside western boundary line of capital city. Thirdly axis from Wangkung-ri castle to northern Kummado soil wall made a skeletal axis of city structure. It got through northern lowland along Buk river(北川) between Yonghwa(龍華山) and Mireuk mountain. Fourthly the location of royal palace can be deduced to the north part of the city around Kumma town area along the planning principle of northern royal palace.

A Research on the history of Baek-suk-jeong(白石亭) in Baek-suk-dongcheon(白石洞天)

This article studies on the history of the bower of Baeksukjeong(白石亭) in Baeksukdongcheon(白石洞天) which is located in the northern valley of mountain Baekak(白岳), the east side of Tangchoondae(蕩春臺) near the mountain of Bookhansan(北漢山). The history of the bower of Baeksukjeong(白石亭) has been not known recently and the only ruins of the bower remains. The area of Tangchoondae(蕩春臺), the northern area of the North Gate(Changiumoon彰義門) of capital city had not been open to common people except royal retainer and ministers until 18th century in Jo-sun(朝鮮) dynasty when the mountain fortress wall of Bookhansansung(北漢山城) was built by King Sook-jong(肅宗). Since the structure of the mountain fortress wall - middle castle - city castle was constructed, this area became the place for excursion and association of literary group and noblemen. In 18th century, some literary group retired from political affairs and left out of practical politics, as group of Mam-in(南人), So-ron(少論), Sil-hak(實學), school of Gang-wha(江華學派) and literary men from middle class(委巷文人), enjoyed an outcoming to this area and get together to compose poems and some writings in Tangchoondae(蕩春臺), Samgye(三溪), Bookhansanseong(北漢山城) and temples in Bookhansan(北漢山). Among them, Heo-pill(許?) built some small cottage called by bower of Baeksukjeong(白石亭) or Ganjeongryo(看鼎寮) in Baeksukdongcheon(白石洞天) valley to live a lonely life of composing poems and drawings. There was a big rock in the opposite hill to the site of bower Baeksukjeong(白石亭), on which the letter ‘月巖(Wal-am)’ was carved very distinctly. Gang-sae-dong(姜世東) had his a small thatched cottage near this rock. Heo-pill(許?) and his friends, Kang se-whang(姜世晃), Yi Yong-Hue(李用休) and Yim Hee-seong(任希聖) were scholars of Ma-min(南人) or so-book(小北) group who left out of practical politics to enjoy lonely life and made some excursion in this area. But the bower of Baeksukjeong(白石亭) was collapsed and later history of the site was not well known. The famous scholar in 18-19th century, Kim Jeong-hee(金正喜) whose father was known that he had some villa in the site of Baeksukjeong(白石亭). Tangchoondae(蕩春臺), Bookhansan(北漢山) and Saegumjeong(洗劍亭) was famous for excursion site of contemporary men of power influence but Baeksukdongcheon(白石洞天) valley near those places was not well known because of the geographical condition and was just a place for specific group of retired literary men in 18th century.

The Characteristics of Noin of Silla in the Sixth Century - Focusing on the Uljin-Bongpyeong Monument of Silla and the Wooden Tablets of the Seongsan Mountain Fortress -

신라의 노인은 일반민과 차별화된 특수한 존재이다. 노인은 6세기 신라사회의 신분질서, 특히 하층민의 존재형태를 밝힐 수 있는 중요한 법적 신분이다. 본고는 6세기 신라 노인의 성격을 검토한 내용이다. 주로 <울진봉평신라비>(524년)와 <성산산성목간>(560년경)의 노인 자료를 분석하였다.BR 먼저 <울진봉평신라비>의 별교령을 검토하여, ‘前時 王大敎法’을 기준으로 하여 촌락표기에 일정한 변화가 있음을 밝혀내었다. 곧 前時에 王이 大敎法을 시행한 결과, 居伐牟羅와 男?只는 이전의 단순한 노인 집단이 아니었다. 지방행정체계 속의 정식 奴人村으로 자리매김하게 되었다.BR 다음으로 <성산산성목간>에 보이는 노인의 성격을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 노인을 私奴婢로 볼 수가 없음을 확인하였다. 아울러 노인 목간에 등장하는 2인의 성격을 물품발송자와 국가적 차원의 輸役에 동원된 운송자(노인)로 파악하였다.BR 마지막으로 노인의 명칭을 분석하고, 이를 통해 노인의 신분적 속성과 직역을 도출하였다. 그리하여 6세기 신라 노인의 성격은 身良役賤의 처지에 있었던 신분임을 밝혀내었다.

A Study on the Structure and Changes of stony collecting basin in ancient mountain fortress

A Study on the Structure and Changes of stony collecting basin in ancient mountain fortress

The Building of Mountain Fortresses and the Battle in Gyeong Sang Do(慶尙道) at the Japanese Invasion during 1592~1598(壬辰倭亂)

The Building of Mountain Fortresses and the Battle in Gyeong Sang Do(慶尙道) at the Japanese Invasion during 1592~1598(壬辰倭亂)

기장산성 집수지의 구조와 변화양상

This paper looked into the structure of and changes in the building process of Gijang mountain fortress and its receiving reservoir by analyzing data from an excavation investigation. The structure of the receiving reservoir may be classified into a flat form, stone sheath, floor facility, wall facility, and entry and exit facility. The flat form of the Gijang mountain fortress and receiving reservoir is round. Concerning the sectional form, the wall was obliquely excavated in the trapezoid. As a stone sheath building method, it was built by undertaking a range work of oblong stone materials in a clockwise direction on a stamped soil floor. Then, it was treated with stamping using double layers of gray clay and yellowish brown clay on the floor and the wall. Also, in a space between the stamped layers on the floor, herbal plants and a straw mat were laid for waterproofing as well as to prevent sinking. As an entry and exit facility, two facilities were confirmed symmetrically in the southeast and in the northwest. It is believed that they were built additionally during rebuilding after the initial construction. The building process was revealed to have been carried out in 8 stages. Given the structure and excavated remains, the building period is estimated to be the early to mid 7th century for the initial building, the later 9th to 11th centuries for the primary rebuilding, and the later 16th to early 17th centuries for the secondary rebuilding.