Moulding Method Research Articles

Influences on the mechanical and physical properties of hot-press moulding alkali-activated slag (HP-FRAASC) composite with various fibers

ABSTRACT In this study, we will apply the hot-press moulding method for the first time to the preparation of alkali-activated slag composites (AASC) and incorporate 1vol.-%, 3vol.-%, 5vol.-%, and 7vol.-% steel, copper, and carbon fibres into the matrix in order to investigate the characteristics of the HP-AASC and fibre reinforced (HP-FRAASC) in terms of compressive strength, flexural strength, impact toughness, and bulk density of HP-AASC and HP-FRAASC. Results show that the composites have good flexural strength, compressive strength, and impact toughness when the content of steel fibres is 5 vol.-%, copper fibres are 7 vol.-%, and carbon fibres are 1–3 vol.-%. It was observed from each sample of HP-FRAASC and HP-AASC that the HP-AASC samples had lower porosity, better density, and an easy preparation process, which can be used as a suitable preparation method for this material.

Compressive and Shear Strength of Kevlar based Nano Composites

The Fibre Reinforced Composite (FRC) material consists of building materials in macroscopic level by having fibres and resin as reinforcement and matrix material respectively. It has different physical and chemical properties that were bonded together in order to get new material with different required characteristics from individual components. The properties of the composites are largely depending on the matrix and reinforcement materials. The matrix strengthening process by introduction of fine nano particles in composite laminate was done in this work. In order to study the effect of nano particles, the composite consists of Kevlar- 49 (K49) fibre in woven form with epoxy resin as matrix was considered. All the test specimens have been prepared with 12 layers of K49 to build 3mm thickness using vacuum bag moulding method. The K49 fibre in form of plain-woven type were chosen as reinforcement material. The nano fillers such as Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Graphite powder (Gr) were used as nanomaterial added in the matrix and was compared with pure K49 reinforced composites for better performance. The TiO2, CaCO3 and GR nano fillers were constituted on various weight ratios in FRC. The structural properties like compression and shear strengths were determined as per ASTM standards. The fracture behaviour for all the categories of laminate has been detailed and reported using scanning electron microscope.

Development And Filtration Performance of Ceramic Filters from Ikot Ebom Clay

This research used the hand impress moulding method to prepare ceramic filter pots using 500 μm sieved clay, grog, and melon shell in three ratios of 70:5:25, 75:5:20, and 80:5:15, respectively. The pot models were dimensioned to 50 mm height, 52 mm outer diameter, and 10 mm thickness and fired to 650°C, 700°C, and 750°C. The volume of effluent, flow rate, and microbial removal efficiency were studied. From the results, filter pot 70:5:25 fired to 750°C recorded an efficiency of 99.9% removal of heterogenic bacteria count, total fungi count, total coliform, and E.coli, and has the best combination of flow rate and removal efficiency. This filter pot was seen to meet up with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Minitab analyses show a significant effect of material composition over fired temperature on the flow rate.Keywords: Water filtration, porosity, ceramic, filter pot

Nonlinearity of mechanical behavior of 3D-reinforced composites under compression

Modern technological capabilities make it possible to produce 3D spatially-reinforced for polymer composite materials. The tasks of experimental research and analysis of the deformation process of new composite materials for aviation purposes taking into account the nonlinearity of mechanical behavior become actual. The paper presents an experimental study of the mechanical compression behavior of composite material specimens made of 3D woven carbon fiber preforms using the pressure impregnation technology (Resin Transfer Molding method with a pairwise interlayer reinforcement and a longitudinal layer). Compression mechanical tests were carried out on specimens using a universal system of electromechanical testing Instron 5882 and a system of 3D analysis of displacement and strain fields on the surface. Tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM D 3410 recommendations and using specialized tooling. Consideration of nonlinearity parameter during experimental data processing is proposed. The importance of determining the values of critical deformation in compression as a parameter characterizing the moment of the beginning of fracture is noted. Comparison of carbon fiber composite materials made by the same technology from fibers and binders of different manufacturers has been carried out. The experimental diagrams "stress-strain" and their approximating dependences taking into account the nonlinearity function w are obtained. The type of functions w of the studied materials is defined, the linear approximation of dependence of functions w on deformation is substantiated. Values of strength limits, elastic modulus, nonlinearity coefficient and critical damage were obtained, statistical processing of the obtained results and their analysis were carried out.

Preparation and performance study of multichannel PLA artificial nerve conduits.

Compared with single-channel nerve conduits, multichannel artificial nerve conduits are more beneficial for repairing damaged peripheral nerves of long-distance nerve defects. Multichannel nerve conduits can be fabricated by the mold method and the electrospinning method but with disadvantages such as low strength and large differences in batches, while the braiding method can solve this problem. In this study, polylactic acid yarns were used as the braiding yarn, and the number of spindles during braiding was varied to achieve 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 multichannel artificial nerve conduits. A mathematical model of the number of braiding yarn spindles required to meet certain size specification parameters of the multichannel conduit was established. The cross-sectional morphology and mechanical properties of the conduits were characterized by scanning electron microscopy observation and mechanical testing; the results showed that the multichannel structure was well constructed; the tensile strength of the multichannel conduit was more than 30 times that of the rabbit tibial nerve. The biocompatibility of the conduit was tested; thein vitrocell culture results proved that the braided multichannel nerve conduits were nontoxic to Schwann cells, and the cell adhesion and proliferation were optimal in the 4-channel conduit among the multichannel conduits, which was close to the single-channel conduit.

Superhydrophobic Surface by Laser Ablation of PDMS.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have important applications in generating anti-icing properties, preventing corrosion, producing anti-biofouling characteristics, and microfluidic devices. One of the most commonly used materials to make superhydrophobic surfaces is poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Various techniques, including spin-coating, dip-coating, spray coating, surface etching, and laser-textured mold methods, have been used to make superhydrophobic surfaces. However, all these methods require several steps, the usage of multiple chemicals, and/or surface modifications. In this paper, a one-step, low-cost method to induce superhydrophobicity is described. This was done by the pulsed laser deposition of laser-ablated PDMS micro/nanoparticles, and the method applies to a variety of surfaces. This technique has been demonstrated on three important classes of material─glass, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and aluminum. Water contact angles of greater than 150° and roll-off angles of less than 3° were obtained. Optical transmission value of as high as 90% was obtained on glass or PMMA coated with laser-ablated PDMS micro/nanoparticles. Furthermore, this method can also be used to make micron-scale patterned superhydrophobic PDMS surfaces. This would have potential applications in microfluidic microchannels and other optical devices.

Mechanical characterization of randomly oriented short Sansevieria Trifasciata natural fibre composites

Abstract The present work investigates the mechanical characteristics of randomly oriented short Sansevieria Trifasciata Fibre Polyester (STFP) composites. The STFP composites are fabricated using compression moulding methods with varying fibre weight percentages (5 %–50 %) and fibre lengths (5 mm–50 mm). It has been observed that the impact, flexural, and tensile strength of STFPs improve as the length of the fibre increases, up to a maximum of 40 mm. After that, these properties start to decrease as the length of the fibre further increases. Further, the analysis revealed that STFPs exhibited an increase in properties when the fibre weight percentage was less than 40 %, followed by a decrease in properties as the fibre percentage increased beyond that point. The impact strength of STFP is around 8.2 J/cm2. Similarly, the STFP has a flexural modulus and strength of about 3.4 GPa and 82.6 MPa, respectively. Lastly, the tensile strength of STFP is around 78.26 MPa, the elongation at break is between 6.25 % and 9.36 %, and the Young’s modulus is 11.8 GPa. The matrix and fibre interaction were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) analyses are carried out. From these analyses, the thermal stability of STFP is 200 °C and its activation energy is 65.48 kJ/mol. After a thorough comparison with other well-known natural fibres, the proposed properties of STFP demonstrate its superiority as a practical and effective natural fibre composite.

Investigation of mechanical, thermal and water absorption behaviour of MWCNT’s with AL2O3 reinforced polymer composite

In this work, composite materials were developed using compression moulding method, which the composition of M2A1C (Epoxy + 2 wt % MWCNT +1 wt % Al2O3), M2A1.5C (Epoxy + 2 wt % MWCNT +1.5 wt % Al2O3) and M2A1C (Epoxy + 2 wt % MWCNT +2 wt % Al2O3). From the composition, M2A1.5C had improved the mechanical properties of 30%, 24% and 28% in tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength, respectively, compared to the M2A1C. From the thermo-gravimetric examination, the critical change was happened during increasing of Al2O3, however, the M2A1.5C had a significant improvement within the residual mass and maximum temperature decomposition with compared to other composites. Hydrophobicity decreased in the M2A1C composition, due to the low density of the material in the composite. The study is exploring ways to improve the polymer-metal matrix hybrid composite materials to make them lighter and more affordable, as well as easier to use in light load applications.

Microspheress Types Preparation Evaluation and Applications: A Review

Abstract: Microspheres, also known as microspheres or “monolithic spheres” are small spherical particles that usually range from 1 to 1000 micrometres (µm). This multi-particulate drug delivery system is used in order to obtain controlled and prolonged drug delivery, thus improving the stability, bioavailability, and site specificity at a desired and predetermined rate. There are various methods in order to prepare/formulate the microspheres, such as emulsion-solvent evaporation, extraction of solvent, spray drying, Coacervation, Electrostatic or Electrodynamic, Template or Moulding methods and various other methods that include Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE). Every method has its own benefits and disadvantages therefore, the selection of appropriate method is critical in achieving the desired microsphere characteristic. This review covers the different methods used to prepare the microspheres, the variety of parameters used in order to evaluate their effectiveness and their applications in the field of pharmacy.

Influence of Blending on Mechanical Behavior of Low-Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polyvinylchloride

Three thermoplastic polymers, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene(PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC),were synthesized from their raw pellets.Three blends of 1:1 wt.% of low-density polyethylene/polypropylene, low-density polyethylene/polyvinylchloride, polypropylene/polyvinylchloride, and one blend of 1:1:1 wt.% of low-density polyethylene/polypropylene/polyvinylchloride were produced via compression mould method using Two-roll Mill machine and Compression Mould machine. Using the Tensile Strength Tester machine, the pristine polymer and the blends were cut into dumbbell shapes for mechanical testing. The resultsobtained are 9.8MPa and 67.5% maximum stress and strain, respectively, for LDPE, 29MPa, and 12.4% maximum stress and strain, respectively, for neat PP. 25.8MPa and 35% maximum stress and strain respectively for pristine PVC, 19.2MPa and 44% maximum stress and strain respectively for LDPE/PVC blend, 19MPa and 29% maximum stress and strain respectively for LDPE/PP blend, 27.5MPa and10.75% maximum stress and strain respectively for PP/PVC, 21MPa and 10.4% maximum stress and stain respectively for LDPE/PP/PVC blend. The force at peak and the respective peak elongation are; 85.612N and 0.008387m for pristineLDPE, 344.810N and 0.004810m for pristinePP, 264.976N and 0.005496m forpristine PVC, 188.288N and 0.005980m for LDPE/PVC blend, 174.755N and 0.005109m for LDPE/PP blend, 250.196N and0.004287m for PP/PVC blend, 275.175N and 4.009mm for LDPE/PP/PVC blend. The maximum energies expended to have maximum extension are 0.71802784J (LDPE), 2.04578339J (PP), 1.70308635J (PVC), 1.12596224J (LDPE/PVC),0.8928233J (LDPE/PP), 1.50129025J (PP/PVC) and 1.10317658J (LDPE/PP/PVC). These results show improvement in the mechanical properties of the blends when compared with those of the constituent polymers. It also indicatesthat polymeric properties modification via an immiscible polymer blend is possible and easy to achieve.

Development and characterization of rigid packaging material using cellulose/sugarcane bagasse and natural resins

Composites developed from cellulose and natural resins have received much attention due to their low cost and positive environmental impact. Knowledge of the mechanical and degradation characteristics of cellulose based composite boards is essential to obtain indications of the strength and degradability of the resulting rigid packaging material. The composite was prepared with sugarcane bagasse and hybrid resin (a combination of epoxy and natural resin such as dammar, pine, and cashew nut shell liquid) with the mixing ratios (Bagasse fibers: Epoxy resin: Natural resin) 1:1:1.5, 1:1:1.75, and 1:1:2 using compression moulding method. Tensile strength, young's modulus, flexural strength, soil burial weight loss, microbial degradation, and CO2 evolution was determined. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) resin-incorporated composite boards in the mixing ratio of 1:1:2 gave maximum flexural strength (5.10 MPa), tensile strength (3.10 MPa), and tensile modulus (0.97 MPa). The maximum degradation in soil burial test and CO2 evolution between the boards made using natural resin was found in the composite boards incorporated with CNSL resin with a mixing ratio of 1:1:1.5 were 8.30 % and 12.8 % respectively. The maximum weight loss percentage (3.49) in microbial degradation analysis was found in the composite board made using dammar resin in the mixing ratio of 1:1:1.5.

EROSION-RESISTANT NANOCOATING DERIVED FROM POLYPROPYLENE AND BAMBOO-BASED BIO NANO CARBON (PP-BNC) TO ENHANCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF PETROLEUM PIPELINES

Oil and gas transportation efficiency is hindered by petroleum pipeline erosion where the pipelines are exposed to solid particles, viscous fluids, processing temperature and pressure, surrounding conditions and accompanied gasses. The current issue is to solve the erosion of petroleum pipelines problem by developing an erosion-resistant nanocoating. The development of erosion resistant nanocoating which is derived from polypropylene and bamboo-based bio nano carbon (PP-BNC) is the main focus of this research. PP-BNC nanocomposite were prepared by using thermal composition method to obtain the bamboo BNC or also known as carbon black, followed by coagulation method to obtain PP-BNC nanocomposites (10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, 40 wt% and 50 wt%) and lastly compression moulding method for the nanocomposite to become nanocoating thin film. During the thermal composition method, the grinded bamboo powder were combusted in tube furnace at 400°C, holding time for 30 minutes at 10°C/min rate in Nitrogen atmosphere. The solvents that were used are Toluene and Methanol during coagulation method. The structural, thermal and morphological properties of PP-BNC nanocomposites were characterised by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Whereas the mechanical properties such as tensile and abrasion resistance along with its weight loss were evaluated by tensile and abrasion resistance tests. PP with 20 wt% BNC has the best results as the weight loss and wear index are the lowest which is 0.001 g and 0.033 mg/cycles respectively, great tensile strength with the value of 20.52 MPa and able to withstand high temperature up to 163°C where the highest temperature underwater is only up to 100°C.

Microbial Formulation of Bio-Briquettes Using Lignocellulosic and Floral Biomass

Considering the cost of fuel, it is the need of the hour for the utilization of waste as a fuel source. Leaf litter waste and floral waste biomass present in the surrounding serve as potential materials in bio-briquettes formulation. Leaf litter wastes (Almond leaves, Ashoka leaves, Cluster fig leaves), and floral wastes such as (Marigold, Tuberose, and Rose) was used for the study. The waste was microbially treated usingLactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 for rapid decomposition of wastes. The briquettes were formulated using wet briquetting, manual pressure, and cylindrical mould methods. Paper pulp along with wheat bran at a 35:5 ratio was used as an artificial binding agent. The preliminary analysis includes the contents of moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, etc. Bio briquettes were ultimately analyzed by FESEM, FT-IR, TGA, Density, and Calorific values. Comparisons were done using untreated lignocellulosic biomass-based briquettes and commercially available briquettes. Briquettes made from waste that has undergone microbial processing have a calorific value of 5968.20w kJ/Kg, a density of 0.26 kg/cm3, 8.4% moisture content, 10% volatile matter content, 13.65% ash content, 67.95% fixed carbon content, a maximum burning time of 17 minutes, and a minimum ignition time of 3 minutes. While the briquettes made from untreated waste have calorific value of 4205.10 kJ/Kg, density of 0.20 kg/cm3, 10.8% moisture content, 15% volatile matter content, 15.11% ash content, 59.05% fixed carbon content. This comparative study shows microbially treated bio briquettes can offer good agriculture waste management and new fuel opportunities.

Facile fabrication of silica aerogel supported amine adsorbent pellets for Low-concentration CO2 removal from confined spaces

Amine-based adsorbents show promise for removing low-concentration CO2 from environmental control and life support systems (ECLSSs), while the powder adsorbents are facing the challenges of reaction non-uniformity, pressure drop and material elutriation. To solve the problems, amine-based adsorbent pellets are fabricated by the extrusion–spheronization (ES), agar-assisted moulding (AM) and graphite-casting (GC) methods. The adsorbent pellets are further modified with pore-forming template for improved CO2 adsorption performance. The influences of granulation and pore-forming template modification on the structure-performance relationships of the adsorbent pellets are investigated. Granulation exerts adverse effect on the pore structure of tetraethylenepentamine supported on silica gel (TEPA-SG) adsorbent, which is not conducive to the bulk diffusion of CO2, and the CO2 adsorption capacity and kinetics thus have been impaired. The TEPA-SG-ES adsorbent pellets prepared by the extrusion–spheronization method show a relatively higher CO2 capture capacity of 1.01 mmol CO2/g due to better textural parameters and uniform dispersion of amine species. Thanks to the extrusion process, the adsorbent pellets also exhibit good mechanical properties with a high compressive strength of 10.90 MPa and low abrasion index of 0.36%. Both the textural properties and CO2 uptakes of the pellets can be restored upon template modification, and the promoting effect depends on the different templates employed due to their distinct pyrolysis rates and pathways. Mechanical properties will be adversely affected by the doped pore-forming template. The TEPA-SG-ES-UA pellets prepared with urea modification exhibit a great CO2 capture capacity of 1.48 mmol CO2/g and good mechanical properties with a high compressive strength of 4.90 MPa and a low abrasion index of 0.87%, and it could be a nice adsorbent candidate for removing low-concentration CO2 from ECLSSs.

Changing the freezing interface characteristics to reduce the ice adhesion strength

To mitigate the hazards of ice adhesion and reduce anti/de-icing costs, this study proposed a simple and low-cost anti/de-icing method. Different positions of the attached water’s internal interface have different phase transformation times owing to changes in the thermal conductivity characteristics of the material surface. Consequently, the characteristic parameters of water during freezing can be used to reduce the ice adhesion strength. The mold method was used to coat low thermal conductivity silicone rubber with a striped and dotted circular pattern on the surface to change the thermal conductivity continuity of the material surface, and the ice adhesion strength on different samples being measured. Different characteristic parameters during the freezing process were measured using the tracing point method, the tangential freezing interface stress being measured using a purpose-built device. The results showed that a sample surface with a discontinuous distribution of silicone rubber could greatly reduce the ice adhesion strength. For example, compared with the ice adhesion strength on the normal surface of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and an aluminum alloy, 142.95 and 150.22 kPA respectively, the use of PMMA and an aluminum alloy with a stripe coating reduced the ice adhesion strength by a maximum of 82.18% and 72.67%, respectively. When the attached water phased into ice, it was accompanied by the release of heat and an increase in volume. Meanwhile, the tangential interface stress increased instantaneously outward along the interface direction and tended to stabilize. A phase transition time difference was formed within the attached water by changing the thermal conductivity continuity of the material surface. The tangential freezing interface stress, heat released, and the increased volume formed by the adhering water located in the late-frozen region during the freezing process acted on the initially frozen region to destabilize the adhesion interface between it and the material surface; thus reducing the ice adhesion strength. Based on the results, it was evident that changing the thermal conductivity continuity of the material surface could actively reduce the adhesion strength. This study should be helpful in developing simple, low-cost, nonpolluting, and active anti/de-icing methods in the engineering field.

A Biocompatible Dual‐Sided Hernia Mesh with Side‐Specific Properties

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) based hernia mesh often shows multiple post‐surgery complications due to lack of biocompatibility, poor cell attachment, and unwanted tissue adhesion. These limitations can be addressed by material designing and surface modification of a mesh with side‐specific properties such as the visceral side (facing intestine) with low protein and cell attachment and the parietal side (facing incision) with improved cell attachment properties for normal healing. However, the development of dual‐sided mesh is very challenging because of its porous structure. Herein, a dual‐sided biocompatible mesh with protein anti‐adsorption and cell attachment properties on two different sides is developed by grafting highly hydrophilic 2‐methcryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer (PMPC) on the plasma‐activated visceral side, while the parietal side is coated with bioactive chitosan and functionalized nanodiamond (Chi/FND) using a temporary polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mold. The PMPC‐grafted side demonstrated excellent resistance to protein adsorption (96% reduction compared to PP) and cell attachment. However, the bioactive coating on the parietal side has significantly improved cell attachment and proliferation properties. In addition, both sides confirmed the presence of the respective biomaterials after an accelerated degradation study for 28 days. Hence, the newly developed dual‐sided mesh by semi‐solid polymer mold (SSPM) method is a promising candidate to address the long‐existing multiple issues of hernia mesh.

Influence of alumina powder (Al2O3) on mechanical and tribological properties of injection molded polyoxymethylene composites

Composite materials combine two or more materials with mechanical and chemical properties that differ from one another. The matrix is one element, while the reinforcement is another. In this study, alumina powder (Al2O3) is used as filler while polyoxymethylene (POM) is used as the matrix. The injection moulding method is used to produce the composite specimens in this investigation. Prior to injection moulding, composite pellets are made using a twin-screw extruder. Compounding is done to produce a homogeneous mixture. The injection moulding method is the most efficient solution for mass-producing material with the slightest faults in samples. The advantage of injection moulding is that it only takes a few minutes to complete a cycle.The composite was put through mechanical, tribological, and morphological testing as part of this investigation to determine its strength. Tensile, flexural, and compression tests are examples of mechanical tests. A wear test is conducted with the help of a pin-on-disc setup. The specific wear rate of all the samples is calculated. The SEM is done to study the surface of the sample after the tensile test. From the tensile test, it is found that with the increase in the amount of tensile strength of composite decreases. The maximum flexural strength (180.92 N/mm2) is obtained for a sample with 1% of alumina powder. The maximum compression strength (91.88 N/mm2) is achieved for a sample with 4% of alumina powder. The SEM image shows the brittle failure of a composite.

THE EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND ULTRAVIOLET (UV) AGING UPON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND AESTHETICS ASPECT OF NOVEL BULK MOULDING COMPOUNDS (BMC) COMPOSITES

The use of composite materials, and more specifically, glass fiber reinforced polymeric materials, is becoming increasingly common to replace conventional materials. In this way, advances can be achieved in terms of material properties, economic cost of manufacture or product life cycle. In this project, the mechanical behaviour of glass fiber reinforced composites BMC (Bulk Moulding Compounds) has been studied, as well as the aesthetic quality of the material surface under conditions that can occur in corrosive or weathering environments. In recent years, the use of BMCs in outdoor applications has become particularly important. Consequently, it is necessary to be aware of the effect of environmental factors such as UV radiation from sunlight, moisture or exposure to corrosive substances. In order to carry out the analysis of some BMC properties, different material formulations have been produced, varying some of the components, but not their ratio. The modified components are resin, thermoplastic additive, filler and pigment. The material was formed using the compression moulding method and machined to obtain test specimens for flexural, tensile, hardness, color and gloss tests. The results obtained were treated statistically by means of the ANOVA method, using the Minitab 9.1 software. This statistical analysis has allowed conclusions to be drawn on the relationship between BMC components and the mechanical and aesthetic characteristics of the material, as well as to detect possible interactions between BMC constituents. Keywords: BMC; Glass fiber; Acid; UV; Resin; Mechanical properties; ANOVA.

Machine Learning을 이용한 LCD 3D프린터 공정조건 추천시스템 개발

With the development of the fourth industry, production methods using 3D printers are increasingly being used to compensate for the limitations of mold processing. Under the existing mold method, the production time is slow and no fixed production process exists. These result in low product reliability and expensive equipment, making the existing mold method inefficient and limited in use. This study develops a liquid crystal display(LCD) 3D printer process parameter recommendation system that can solve the unspecified production processes . To indicate the stacking height and direction, the system is divided into X and Y axes, respectively, and each axis is raised from 0° to 90° in increments of 5° to test samples. After manufacture, a hardness test is performed, and the output accuracy and precision are measured. Using a Gaussian regression, we implement the system to recommend grade results from 1 to 9 to workers and verify performance.

Enhancement of wood-plastic composite properties in presence of recycled vehicular soot as a carbon source material: Sustainable management approach

In the study, the wood-plastic composites (WPCs) were prepared using recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) and sawdust as biomass material. The recycled vehicular soot (RVS) was used as a potential carbon based additive in the composites; and its effect on the properties of the composites was studied. In the process, the soot loading was varied in the range of 0–2.5 wt%. The composites were prepared using the compression moulding method. The effect of recycled soot on the physico-mechanical and thermal properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, compression strength, impact strength, hardness, screw holding power / screw withdrawal force, water absorption and thermal stability of the in-house prepared WPCs was studied. From the results, it was observed that the mechanical properties of the composites improved in presence of soot and its loading. The soot offered positive results in mechanical properties when it was used up to a loading of 1.0 wt% in the composites. However, the soot loading beyond 1.0 wt% resulted in obtaining the detrimental results in the properties of the composites. The probable reason for decrease in composite properties when the soot was used beyond 1.0 wt% was due to the agglomeration of the soot particles in the composite network. The water absorption values of the composites decreased continuously with the increase of soot loading from 0 to 2.5 wt% due to the hydrophobic nature of soot. The prepared composites were thermally stable up to a temperature of around 240 °C. From the outcome of the study, it can be concluded that the recycled soot can be used as a potential substitute to commercial carbon material in the composites to enhance its properties; and also to prepare cost-effective composites.