Mountain Communities Research Articles

A versatile low-cost sensing device for assessing PM2.5 spatiotemporal variation and quantifying source contribution

This study evaluated a newly developed sensing device, AS-LUNG-O, against a research-grade GRIMM in laboratory and ambient conditions and used AS-LUNG-O to assess PM2.5 spatiotemporal variations at street levels of an Asian mountain community, which represented residents' exposure (at the interface of atmosphere and human bodies leading to potential health impacts). In laboratory, R2 of 1-min AS-LUNG-O and GRIMM was 0.95±0.04 (n=64,179 for 40 sets). After conversion with individual correction equations, their correlation in ambient tests was 0.93±0.05, with absolute % difference of only 10±9%. Ten AS-LUNG-O sets were installed at street sites with another one at 10m above ground on July 1-28 and December 2-31, 2017 in Nantou, Taiwan. Important source contributions to PM2.5 were quantified with regression analysis. Temporal variation expressed as the daily max/mean of 5-min PM2.5 reached 13.7 in July and 12.2 in December. Spatial variation expressed as the percent coefficients of variance (%CV) across ten community locations was 22%±20% (max: 199%) in July and 19±18% (max: 206%) in December. Incremental contribution from the stop-and-go traffic, market, temple, and fried-chicken vendor to PM2.5 at 3-5m away were 4.38, 3.90, 2.72, and 1.80μg/m3, respectively. Significant spatiotemporal variations and community source contributions revealed the importance of assessing neighborhood air quality for public health protection. For long-term air quality monitoring, the percentage of available power and signals of G-sensor provided indicative information of maintenance required. Advantages of low cost (USD 650), small size, light weight, solar power supply, backup data storage, waterproof housing, multiple-sensor flexibility, and high precision and accuracy (after correction) enable AS-LUNG-O to be widely applied in environmental studies.

Ethnic and Cultural Diversity amongst Yak Herding Communities in the Asian Highlands

Yak (Bos grunniens L.) herding plays an important role in the domestic economy throughout much of the Asian highlands. Yak represents a major mammal species of the rangelands found across the Asian highlands from Russia and Kyrgyzstan in the west to the Hengduan Mountains of China in the east. Yak also has great cultural significance to the people of the Asian highlands and is closely interlinked to the traditions, cultures, and rituals of the herding communities. However, increasing issues like poverty, environmental degradation, and climate change have changed the traditional practices of pastoralism, isolating and fragmenting herders and the pastures they have been using for many years. Local cultures of people rooted in the practice of yak herding are disappearing. Therefore, it is very important to document the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of yak herding. The broad aim of this paper was to provide a brief overview on the geographical distribution of yak in the Asian highlands and to provide in-depth information on yak-herding ethnic communities, the sociocultural aspect associated with yak herding, and challenges and emerging opportunities for yak herding in the Asian highlands. Altogether, 31 ethnic groups in 10 different countries of Asia and their cultures are documented herein. Yak was found to be utilized for many different household purposes, and to have cultural and religious aspects. Unfortunately, yak rearing and related traditions have been losing their charm in recent years due to modernization and several other environmental issues. Lastly, we suggest that there is an urgent need to take action to minimize the challenges faced by yak-herding mountain communities to conserve the traditional pastoral system and associated cultures of these ethnic communities.

The Effects of Industrial Railroad Logging on Batesville, Georgia

I am investigating the environmental effects of the logging industry on the Batesville community; more specifically the effects of the logging industry on the Soque River. By unveiling the environmental effects of the logging industry on the Southern Appalachians and the Soque River in Batesville, I am adding a piece of Southern Appalachian history that has not been told. Furthermore, I am applying my findings of the Batesville community to other regional mountain communities.

PERUBAHAN SOSIAL KOMUNITAS SUKU ARFAK KABUPATEN PEGUNUNGAN ARFAK PAPUA BARAT

Changes in society related to changes in social values, norms, patterns of organizational behavior, the composition of social institutions, social interaction. Arfak Mountains Regency formed since 2012 through Law Number 24 of 2012 is the main district which was later divided into South Manokwari Regency and Arfak Mountains. The Arfak mountain community is referred to as the large Arfak tribe because it consists of several sub tribes namely Hatam, Moile, Sough and Meyah. This paper aims to provide an overview and information about social changes that occur in the Arfak tribal community in the Arfak Mountains Regency, West Papua Province. The method used is a literature review of various reports or scientific studies related to the context of social and cultural change in the Arfak tribal community. These materials were analyzed using Herbert Spencer's theories of social change, Talcot Parson, Kingsley Davis's modern theory (Demographic Transition). The results obtained show that social changes in the Arfak tribe in the Arfak Mountains District occur due to changes in the composition of the population, the existence of the Papua Special Autonomy Policy, the inclusion of new innovations, easier transportation, empowerment programs, changes in customary institutions and values and norms that have an impact positive and negative on people's lives.

The Women’s Fight: The Civil War’s Battles for Home, Freedom, and Nation by Thavolia Glymph

Reviewed by: The Women’s Fight: The Civil War’s Battles for Home, Freedom, and Nation by Thavolia Glymph Judith Giesberg (bio) The Women’s Fight: The Civil War’s Battles for Home, Freedom, and Nation. By Thavolia Glymph. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020. Pp. 384. Cloth, $34.95.) Reviewing the literature on women in 2002, Thavolia Glymph concluded that “the period of the Civil War and Reconstruction remains the most racially gendered and regionally segregated historiographical space in US history.”1 Civil War scholarship has made great, corrective strides since then. Scholars are removing the blinders that prevented our seeing when geography mattered less in women’s lives than race or class. The field is a whole lot less “battle-centric” than it once was, with few insisting that sharp lines marked the separation of battlefield from home front (217). It is fitting that Glymph’s new book seeks to further the work of breaking down the boundaries that still separate scholarship on black and white women, North and South, wealthy and poor. But it does more than integrate. The Women’s Fight stakes out new scholarly ground, arguing that black women’s labor—overlooked, coerced, dangerous, and often unremunerated—was central to the U.S. Army’s [End Page 585] success in the field. And, in highlighting how various women’s war “business”—slaves’, white slave-owning refugees’, poor southern whites’, and abolition-minded white northern volunteers’—brought them “colli[ding]” into one another, Glymph shows what was at stake for women whose “business” was ending slavery and for those who benefited from its perpetuation (2, 259). Whereas some scholarly distinctions seem no longer meaningful, this one remains essential in understanding women’s Civil War. Less clear are the book’s claims about the “home” referenced in the subtitle; this may be because no home was safely beyond the reach of the Civil War—at least none of those featured in the book. The Women’s Fight begins with white slaveholding women on the road as refugees, seeking to get themselves and their slave property beyond the reach of the U.S. Army. During their journey, they suffered some of the privations—dirt, cold, hunger—faced by the enslaved people who had been force-marched to the cotton frontier decades earlier. Things didn’t get any better for them once they made new homes in mountain communities in western North Carolina or the South Carolina upcountry, where their poor white neighbors did not welcome them and the airs they put on. Who wants new neighbors showing up and eating up meager food reserves? Particularly those who thought the local women were simply “ungrateful wretches,” as did Gertrude Clanton Thomas, or “corn women,” as did Mary Rhodes, when they came looking for help feeding their families (70, 74). Yet, when the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands arrived late in the war, women who had fled the Union army to protect their property in slaves were made over into “homeless Union refugees,” becoming the “refugees” in the bureau’s name and the recipients of Yankee sympathy and largesse (85). Not so the bureau’s “freedmen”—or, rather, the enslaved women who were left to make their freedom when slaveholding women fled. Enslaved women are the Civil War’s forgotten Unionists, “an undrafted, unwanted army of black women” who “shored up the antislavery ground” on which the U.S. Army would fight (97). Everyone knows that the 180,000 black men, most of them enslaved, who served in the U.S. Colored Troops provided a crucial boost for the Union war effort, entering the fight at a time when the army was stretched thin and in need of fresh recruits. Glymph’s “army of black women” can now join them in the scholarship on the won cause. Glymph previewed some of her thinking on black Unionist women in an essay in this journal’s September 2018 issue; here the subject gets a fuller treatment. Glymph reaches deep into a number of primary sources, including the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, the records of the Freedmen’s Bureau, and the Federal Writers’ Project interviews...

Evaluating effectiveness of payments for forest ecosystem services by propensity scores analysis

The Vietnamese Government have been implementing the Payment for Forest Ecosystem Service (PFES) since2008 with the aim of both improving natural forest status and enhancing income for mountainous community. Yet, effectiveness of the PFES scheme is now debated because of the shortage of experimental studies. So, the overall purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the PFES program by propensity scores analysis. To do so, the study randomly surveyed 469 households located in four districts across Quang Nam province and then estimated the Average Treatment Effect on Treated (ATET). It is found that: (1) the households within PFES had got a insignificantly higher income than those without PES in the short-run; (2) yet, PFES was effective in long-run due to the improvement on income for participants; (3) PFES had an important role in increasing income inequality. Although this study demonstrated reasonable results, some limitations still exist due to the objective reasons, thus more studies with alternative methods should be conducted to confirm the results of this study for better policies.

Interactions between birds and flowers of Rhododendron spp., and their implications for mountain communities in Nepal

Societal Impact StatementPlant–pollinator relationships are fundamentally important for the conservation of the terrestrial biodiversity that rural communities in low‐income countries rely upon. In Nepal, a country that is biologically rich but economically poor, Rhododendron forests provide a range of ecosystem services that are under threat from overexploitation and climate change. Here, we suggest a vital role for pollinating birds in ensuring the sexual reproduction, and thus the long‐term survival, of Rhododendron populations. In this respect, the pollinators are an important link between people and the plants on which they depend. However, we also highlight how little we know about these interactions, with significant knowledge gaps for even the most basic aspects of their ecology.

Un aspect du rôle des TIC dans une localité de montagne : étude du cas de Kamiyama, Japon

This paper explains the satellite office project in Kamiyama Town, which is located in a peripheral mountain area with an aging population in the Myōzai District of Tokushima Prefecture. Kamiyama has leveraged broadband to attract ICT industry from urban areas, create employment and encourage young workers to move to the town. Several key factors contributed to success in Kamiyama, including the capabilities of innovator companies, the capacity of the local host organization ‘Green Valley’, the existence of a horizontal network among companies that have moved to the area, and convenient access to home offices and markets in Tokyo and Osaka. On the other hand, a limited supply of old houses suitable for use as satellite offices and the cost of transportation to major cities are both significant barriers to the revitalization of this peripheral mountain village.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLE INDEX (HLI) TO THE OCCURRENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN MOUNTAINS, COASTAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIES

Background: Epidemiological transitions cause changes in disease trends from transmitted diseases to non-communicable diseases. One disease that continues to increase in prevalence and have a high-risk complication, namely hypertension. This disease has key risk factor namely lifestyle. The role of lifestyle on the incidence of hypertension is very close, especially in the community city. Surabaya has the highest prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia but has a prevalence and the role of lifestyle to the coastal and mountainous regions has not been studied so has not it is known whether hypertension is only concentrated in urban areas or also has an impact for coastal and mountainous regions.Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine relationship between the Healthy Lifestyle Index score to the occurrence of hypertension in mountainous, coastal, and urban communities.Method: This study was a cross sectional observational study. The samples in this study were 30 people in the coastal community, 30 people in the mountain community and 30 people in the urban community. All of respondents visiting the Supporting Public Health Center of Gili Ketapang, Supporting Public Health Center of Wonotoro, and Public Health Center of Kebonsari. Lifestyle assessment use the Tube version of Healthy Lifestyle Index (HLI) (2015) which consists of domains quality of the diet, physical activity, smoking behavior, and BMI. Data analysis uses statistical tests chi square test to determine the relationship HLI scores with the incidence of hypertension.Result: The relationship of HLI scores with the incidence of hypertension in mountainous communities, hypertension caused by smoking, while hypertension in coastal communities is caused because of eating patterns and lack of activity, hypertension in urban communities is caused due to unhealthy eating patterns, smoking, lack of activity and obesity.Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the Healthy Lifestyle Index score with the incidence of hypertension in mountainous, coastal and urban areas. Key words: Lifestyle, Hypertension, Mountains, Urban, Coastal.

Association between urinary urgency and falls among rural dwelling older women.

To examine the association between urinary urgency and falls in older women living in rural areas in South Korea. A secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data. This study used dataset obtained from 246 women aged 65years or older living in 15 rural mountain communities in South Korea between February 2016-March 2016. Falls were measured by self-reports including the number, location, reasons of falls during the past year. Frequency of urinary urgency and nocturia were assessed by self-reports. Covariates included age, body mass index, self-reported health problems. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression was used to analyse the association between urinary urgency and the number of falls. The mean age of the 246 women was 77.3years. Among the sample, 30.1% experienced at least one fall in the past year and 16% had required hospital treatments. The analysis showed that urinary urgency and osteoporosis were significantly associated with a greater number of falls after adjusting for other covariates. Among those who had experienced falls, nearly 60% reported that the reasons for falls were environmental factors, such as slippery floors or uneven sidewalks/thresholds. Improving urinary urgency may be a strategy to decrease the fall risk in older women. Accordingly, community nurses can provide intervention programs on lifestyle and behavioural changes such as bladder training, dietary modification and pelvic floor muscle training. Interventions for fall prevention need to be developed while considering the unique features of indoor and outdoor environments. The findings have implications for healthcare providers and policy makers with regard to the development of safer indoor and outdoor environments for older women living in rural areas by remodelling their residential spaces and neighbourhoods. In addition, more prospective studies using larger samples are needed to investigate the causal mechanism between urinary urgency and falls.

Social capital and entrepreneurial intention: empirical evidence from rural community of Pakistan

Understanding the antecedents of the entrepreneurial intentions is vital in development of entrepreneurship in a region. Entrepreneurship is considered as one of the important elements of local economic development which can be used to address the issues of poverty and scarcity of livelihood opportunities in rural areas of the world. This study investigates the influence of social capital on entrepreneurial intentions in rural area of Pakistan. For this purpose, a representative sample of 325 respondents has been selected from rural community in Gilgit-Baltistan. The constructed model has been estimated using the partial least square method and the results show that social capital has significant positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions by forming perceived desirability, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived social norms towards entrepreneurship. This study recommends rural community of Pakistan should be given awareness about the potential of entrepreneurship opportunities and such awareness programs have unique advantages to various segments of rural community. Women, unemployed individuals, and younger generations in particular may get the maximum benefits as people in mountainous regions have already limited earning options. In such a case, developing entrepreneurial intentions of the mountain community in Gilgit-Baltistan leads to understandings of benefits of initiating their own ventures, get economic advantages, and contribute to households’ income.

Success Factors of Irrigation Projects Based on A "Public–Private Partnership" Model in A Mountainous Area: A Case Study in the Nujiang River Valley, China

Irrigation systems are critical for food security and drought adaptation in mountainous areas. However, lack of funding and low efficacy of government-funded irrigation projects hinders irrigation infrastructure development. A public–private partnership (PPP) model is recommended for irrigation development, but its application in mountainous areas has not been well-documented and analyzed. Based on a case study of pumping station projects in the Lujiang Flatland in the Nujiang River Valley of Southwestern China, this paper aims to reveal the critical success factors of the PPP model in the development of agricultural irrigation infrastructure in mountainous areas. Results showed that the basic models of PPP projects in the study area can be described as follows: (1) private companies invested in and constructed pumping stations; (2) communities operated the stations; (3) farmers paid for the services; and (4) private companies profited from charging water fees, obtaining policy supports, or utilizing farmlands. The main success factors include: (1) rational project design according to local conditions; (2) multi-centered management mechanisms; (3) balanced cost- and risk-sharing mechanisms; and (4) building mutual trusts among stakeholders. This study offers applicable lessons and useful insights for irrigation water development projects and adaptation to drought in mountainous rural communities.

Barriers and requirements to climate change adaptation of mountainous rural communities in developing countries: The case of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China

Systematically identifying the barriers and requirements to adaptation is critical to the successful implementation of climate adaptation planning and policies at the local level, especially in the mountainous rural communities of developing countries with limited resources and technology. We conducted an empirical study of the barriers and requirements to adapting to climate change of 539 peasant households in an ecologically vulnerable area of China to enhance their resilience to climate change by improving our understanding of adaptation process and decision-making. Our findings indicated that farmers in the Gannan Plateau face multiple adaptation barriers, of which normative, information and technology barriers were more serious, such as lack of meteorological information service, infrastructure and technology extension in agriculture or animal husbandry. Adaptation requirements are an important way to effectively reduce or eliminate obstacles and improve farmers' adaptive capacity to climate change. The survey found that local households have an urgent requirement for infrastructure, information and production technologies, such as water, electricity, transportation facilities, disaster warning information, employment information and farming or breeding techniques. In addition, due to the influence of economic level, education level, years of farming, gender and other factors, differences exist in the adaptation barriers and requirements faced by farmers in different regions. These findings extend empirical evidence in favor of formulating a reasonable adaptation framework and choosing optimal adaptation strategies, which are essential for enacting well-targeted regional adaptation policies.

A regional analysis on the amphibian and reptile communities from the Carpathian Mountains and the abiotic factors that shape their distributions and community assemblages

Understanding how climate and land cover currently shape species distributions and community structure is crucial to inform conservation decisions. Unfortunately, limited information is available for the relative importance of climatic and land use variables in determining the distribution of amphibians and reptiles. Here, we studied amphibian and reptile communities from the Carpathian Mountains, asking (i) to what extent is the distribution of reptiles and amphibians determined by environmental gradients, (ii) does the response to these factors differ between amphibians and reptiles, and (iii) are reptile and amphibian communities at higher altitudes more similar to each other than communities from lower altitudes. We found that forests, pastures, and heterogeneous arable land best explain the composition of the herpetofauna, with mountain communities associated with coniferous forests, and lowland species with mixed or broad-leaved forests and pastures. Our results also suggest that reptiles and amphibians respond idiosyncratically to the influence of climate and land use. Reptiles responded more to land use and less to climate variables compared with amphibians. Of the three amphibian hybrids registered, one (Bombina) was associated with heterogeneous arable land. These results have potential implications for future conservation planning, especially in the light of global climate change and changes in land use. Hence, local and regional processes are important in shaping amphibian and reptile communities.

Ke garne? How Values and Worldviews Influence Resilience to Natural Hazards: A Case Study From Mustang, Nepal

Tourism is an important source of income for many mountain communities in Nepal. However, the tourism industry is highly vulnerable to a variety of natural hazards. The ability of local people to proactively prepare, protect, and support prevention activities against natural hazards drives a mountain community's resilience. Research on whether and to what extent people have adopted such proactive behaviors has shown that human action is determined not only by sociodemographic and socioeconomic conditions—such as age, gender, or income—but also by values and worldviews. In this paper, we present data from a 2-phased survey of 160 lodge owners conducted in 2017 and 2018 in Mustang, Nepal, focusing on lodge owners' activities in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and their values and worldviews. Classifying the preparedness and support for prevention (PSP) activities of lodge owners, we found 3 different PSP types. In a second step, these PSP types were contrasted with values and worldviews held by the lodge owners, as well as sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors. This revealed strong correlations between the lodge owners' values and their PSP type. These results indicate that when trying to explain an actor's DRR activities, his or her values might be as important as commonly used sociodemographic and socioeconomic indicators. We argue that a holistic concept of resilience—combining actors' values and worldviews as well as their sociodemographic and socioeconomic status—can strengthen efforts to build resilience.

Community turnover by composition and climatic affinity across scales in an alpine system.

Examining community turnover across climate gradients at multiple scales is vital to understanding biogeographic response to climate change. This approach is especially important for alpine plants in which the relative roles of topographic complexity and nonclimatic or stochastic factors vary across spatial scales. We examined the structure of alpine plant communities across elevation gradients in the White Mountains, California. Using community climatic niche means (CCNMs) and measures of community dissimilarity, we explored the relation between community composition and elevation gradients at three scales: the mountain range, individual peaks, and within elevation contours. At the mountain range scale, community turnover and CCNMs showed strongly significant relations with elevation, with an increase in the abundance of cooler and wetter-adapted species at higher elevations. At the scale of single peaks, we found weak and inconsistent relations between CCNMs and elevation, but variation in community composition explained by elevation increased. Within the elevation contours, the range of CCNMs was weakly positively correlated with turnover in species identity, likely driven by microclimate and other site-specific factors. Our results suggest that there is strong environmental sorting of alpine plant communities at broad scales, but microclimatic and site-specific, nonclimatic factors together shape community turnover at finer scales. In the context of climate change, our results imply that community-climate relations are scale-dependent, and predictions of local alpine plant range shifts are limited by a lack of topoclimatic and habitat information.

Remoteness, Exclusion and Telecentres in Mountain Regions: Analysing ICT-Based 'Information Chains' in Pazos, Peru

Communities in developing country mountain areas, in part due to their remoteness, find themselves excluded from social, political and economic systems; and excluded from access to resources. This paper researches the impact on remoteness and exclusion of and communication technologies (ICTs). It utilises two models – the resource movement framework, and information chains – to analyse a telecentre in one district of mountainous Huancavelica, Peru's poorest region, set in the high Andes. It finds ICTs enabling new and positive resource flows for the two key user groups: teenaged school students and young farmers. These help to maintain social networks. They also support searches that have improved agricultural practice where other chain resources have been available. But non-use and ineffective use of the telecentre are found where chain resources are lacking. ICTs have some impact on intangible elements of remoteness. In this particular example, they also offer access to some previously-excluded resources. But they have not really addressed the systemic exclusions faced by mountain communities. And they so far appear to be a technology of inequality; favouring those residents who begin with better resource endowments. The paper concludes by offering some recommendations for mountain ICT project practice.

Climate change has more adverse impacts on the higher mountain communities than the lower ones: people’s perception from the northern Himalayas

The Himalayas are assumed to experience rapid climate change, with serious environmental, social and economic consequences for people living in and around the mountain area. However, the extent of climate change and its impact on the region are underexplored, especially on northern slope of the mountains. Based on local knowledge, we report perceived changes in climate and consequences of such changes for natural and social systems. The respondents in this study were distributed at a continuous elevation gradient of 3570–4646 m above sea level in the northern Himalayas. Therefore, it is possible to analyze the process of the shift of bioclimate zones under climate change and the differences in climate change effects cross altitudes. Among those in the pastoral area (Zhegu town) with an altitude of 4600 m, 91.2% (n=114) of the respondents believe that the climate is obviously changing; the ratio of reporting rainfall decreasing is 77.2% (n=114); those who perceive delayed rainy season, and increased climate change-related natural disasters account for 38.9% (n=113), 72.8% (n=103), respectively; more than two thirds (70.3%) (n=111) view drought as the biggest challenge to address climate change, and more than half (59.3%) (n=113) of the respondents believe that the impact of climate change is mainly negative. All these data rank first among the four survey areas (Zhegu town/pastoral region, Nedong County/crop growing regions, Zhanang County/crop growing region and Nagarze County/farming-pastoral region). Due to climate warming, Labidura riparia spreads to a higher altitude in the basins in Nedong County (Shannan City, Tibet) and Zhanang County (Shannan City, Tibet) at the rate of 31.1 ± 6.4 m/a and 46.7 ± 8.8 m/a, respectively in elevation. Most of the respondents view the natural variability as the main cause of climate changes, only 10.7%–29.0% among them view human activities as the main reason. Key challenges for local people to address climate change include droughts and economic hardship. Most local perceptions conform to scientific data. Comparative analysis of people’s perception of climate change impacts in different regions of the Himalayas will enhance the understanding of climate change effects on the whole region.

Tourism Development in Inner Mountain Areas—The Local Stakeholders’ Point of View through a Mixed Method Approach

Tourism in inner areas, especially in the mountains, is a complex phenomenon due to the different tourist’s needs and to the specific local features that vary considerably from one destination to another. Consequently, a unique tourism development strategy cannot be defined and adopted anywhere. When considering tourism-based territorial development in mountain areas, it is crucial to take the vision of local stakeholders into consideration. To drive different and/or unexpressed opinions towards shared tools, this study analyses the local stakeholder’s point of view using a mixed method consisting of a Delphi method followed by a Group Nominal Technique. The research was performed in Soana Valley, a small mountain community in the Northwestern Italian Alps. It involved 17 local stakeholders divided into three main groups—local administrators (n = 3), hospitality operators (9) and retailers (5). Results show how operators converge on three common aspects—local food product offering, territorial promotion and collaboration among operators, on which the community should focus to build a territorial integrated tourism offering.

Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia: The Mountain Communities of Pamir. Edited by Dagikhudo Dagiev and Carole Faucher

Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia: The Mountain Communities of Pamir. Edited by Dagikhudo Dagiev and Carole Faucher