Mount Agung Research Articles

Potential of Tabas Stone Waste as Additional Material of Concrete for Coastal Protection Structures

The coast has natural protection, but if this natural protection is damaged, the coast can be protected with coastal structures. Concrete is one of the main materials for coastal protection structures such as breakwaters, jetties, groins and revetments. Concrete used in coastal environments must have high strength performance to face the challenges of corrosive seawater, high humidity, and extreme temperature changes. Tabas stone is a Basaltic Scoria stone resulting from the eruption of Mount Agung which is used by the people of Bali as an ornament in Balinese buildings. Tabas stone pieces that do not match the size are discarded and become waste. In this study, tabas stone waste was used as an additional material for fine aggregate of 0%, 10%, 20% with a concrete design compressive strength of 42 MPa. Cylindrical samples were produced then soaked in the sea and at the river mouth. Furthermore, the samples were tested to be compared with concrete samples with curing in standard water conditions at the age of 28 days. The test results showed that the effect of seawater and brackish water immersion caused a significant decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete. The addition of the percentage of tabas stone also caused a decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete. Thus, tabas stone have small potential to be used as an additional material for concrete filler for coastal building construction.

The Existence Of Penjor Pan Balang Tamak In Karangasem

Penjor symbolizes gratitude and appreciation for the blessings of the earth bestowed by the divine. Balinese Hindus believe that Mount Agung is the sacred residence of Hyang Bathara Putra Jaya, along with other gods and ancestors. In the village of Karangsari Karangasem, there is a Penjor that remains true to ancestral traditions, unchanged from what has been orally passed down by the village elders. This Penjor is known as Penjor Balang Tamak. It represents critical thinking, devotion, and an expression of thanks to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa. The use of this Penjor has been preserved through generations and has become an integral part of the community's identity. It is placed in the northwest corner of the Bale Agung, to the east of the Candi Bentar in the Pura Puseh courtyard, as a tribute to the Balang Tamak figure and a symbolic witness to the village council meetings (pesangkepan) held at Bale Agung.

Disaster Risk Management Model for Enhancing the Preparedness of Pregnant Women in Response to the Eruption of Mount Agung: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Background: Volcanic eruptions can harm pregnant women in the absence of disaster risk management. Health personnel have not adequately prepared pregnant women for disaster-prone eruptions. Objectives: This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a disaster risk management model in enhancing the preparedness of pregnant women in anticipation of the eruption of Mount Agung. Methods: The research employed a quasi-experimental design, utilizing a pre-test-post-test control group method. Conducted in Bali, Indonesia, in 2022, the study involved a sample of 200 participants, divided equally into two groups of 100 each. Participants were selected using quota sampling. Preparedness questionnaires were administered before the educational intervention (pre-test) and again after two weeks of education (post-test). The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: It was found that in the intervention group, the preparedness of most pregnant women was categorized as fair (55%) before the intervention and high (65%) after the intervention (p < 0.001). In the control group, most pregnant women's preparedness remained in the fair category both before (66%) and after (65%) the intervention (P = 0.085). Additionally, there was a significant difference in the preparedness levels between the groups after the intervention (P = 0.015). Conclusions: Health workers can enhance the eruption emergency preparedness of pregnant women through educational classes specifically designed for them.

Impact of volcanic eruptions on CMIP6 decadal predictions: a multi-model analysis

Abstract. In recent decades, three major volcanic eruptions of different intensity have occurred (Mount Agung in 1963, El Chichón in 1982 and Mount Pinatubo in 1991), with reported climate impacts on seasonal to decadal timescales that could have been potentially predicted with accurate and timely estimates of the associated stratospheric aerosol loads. The Decadal Climate Prediction Project component C (DCPP-C) includes a protocol to investigate the impact of volcanic aerosols on the climate experienced during the years that followed those eruptions through the use of decadal predictions. The interest of conducting this exercise with climate predictions is that, thanks to the initialisation, they start from the observed climate conditions at the time of the eruptions, which helps to disentangle the climatic changes due to the initial conditions and internal variability from the volcanic forcing. The protocol consists of repeating the retrospective predictions that are initialised just before the last three major volcanic eruptions but without the inclusion of their volcanic forcing, which are then compared with the baseline predictions to disentangle the simulated volcanic effects upon climate. We present the results from six Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) decadal prediction systems. These systems show strong agreement in predicting the well-known post-volcanic radiative effects following the three eruptions, which induce a long-lasting cooling in the ocean. Furthermore, the multi-model multi-eruption composite is consistent with previous work reporting an acceleration of the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex and the development of El Niño conditions the first year after the eruption, followed by a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation the subsequent years. Our analysis reveals that all these dynamical responses are both model- and eruption-dependent. A novel aspect of this study is that we also assess whether the volcanic forcing improves the realism of the predictions. Comparing the predicted surface temperature anomalies in the two sets of hindcasts (with and without volcanic forcing) with observations we show that, overall, including the volcanic forcing results in better predictions. The volcanic forcing is found to be particularly relevant for reproducing the observed sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the North Atlantic Ocean following the 1991 eruption of Pinatubo.

Quality Of Lenjer Empek-Empek Using Different Brand of Tapioca Flour

This research was motivated by the discovery of various brands of tapioca flour used in making empek-empek lenjer so that the quality produced would be different. This research aims to describe the influence of ingredients in making empek-empek, how to make empek-empek and the quality of empek-empek with different brands of flour which includes materials, tools, processing techniques and quality in terms of shape, color, aroma, texture and taste. thus producing empek-empek-empek with good quality. This type of research is pure experimental research using the R.A.L method including three variables X1 Liaw Toeji Kang brand tapioca, X2. Pak Tani Gunung brand tapioca, X3tapioca Gunung Agung brand were tested on 3 expert panelists, with organoleptic tests, data processing techniques using the ANOVA test followed by the DUNCAN test. The results of the research showed that there was an influence on the quality of empek-empek lenjer on shape (neat), color (before frying), texture (cheeky). So it shows that there is a difference. Meanwhile, there was no influence on the quality of empek-empek lenjer on shape (cylindrical, uniform), color (after frying), aroma (fragrant mackerel and fragrant garlic), texture (dense), taste (savory mackerel fish and savory garlic).

Anthropological Study of the Rejang Dewa Dance in Sedahan Jaya Village, Sukadana District, North Kayong Regency

This research was conducted to understand the Anthropological Study of the Rejang Dewa Dance in Sedahan Jaya Village, Sukadana District, North Kayong Regency. The method used was descriptive method with a qualitative research design. The approach employed was anthropological and ethnographic approach. Data sources were obtained through informants knowledgeable about the anthropological study of the Rejang Dewa Dance in Sedahan Jaya Village, Sukadana District, North Kayong Regency. The research data consisted of anthropological studies of the Rejang Dewa Dance and the distinctive characteristics of the Rejang Dewa Dance. Data collection techniques included interview techniques, observation techniques, and documentation techniques. Data validity testing techniques used triangulation and extended observation. The results of the study are: (1) the anthropological study of the Rejang Dewa Dance in Sedahan Jaya Village originated from the transmigration of Hindu-Balinese communities due to the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963. (2) the distinctive characteristic of the Rejang Dewa Dance in Sedahan Jaya Village, Sukadana District, North Kayong Regency is that the dancers are females who are still pure or have not yet menstruated and can only be performed in the temple.

Delineation of Vulnerable Areas Affected by the Eruption of Mount Agung, Bali

Vulnerability is a condition of a community or society that causes the inability to face the threat of disaster. Geographic information systems (GIS) have become essential tools in evaluating natural hazards and risks which is an aspect to define vulnerability of the volcano eruption-affected area. Based on activity of volcano, it is necessary to delineate the vulnerability of areas affected by the eruption of Mount Agung by integrating the Mount Agung Area Network Map and Geological Map with physical vulnerability data and social vulnerability. This research using processing methods and spatial analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing methods. Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to create vulnerability maps using scoring, weighting, and overlay methods. The data used for making the vulnerability map include administrative boundaries, DEM (Digital Elevation Model), secondary data from the BPS 2020 Karangasem Regencyt in Figures, geological maps, settlement data and land cover maps. The results based on these data show the number of areas affected by the eruption of Mount Agung, the data states that the data area with low vulnerability has an area of 0.001490 Ha. Medium vulnerability data has an eruption affected area of 47.024493897 Ha. While the high vulnerability has an affected area of 36.878843877 Ha. Differences in the level of vulnerability are influenced by social vulnerability, physical vulnerability, and environmental vulnerability.Keywords: Delineation, Eruption, GIS, Mount Agung, Vulnerability

Pengaruh Pancaran Radio Komunikasi Bali Radar Terhadap Pelayanan Lalu Lintas Penerbangan

The aviation communication system is very important for aviation, especially for pilots and air traffic controllers. The communication system for air traffic controllers and pilots must be adequate in order to create good communication and prevent misunderstandings between pilots and air traffic controllers. Meanwhile, the communication system at the Bali Radar APP/TMA unit cannot cover all of its areas of responsibility and is feared to affect the quality of air traffic services. After coordinating with the technical unit, the authors suggest installing a device that can extend a radio frequency signal called VHF ER (extender range), and specifically for the northern area of Mount Agung which is usually passed by VFR aircraft where the area is a class G airspace, the authors suggest creating a frequency called TIBA (Traffic Information Broadcast by Aircraft).

Assessment of road pavement conditions using Surface Distress Index (SDI) and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methods

Road pavement is an important element in transportation infrastructure that affects the comfort and safety of road users. It is important to carry out regular assessments of the condition of the road pavement. This study aims to evaluate the condition of the road pavement using the Surface Distress Index (SDI) and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methods. It is collecting field data regarding the condition of the road pavement, including the type and extent of existing damage. This data is then analyzed using the formula that has been determined in the SDI and PCI methods. In the research that has been done, the average SDI value for flexible pavement for Jalan Gunung Agung is 18 (Good) and the average PCI value is 63.8 (Good). The technical measures that can be applied to the flexible pavement of Jalan Gunung Agung are P2 (Asphalt), P4 (Filling cracks), P5 (Filling holes), and P6 (Gravelling).

MEDIUM SHIFT AND EXISTENCE OF ORNAMENTS ON PELINGGIH OF SACRED BUILDINGS (TEMPLES) DUE TO THE VOLCANIC IMPACT OF MOUNT AGUNG

The study of the existence of ornaments on the pelinggih (temple) buildings that utilise the black stone material of Mount Agung is considered to be only a tiny part of the ornamental manifestations applied to the black stone pelinggih building of Mount Agung when compared to the application of pelinggih ornaments using solid stone materials in general. It is done as an economic production that needs to be sold to the public, especially for Hindus in Bali. To explore this, the researcher uses socio-cultural and aesthetic approaches. The presentation of this article aims to describe (1) The form of the pelinggih temple building that has been used in the community as a place of worship. (2) The existence of ornaments, which are applied to the parts of the pelinggih building, according to the existing parts, such as the feet, the body and the top. (3) Factors influencing the creation of pelinggih with black stone material of Mount Agung, featuring ornaments with minimalist patterns. It is hoped that this research can also be used as a basis for future research to find solutions in developing techniques for sculpting or carving ornaments that utilise the black stone material of Mount Agung, using modern tools. The research approach used was descriptive qualitative. Data were collected through field surveys, literature studies, observations and interviews. Data can be collected, processed, classified and reduced, then analysed using textual and contextual analysis and interpretation. Descriptive qualitative research method that describes situations or events to make a description systematically, factually, and accurately about the facts and the characteristics of the population or sample of a particular area (Suryabrata, 2005: 76). Data in verbal form is often contained in different words with the same meaning and long and wide sentences. In conclusion, the description of ornaments on pelinggih (temple) buildings that use the black stone material of Mount Agung is related to the dominant factors that influence the embodiment of decorations. Although the structure and form of the pelinggih in the preparation have followed the ethics or the existing rules, the application of ornaments in detail is minimal, only in the form of basic patterns, both at the bottom feet, body or middle and head or top. There is still a lack of reliable and professional Gunung Agung black stone carvers

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN KOMPENSASI DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN GUNUNG AGUNG SENAYAN CITY MALL JAKARTA PUSAT

This research aims to determine the effect of compensation (X1) and motivation (X2) together on employee performance (Y), the effect of motivation (X2) on (Y) employee performance and the effect of compensation (X1) on employee performance (Y). The type of research carried out was a quantitative research method by distributing and collecting questionnaires about employee compensation, motivation and performance to 58 respondents. The analysis technique carried out is using Validity Test, Reliability Test, Classical Assumption Test, Regression Analysis, Correlation Coefficient Analysis, Determination Coefficient Analysis and Hypothesis Testing. The research results show that providing compensation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at Gunung Agung Senayan City Mall. This is proven by the value obtained for the regression equation Y = 8.463 + 0.668X1. Hypothesis test results were also obtained for the Compensation variable (X1) on Employee Performance (Y) of 0.000 < 0.05 or a calculated t value of 5.736 > t table 2.003. Motivation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at Gunung Agung Senayan City Mall). This is proven by the value obtained for the regression equation Y = 9.822 + 0.610X2. Hypothesis test results were also obtained for the Motivation variable (X2) on Employee Performance (Y) of 0.000 < 0.05 or a calculated t value of 5.063 > t table 2.003. And providing compensation and motivation together have a positive and significant effect on employee performance at Gunung Agung Senayan City Mall. This is proven by the value obtained for the regression equation Y = 3.500 + 0.489X1 + 0.389X2, for the influence of the compensation variable (X1) and the motivation variable (X2) on the employee performance variable (Y) is 0.000 < 0.05.

Mapping eruption affected area using Sentinel-2A imagery and machine learning techniques

Volcanic eruptions are natural disasters with significant environmental and societal impacts. Timely detection and monitoring of volcanic eruptions are crucial for effective hazard assessment, mitigation strategies, and emergency response planning. Remote sensing technology has emerged as a valuable tool for detecting and assessing the effects of volcanic eruptions. One of the challenges in remote sensing image processing is handling large data dimensions that are difficult to address using traditional methods. Machine learning approaches offer a suitable solution to tackle these challenges. Machine learning demonstrates increasing computational capabilities, the ability to handle big data and automation. This study aimed to compare different machine learning classification algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). The data utilized in this study was derived from Sentinel-2A Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) imagery, which was tested in areas affected by the eruption of Mount Agung, Bali Province, in 2017. The results indicated that the GMM algorithm performed the best among the machine learning classifiers, achieving an Overall Accuracy (OA) value of 82.04%. It was followed by RF (78.86%) and KNN (77.55%). The areas affected by volcanic eruptions were determined by overlaying disaster-prone regions with areas mapped using the machine learning approach. The total affected area was measured as 29.89 km<sup>2</sup>, with an additional 3.31 km<sup>2</sup> outside the designated zone. The findings of this study serve as a guideline for governmental entities, stakeholders, and communities to implement effective mitigation efforts for disaster risk reduction.

Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja, Kepemimpinan Dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pada Saat Pandemi Covid 19 Di Kecamatan Gunung Agung

The basic problem is the lack of human qualities that can hinder the growth anddevelopment of the national economy. Lack of humanity will also be a stumbling block in theera of globalization, because the era of globalization is a time of quality competition. If theIndonesian people want to participate in the global stage, then the first step is that whatneeds to be done is to organize their personality, both mentally, spiritually, creatively,morally and responsibly. the quality of human resources related to performance. This studyaims to determine 1) To find out whether the motivation variable has an effect on employeeperformance. 2) To find out whether the variable of Leadership on Employee Performance.3) To find out whether the work environment variable on employee performance. 4) Todetermine the effect of the variables of Motivation, Leadership, Work Environment, togetheron Employee Performance. The survey method was chosen as the primary data source. Thesurvey method focuses on collecting data from respondents who have certain information, thus enabling researchers to solve problems. Data collection was carried out using aquestionnaire or questionnaire instrument. In this study, the population is consumers whouse telkom products. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling. The population inthis study are all employees who work at the Gunung Agung sub-district office, namely 57employees and temporary employees. The results showed that 1) there was a positive andsignificant influence between motivation on employee performance 2) there was a positiveand significant influence between leadership on employee performance. 3) there is apositive and significant influence between the work environment on employee performance.4) there is a positive and significant influence between motivation, leadership and workenvironment on employee performance

Peningkatan Efisiensi Pengelolaan Stok Barang dan Pencatatan Keuangan melalui Pengabdian Masyarakat di PT Mega Tiara Sinar Abadi

This community service activity discusses efforts to increase efficiency in managing inventory and financial records at PT Mega Tiara Sinar Abadi, Cabang Gunung Agung, Bali. This company needs help with stock management, which requires time-consuming manual stock-taking. This activity involved initial evaluation, employee training and the use of information technology in stock taking. Stock-taking training has been provided to employees, which has resulted in increasing their understanding of this process. With scan tools and software, stock-taking can be done quickly and accurately. The result was better operational efficiency, more controlled stock management, and increased accuracy of financial reports. Trained employees also assist the company in maintaining stakeholder trust and creating a culture of continuous improvement in stock management. The implementation of this community service activity was successful, showing that collaboration between academia and industry provides significant benefits.

Treatment adherence and quality of life of patients taking antihypertensive medications

Background: Hypertension as The Silent Killer characterized by blood pressure ≥140 mmHg/≥90 mmHg. Hypertensive people have lower quality of life compare to non-hypertensive people and they need an appropriate health behavior. Hypertensive medication without lifestyle modification and routine control of blood pressure increase cardiovascular complication even death that affecting quality of lifePurpose: To identify the characteristic and the dominant health behavior affecting quality of life among hypertensive farmer. Method: The minimum sample 103 hypertensive farmer ≥18 years old in Gunung Agung Village, Terusan Nunyai District, Central Lampung include in this cross sectional study after measuring the blood pressure. The data was taken by interviewing the participants using health seeking behavior questionnaire and Short Form-36, then multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression.Results: A total of 103 hypertensive farmer dominant in the 1st grade of hypertension (63,2%), male (56,3%), 45-54 years old (35%), primary school as the last education background (45,6%), income rates ≤7 million/year (68%), and don’t take anti-hypertensive medications regularly (98,1%). Preventive and curative treatment as part of treatment efforts were the most dominant variable affecting quality of life (p=0,023; OR=0,096; CI=0,028-0,327).Conclusion: Quality of life of hypertension farmers was significantly related to attitude towards health (p=0.001; OR=0.218; CI=5.76-42.34), treatment effort (p=0.001; OR=1.86; CI=0.09-0 ,54), first time of treatment (p=0,001; OR=8,473; CI=3,10-23,17), and frequency of examination (p=0,023; OR=14,426; CI=5,81-40,16), where treatment efforts such as routine blood pressure control and taking anti-hypertensive drugs can improve quality of life (OR=4.208).

Pemetaan Posisi Hilal Terhadap Gunung Agung Dalam Penentuan Awal Bulan Kamariah Di Lokasi Rukyat Pantai Loang Baloq Mataram

This study aims to determine the new moon's position towards Mount Agung in mapping at the beginning of the Lunar Month at the Loang Baloq Beach Rukyat location. Loang Baloq Beach has been a routine location for the new moon sightings carried out by the Mataram BMKG team since 2013. However, The hilal is rarely reported to be visible at Loang Baloq Beach. The presence of Mount Agung hinders the condition of the new moon. Based on the study's results, it can be determined that the condition of Loang Baloq Beach does not meet the ideal assessment criteria. This is because the west is not clear at Azimuth 294o46'36.40". Then the west horizon of the Loang Baloq beach is blocked by the presence of Mount Agung in the Karangasem district of the island of Bali. In addition, the existence of Mount Agung causes the western horizon of the Loang Baloq coast always to be unclean or always cloudy, even though the local weather conditions are hot/sunny, Although Loang Baloq Beach does not meet the ideal criteria as a place for the sighting of the new moon. However, this location has enough potential for the sighting of the new moon compared to other locations in Mataram. Even if the new moon's position from Loang Baloq is right on Mount Agung, the new moon cannot be seen, but if it is to the left and right of Mount Agung, it is still possible to see the new moon. It is also possible to see the exact position of the new moon on Mount Agung if the height of the new moon is above Mount Agung. The mapping of the new moon position is carried out in the months of Muharram, Safar, Rabiul Awal, Rabiul Akhir, Jumadil Awal, Jumadil Akhir, Rajab, Shaban, Ramadhan, Shawwal, with the results of the appearance of the new moon being to the left of Mount Agung. In contrast, the month of Dzulqoidah, Dzulhijjah with the appearance of the new moon is right with Mount Agung. When the hilal position is right at Mount Agung, the observer shifts to another location, Tanjung Mina, North Lombok Regency.

Pengembangan media fun thinkers book berbasis literasi pada pembelajaran IPAS kelas IV SD Negeri Gunung Agung Kulon Progo

The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of literacy-based Fun Thinkers Book media, describe the feasibility of literacy-based Fun Thinkers Book media, and describe student responses to literacy-based Fun Thinkers Book media in grade IV science learning at SD Negeri Gunung Agung. This type of research is Research and Development adapting the development method by Sugiyono. Data collection techniques use questionnaires, observations, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis using qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. The results showed that the characteristics of literacy-based Fun Thinkers Book media contain material summaries, experimental activities, quizzes, and rewards and punishments that make it easier for students to understand the material, literacy-based Fun Thinkers Book media is very feasible to use based on the assessment of media experts with a score of 95%, material experts with a score of 92.5%, and class teachers with a score of 96.25%, and get a positive response from students with scores of 93% on limited tests and 92.5% on the main test.

The interaction between cultural heritage and community resilience in disaster-affected volcanic regions

Research on cultural heritage and disasters often focuses on the vulnerability of heritage and ways to disaster-proof it against geophysical, societal, and environmental hazards. However, heritage might in turn also increase the resilience of the communities in which it is present, for example by providing livelihood diversification, helping build social connections, and embedding local knowledge of past disasters. This study analysed how cultural heritage might contribute to multiple aspects of community disaster resilience. It builds on an analysis of resilience and disaster-related cultural heritage of four communities living around Besakih Temple located on Mount Agung volcano in Bali, Indonesia, using a mixed-methods MDSO (Most Different Same Outcome) multi-criteria analysis based on questionnaire-guided interviews with 114 respondents. While the variation of cultural heritage across sites is as predicted by theoretical literature, resilience varies considerably across the sites, depending on the type of resilience. Heritage had most positive effect on disaster preparedness and institutional aspects of community resilience. The results highlighted that connecting ‘regular’ disaster management and planning to local cultural heritage can provide valuable synergies for community resilience. Effects on other aspects of resilience were less clear and were likely mediated by existing socio-economic vulnerabilities and the geographical isolation of some of the communities. Further research could benefit from viewing cultural heritage through a ‘community capital’ lens, including matters of equitable access, capacity-building, community-based action, and interactions between cultural capital and other capitals, such as social, economic, political, human, physical, and natural.

PENGARUH PROPORSI SEPEDA MOTOR TERHADAP KINERJA JALAN PERKOTAAN

The Gunung Agung Denpasar road section is an urban road that experiences high traffic loads. This is due to the fact that land use along this road is very dense with various activity centers, such as shopping centers and general trade, education, offices, and other public facilities. In addition, Gunung Agung Road is a connecting road and traffic crossing between the city center and suburban areas. The traffic load is dominated by motorbikes with a higher proportion than other modes of transportation. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the Gunung Agung road. Traffic data collection is done by a manual survey to record traffic volume, speed, and side resistance. The results of the analysis show road performance, such as the maximum traffic volume obtained is 2,177.30 pcu/hour, with the proportion of motorbikes at 87.16%, the average speed is 23.47 km/hour, the average degree of saturation (DS) is 0,85. The level of road service includes level D in Segment II and E which occurs in Segment I, the flow is approaching unstable, and drivers are starting to feel congestion. High traffic density, and side barriers of 362.5 (300-4999) are included in the medium category, namely industrial areas with shopping centers (shops) on the side of the road.

Adat Law, Ethics, and Human Rights in Modern Indonesia

The fact that legal issues support local wisdom, ethics, and human rights and the way in which they operate in the nation-state are not well-understood; however, this is a significant issue. Indonesian independence, achieved on 17 August 1945, initiated substantial changes in the religious life of Indonesians. While most of Indonesia is Islamic, other religious beliefs include Hinduism and Christianity. Indonesia did not consider the Balinese a formal religious group in 1945. However, because of the Mount Agung eruption in Bali, many Balinese migrated outside the island. They lived in Lampung (Sumatra), certain places in Java, Palangkaraya (Borneo), Palu (Celebes), and other areas in the Indonesian archipelago, and have lived there for a long time. The total number of Balinese at the present day is around three million, but outside Bali, their number is 10 million. Their number increased throughout the Old Regime, the New Order, and the Reformation periods until the present time. They face many significant problems regarding the marriage and divorce laws juxtaposed with national law, as is the case with other religious communities, such as the Islamic community in Indonesia. Several important questions need to be addressed in this paper. First, what is adat law, or customary law, in Bali and outside Bali regarding the concept of Hindu Nusantara? Second, how should customary law be implemented, for example, relating to marriage and divorce issues in the building of the nation-state? Third, what is the customary law relating to the present situation of the Hindu communities in Indonesia? These are some significant questions. By using interdisciplinary approaches to customary laws, religious history, anthropology, and sociology, we expect to have a better understanding of how the Balinese customary law can become part of the formal law in modern Indonesia. By understanding these issues, it will be possible to strengthen national regulations by adopting certain values of customary law in modern Indonesia.