Motor Shaft Research Articles

Sistem Transmisi pada Mesin Pembersih Sepatu Safety Semi Otomatis

The transmission system is a system that functions to change the torque and speed (rotation) of the torsion engine and has a different speed to keep it moving, the transmission system usually uses gears and fulleys as a rotation successor. Safety shoes are very important protective equipment to prevent injury from falling objects. In addition, it is very important to keep safety shoes clean to avoid falling or slipping while working. In a previous study, namely the Design of a Safety Shoes Cleaner, it did not use a transmission system so that the rotation of the electric motor shaft which was transmitted to the cleaning brush experienced a very large resistance and frictional force. In this study, the transmission system used in the shoe cleaning machine is gear transmission and pulley transmission, the number of gears used is 2 which type of gear used is bevel gear while the number of pulleys used is 5. The purpose of this study was to modify the transmission system of the safety shoe cleaning machine so that it produces counterclockwise rotation on the brush shaft at the top of the machine. This research was carried out in the repair laboratory and workshop of the Morowali metal industry polytechnic from April to September 2022, the research method consisted of planning, designing and manufacturing processes, then testing was carried out so that it could be concluded that the transmission system was running well. By pairing two straight gears on the engine transmission system so as to produce opposite rotation on the upper brush shaft which is transmitted from the motor to the shaft through the gear transmission and fulley belt.

The design of a servo motor control system for an industrial sewing machine based on PLC s7-1200

A servo motor is used as a motor for industrial sewing machines because it produces less noise, consumes less power, and is lightweight. The only disadvantage of the servo motor is its low minimum speed of up to 5000 rpm, which is why the sewing machine cannot be used at high speeds. When working on complex parts or with thick fabrics, slowing down the machine allows for greater accuracy and avoids needle breakage. When the operator works with thinner fabrics and produces more products, the speed of the machine is usually increased. In this paper, a servo motor control system based on PLC S7-1200 is proposed. The system is designed to control the actuators of the machine, such as electromagnets and gas pedals, in addition to the main shaft motor. The comparison shows that the results obtained with the author's control system are identical to those obtained with the control system of the sewing machine JUKI DDL 8700-7.

Fuzzy gain scheduling PID control of a hybrid robot based on dynamic characteristics

In this paper, a fuzzy gain scheduling proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller based on dynamic characteristics of a hybrid robot named TriMule is presented. Since the equivalent inertia and gravity imposed on motor shafts vary with the robot configuration, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory control performance with a linear, fixed gain PID controller. After analyzing the effect mechanism of dynamic characteristics on control performance, the clustering analysis algorithm and fuzzy logic are combined to deduce the control parameters online according to the command acceleration, equivalent inertia and gravity. The experimental results on a prototype machine show that, compared with the conventional PID and fuzzy gain scheduling PID controller, the proposed method can significantly reduce the effect of dynamic characteristics on control system, thus ensuring satisfactory control performance under any configuration in the task workspace.

Sodium bicarbonate alters protein stability and blood coagulability in a simulated Impella purge gap model.

The Impella® microaxial blood pumps utilize purge fluid containing heparin to prevent biofouling of internal surfaces. Purge fluid interfaces with blood or blood components at two notable internal locations: (1) 5-8μm radial gap ("Radial Gap" or "Gap 1") between the motor shaft and bearing, a site accessible by blood proteins or small molecules; and (2) 100 μm axial gap ("Axial Gap" or "Gap 2") between the impeller rotor and bearing, the site of mixing with larger circulating blood components. Despite its efficacy, heparin in the purge fluid complicates overall patient anticoagulation management. Here, we investigate sodium bicarbonate as an alternative to heparin in the purge fluid in a simulated purge gap micro-environment. To assess protein stability simulated at Gap 1, human serum albumin (HSA; 40 mg/ml) species were quantified utilizing size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) after stirring with purge fluid (5% dextrose in water (D5W) with heparin (25 U/ml) or sodium bicarbonate (25 or 50 mEq/L)) over a 24-h period. pH measurements were taken immediately prior to stirring. Mixing between blood and purge fluid at Gap 2 was mimicked in vitro utilizing a 60:40 blood: purge fluid ratio. Purge fluid consisted of D5W with or without sodium bicarbonate (25 or 50 mEq/L). Human citrated blood samples were freshly collected with or without the addition of heparin (5U/ml). Coagulability was determined via thromboelastography (TEG). pH measurements of blood mixtures were taken immediately before and after TEG analysis. Sodium bicarbonate alone or synergistically with heparin was effective in increasing protein stability, increasing pH, and reducing coagulability. In the Gap 1 model, sodium bicarbonate led to preservation of HSA monomer after 24h mixing, with monomer composing 88.3 ± 2.3% and 88.6 ± 0.9% of total HSA species for 25 or 50 mEq/L sodium bicarbonate, respectively. Only 60.4 ± 4.3% monomer was observed with D5W alone (p < 0.005). HSA aggregates and fragments were evident in heparin and D5W purge mixtures, but absent in sodium bicarbonate (25 and 50 mEq/L). pH of HSA mixtures significantly increased in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. In the Gap 2 model, combined heparin (5U/ml) and sodium bicarbonate prolonged clotting time (TEG-ACT), leading to an average increase of 795 ± 275 s (p=0.04) and 846 243 s (p=0.03). This trend of reduced coagulability was similarly observed in clot initiation time (R time), clot formation time (K time), and clotting rate (α angle). Blood mixture pH measurements increased with addition of sodium bicarbonate in both heparinized and non-heparinized blood samples. Sodium bicarbonate in the purge fluid has the potential to significantly increase protein stability and reduce protein denaturation at the Impella® radial gap (Gap 1), while reducing blood coagulation at the Impella® axial gap (Gap 2). The influence of sodium bicarbonate on the biochemical environment of the purge fluid may ensure stable purge flow resistance and play a synergistic or supportive role in the purge gap micro-environment when used with systemic anticoagulation.

Radial Line Planar Phased Array Using Electromechanically Rotated Helical Antennas

In this paper, we propose a novel radial line planar phased array in which helical antenna elements are individually rotated by their respective connected micromotors to realize dynamic beam-scanning. To our knowledge, this is the first radial line planar array (RLPA) that has antenna elements electromechanically rotated by their individual micromotors. To facilitate its fabrication, helix and its probe are directly metallized on a plastic shaft using molded interconnect device technology, and a motor shaft is press-fitted into the plastic shaft. We also present a new design methodology for RLPA, which combines the equivalent circuit theory and electromagnetic simulations of the unit cell element. The proposed procedure is practical to design an RLPA of antenna elements with arbitrary probe shape without large-scale full-wave analysis of the whole structure of the RLPA. We design, fabricate, and evaluate a 7-circle array with 168 helical antenna elements fabricated using molded interconnect device technology. The prototype antenna exhibits dynamic and accurate beam-scanning performance. Furthermore, the prototype antenna exhibits a low reflection coefficient (less than -17dB) and high antenna efficiency (above 77%), which validates the proposed design methodology.

State estimation accuracy analysis of an induction electric drive by the algorithms of Luenberger and Kalman

In complex electromechanical objects containing electric drives with induction motors, it is often difficult or impossible to install sensors of output variables. In this case, to determine the output coordinates of the motor, it is necessary to introduce state observers into the control system of the electric drive. The main problems of creating observers are the presence of noise and interference in the measuring circuits of the control system which affect the accuracy of the estimation of immeasurable state variables. The paper presents a comparison of the accuracy of estimates obtained as a result of the work of the observer algorithms based on the Kalman filter and the observer of the Luenberger in the induction electric drive system, with vector control at the noise level of the current measurement channels in the stator windings of the induction motor. To synthesize algorithms for state observers, methods of identification theory and quasi-linearization of nonlinear models of the control object under consideration were used. The simulation model of an induction motor is based on a classical vector field-oriented control system where an estimate of the angular speed of the motor shaft is used as a feedback signal. The model implements the following blocks: a mathematical model of an induction motor in a two-phase fixed coordinate system α–β; the structure of the observer algorithm; the procedure for converting the basis of the current vector and the control voltage from stationary to rotating and vice versa; proportional-integral regulators of current, flux linkage and angular speed. The S-shaped intensity setter forms a speed setting curve. The input signals for observers are the stator voltages and currents of the reference model of an induction motor. The adaptation coefficients for the Luenberger observer were selected experimentally from the condition of obtaining the average minimum value of the difference modulus of the estimated values. The covariance matrices for the observer based on the Kalman filter are configured on the basis of the experiment, ensuring a minimum of the average value of the absolute error. The time dependences of the transients of the angular speed of the shaft, the modulus of the flux linkage vectors of the rotor and stator currents are obtained. The dependencies were evaluated when starting an induction motor with nominal values and values of frequency and voltage amounting to 10 % of the nominal values. The work of estimation algorithms in the presence of a noise component, as well as when changing the parameters of the induction motor replacement circuit by ± 10 %, is investigated. The results of modeling the operation of the electric drive in starting modes with a mechanical load equal to the nominal value at a supply voltage frequency of 50 Hz and at 10 % of the nominal value for a voltage of 1 Hz are obtained. It is shown that the greatest relative estimation errors occur in the starting mode of the electric drive, and the maximum accuracy is achieved in the case of using a nonlinear Kalman filter. The results of the work can be used in the development of automatic control systems for sensorless electric drives and frequency-controlled electric drive of centrifugal pumping units for oil production.

Neural Classification of Rotor Faults in Three-Phase Induction Motors using Electric Current Signals in the Frequency Domain

Three-phase induction motors are widely used in different applications in the industry due to their robustness, low cost, and reliability. Untimely identification and correct diagnosis of incipient faults reduce cost and improve the maintenance management of these machines. This paper explores a new method for robust classification of rotor failures in three-phase induction motors (MITs) connected directly to the electrical network, operating in a steady-state, under unbalanced voltages and load conditions. Through an innovative methodology, an analysis of the electrical current signals from 1 hp and 2 hp motors in the frequency domain was performed. Such analysis was applied in constructing input matrices for a Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) to detect faults. Furthermore, this methodology proved to be robust because the samples of the failing and healthy motors include voltage unbalance conditions in the electrical supply and a significant variation in the load applied to the motor shaft. Such load variation was used for the detection of failures of 1, 2, and 4 broken bars consecutively on the rotor and in the condition of 2 broken bars and 2 other broken bars diametrically opposite. The results were promising and were obtained using 847 real samples from an experimental bench used to construct the neural model and its respective validation.

Online Multiphase Flow Measurement of Crude Oil Properties Using Nuclear (Proton) Magnetic Resonance Automated Measurement Complex for Energy Safety at Smart Oil Deposits

The necessity of a flow express control of oil dispersed system (ODS) properties, such as crude oil, oil products, water–oil emulsions, and polluted waters, is substantiated. This control is necessary for the production and preparation of oil for transportation through the pipeline and oil refining, oil products, and wastewater treatment systems. A developed automatic measuring complex (AMC) is used to implement the concept of digital oil deposits. The primary measuring device is a relaxometer developed by us based on nuclear (proton) magnetic resonance (PMR). The design and operation algorithm of the AMC and the relaxometer are described. Equations have been developed to determine the ODS characteristics using the measured PMR parameters. This makes it possible to determine the flow rates of crude oil, the concentration of water in the oil, the concentration of asphaltene, resins, and paraffins in the oil, as well as the density, viscosity, and molecular weight of the oil. Additionally, it is possible to determine the dispersed distribution of water droplets in emulsions in oil production and treatment units. Data on this distribution will improve the management of separation processes. It has been established that the implemented control of multiphase ODS using PMR parameters (relaxation times, populations of proton phases, and amplitudes of spin-echo signals) makes it possible, using AMC, to assess the consumption of electricity in technological processes at the digital oil deposits, as well as during the transportation of oil and oil products through pipelines. AMC makes it possible to reduce electrical energy consumption in technological installations and reduce pollution emissions into wastewater. The advantages of using the developed AMC are shown in examples of its application. Such as an assessment of the influence of the gas factor on electricity consumption during oil transportation through pipelines or compensation for the additional moment of resistance on the shaft of the submersible motor, which is caused by surface tension forces at the interface of water droplets in the emulsion.

A Mixed Hardware-Software Implementation of a High-Performance PMSM Controller

Implementation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor vector control implies strong time dependencies. The control process requires precise measurement of motor shaft position and winding currents to establish correct driving. The tight time dependencies are difficult to achieve using a programmatic approach. Specific controller architecture is proposed for programmable systems on chip architectures enabling operations precise timing and improved processing performance. The controller is decomposed into a dedicated hardware interface system and programmatic part for easy implementation and modification of the control algorithm. The proposed architecture offers precise and repeatable input-output operations timing and assures meeting tight time dependencies. The control algorithm is executed as an interrupt service requested by the interface system in a constant processing period with relatively weak time dependencies. Additionally, the interface system preprocesses input and output signals reducing the computation effort and saving time for algorithm computations. The specific implementation enabled improved measurement of the motor’s windings current with suppression of disturbances caused by inverter operation. There is shown an efficient implementation of Parke’s and Clarke’s transformations using specific resources of modern programmable logic devices. In opposite to the software-managed implementation presented implementation assures completing processing faster, using a minimal number of hardware resources of the FPGA platform and offering the highest flexibility of software part implementation.

Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Three Ways Grass Cutter

The grass is mowed uniformly using a solar-powered grass cutter. Future power usage will be substantial. With it, lawns at parks, colleges, schools, and other locations are maintained and taken care of. The highly fine and uniform surface appearance of the lawn is easily operated and maintained by untrained individuals. Modern grass-cutting equipment is becoming increasingly widespread. Our daily lives show us how man-made pollution works. Older lawn cutter models had IC engines, which were bad for the environment and increased pollutants. An IC engine-driven cutter is more expensive. Such commonplace machinery needs considerable upkeep. We plan to develop a new type of solar-powered lawn cutter that is more affordable than the one now in use to get past these problems. Solar energy is the term used to describe the heat and light radiations that we receive from the sun. It is among the most widely used and diverse non-conventional renewable energy sources available on a global scale. It is devoid of contaminants, enters the market right away, and has no value. The use of equipment like star panels, which are constructed of electrical phenomenon cells, to produce electricity and power from solar energy. This year, solar system has drawn more attention because of its advantages over other renewable energy sources. The demand for and requests for green energy technology derived from renewable energy sources are increasing. The Solar Grass Cutter is a mechanical device that cuts grass with the usage of electricity. Its body is first constructed from PVC pipe, square shape plywood and caster wheels are then positioned under the body of the square plywood. Then, an inclined fibre plate is set on a body with a solar panel attached to it. That transmits solar energy, which is changed into electrical energy, which is changed into mechanical energy at the end of electric motor shaft, which contain the blade setup to cut the grass.

The influence of dynamic loads on the vibration level of rotating units of traction drives

The paper presents a research of joint oscillations of traction motors and the bogie frame based on a high-dimensional finite element model. The study includes an analysis of torsional vibrations of the traction gearbox and motor shafts, taking into account moments and single shock loads based on a finite element model. The experiment includes three test modes with different mechanical moments.As a result of the study of the acting forces inside the design of the gearbox and the loads on the bearings, the level of vibration activity in the areas of the greatest loads is practically determined. The determination of the level of vibration activity of the traction gearbox and the motor is carried out together with the traction drive control system over the entire range of rotational speeds.

A Numerical Procedure for Variable-Pitch Law Formulation of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines

A numerical procedure was developed to determine a variable-pitch law that maximized the performance of a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT). The methodology was based on the determination, for each blade, of the angle of attack maximizing the stationary aerodynamic efficiency at prescribed azimuthal positions. The angles of attack were determined by means of a panel method with a low computational effort, and the methodology was implemented in Matlab® software (version R2021a) allowing us to achieve in real time a variable-pitch law suitable for the turbine geometry. The variable pitch law was validated by considering its effect on the torque of a 2D model of an H-Darrieus turbine. U-RANS analyses were carried out with a K−ωSST model and a sliding-mesh technique was used to prescribe the blade motion around the shaft and pitch motion. Results showed how the variable-pitch law delayed the dynamic stall and improved the aerodynamic performance considerably.

Design and methods for calculating the parameters of a machine for cleaning wool from vegetable impurities

The article presents an effective scheme and principle of operation of the device, working bodies, drive mechanisms of machines for cleaning wool from vegetable impurities. Theory - experimental studies have obtained the laws of motion of the peg feeder, saw cylinder, impact roller, take-off drum, motor shaft, the main parameters of the device for cleaning wool from plant impurities are substantiated. Based on the results of comparative production tests, recommendations were developed for introducing the developed machine into production.

INVESTIGATION OF THE STARTING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FOR DRIVING A ROTOR-PULSATION APPARATUS USING A FREQUENCY CONVERTER

The method was used to carry out mathematical modeling for the follow-up of transitional processes during the start-up of an asynchronous engine to drive a rotary-pulsation apparatus for the preparation of water-grain feed for the clarity and frequency of the frequency changer. Mathematical modeling of transient processes during the start-up of an asynchronous electric motor for driving a rotary-pulsation apparatus for the preparation of liquid grain feed in the absence and presence of a frequency converter was carried out using the Matlab Simulink application program package. The following start-up parameters of the asynchronous motor were obtained: the current in the stator windings, the speed of rotation of the rotor and the electromagnetic moment on the motor shaft. The dynamic mechanical characteristics of the asynchronous motor during its start-up are obtained. A comparative analysis of simulation results with and without the use of a frequency converter was carried out. It is shown that the use of a frequency converter significantly improves the starting characteristics of an asynchronous motor.

A novel piezoelectric motor design and its controller

The paper aims to develop a novel piezoelectric motor and its controller; here the motor shaft needs to be rotated fully by 360° using two sets of Parallelly Prestressed Actuators (PPA) and one set of lock release actuators (LR). The first set of PPA drives the driving element and produces a displacement of 39 µm for an applied input voltage of 150 V & rotates by an angle of 0.145°, thus taking 2483 steps to complete one complete rotation. The second set of PPA is deployed to transfer the rotation caused by the first set of PPA to the output shaft. The lock release actuator will arrest the rotation that occurred and avoids the shaft from moving back to its original position till the next cycle begins. The above set of operations is continued to obtain continuous rotation of the piezoelectric motor shaft. There is a FAP used to hold the shaft during the power-off condition. The mathematical controller is developed to obtain both forward and reverse rotation of the shaft by applying an input voltage, further the developed model is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software to illustrate the working of a piezoelectric motor.

Перспективи розвитку методів діагностики в перехідних режимах роботи прокатних станів

The issue of using the parameters of vibrodynamic processes in rolling mills, primarily during the gripping of the strip by rolls, to determine the technical condition of the equipment is considered. Examples of typical transient processes of the moment of elastic forces on the spindles and the motor shaft and vibration of the equipment along the drive line are noted. Examples of developed methods of diagnosing the actual technical condition of rolling cage equipment are provided. In particular, with the use of such a new indicator as the time delay of the reaction of the areas to the impact load in the cage. On the basis of the obtained industrial measurements and mathematical modeling, the directions for the search and development of new methods and methods are proposed and substantiated. It is recommended to use the correlation fields constant moment - the maximum moment of elastic forces during strip capture, coefficients of variation, purposeful creation of special modes of rolling and operation of equipment and installation of continuously operating strain gauges and use of regular sensors.

Засоби керування кроковим двигуном та вимірювання зусиль під час дослідження процесу згинання аркушевого матеріалу

The improvement of the equipment for the forming of the volumetric shape of packages and containers requires a detailed study of the phenomena in the folding process of sheet material with a complex structure (corrugated cardboard). A stand has been created to study process parameters, successful research on which should be provided by programmed control of tool movement and synchronous transfer of measured data to a computer for further processing. Moving tools (punches) are driven by a stepper motor. The movement of the stepper motor shaft is programmed to obtain both a uniform movement and movement according to a certain law, which can be different for the working and reverse moves. Forces are measured by a strain gauge clamp, the signal from which is also transmitted to external devices for visualization and processing. The basis of the motor control and measurement unit is the Arduino Uno microcontroller, which, together with the Arduino Nano controller and the analog-to-digital converter, significantly expands the functionality of the stand. The diagram and operation of the created control and measurement unit is described. A special program has been created to study the geometric, kinematic and power parameters of the process, the possibility of quickly changing the law of motion, providing various ratios and laws of motion to the working and reverse motion of punches. The laws of motion for the motor shaft are presented in it in the form of matrices of values, which are accessed before starting the measurement from the stand control panel. The parameters of the process of simultaneous folding of corrugated cardboard, which were investigated using a stand, are described. The developed measurement technique and means of controlling the movement of the stepper motor of the tool drive allowed to estimate the maximum effort, the nature of the change during the work cycle, to compare different types of material and folding modes. The result of determining the optimal parameters of the process of operational packaging &amp; container formation is the creation of recommendations necessary for the design of modern energy-saving equipment.

Dynotest Design Analysis for Electrical Converted Vehicles

The study comprises dynotest design and analysis to measure torque and horsepower. Basically, a dynotest carried out by apply certain load to the axle of a combustion motor through the braking mechanism of its crankshaft. Due to the high price of a Dynotest unit in the market, it is relatively difficult for a developing institution to own it on their site. The study target to design a simple and good accurate Dynotest within a reasonable price. The study used a common standard method for design analysis which rely on function and structural approach. Functionally, Dynotest is designed to be used to an ouput of an electical motor. Loading on motor shaft was done by disc brake braking mechanism. Structurally, Dynotest was designed to use rollers. As a main component, its mounting construction is connected to a motor to generate electrical power. Power transmitted from the motor to Dynotest through a center joint shaft, torque measured by load cell while the rotation of shaft itself counted by a digital tachometer. Test result show that electricity was produced from the simple construction and Dynotest functioned well in measuring it. Measurement data of roller support shaft performance showed a motor torque performance curve which are similar with the typical of similar Dynotest. Construction Test done by applying Solid Work software analysis to some components partially on rollers and on the construction assembly as a whole unit

Design and justification of hydrostatic transmission parameters for special transport vehicles

Traditionally, hydrostatic transmissions of specialised transport vehicles use piston hydraulic machines to move the vehicle, as well as to operate attachment systems and units. For a wide range of special vehicles used in agriculture and municipal services, movement requires the power of the drive motor, comparable to the power of gear hydraulic machines. Gear hydraulic machines are less demanding on the quality, viscosity, and purity of the working fluid, are cheaper, and are easier to operate. Regulation of speed of an output shaft of gear hydraulic motors, as a rule, is provided by the throttle method that considerably reduces the general efficiency of a hydraulic drive. In the article the project of hydrostatic transmission on the basis of gear hydraulic machines with "volumetric" way of regulation is offered, the basis of which is the combination of work of two hydraulic motors (gerotor and gear with external gearing) with connection of output shafts of hydraulic motors to axes of gear differential. The basic calculation dependencies for determining the operating parameters of transmission hydraulic machines are given.

Furuta Pendulum Design Update for Accessible Control Demonstrations

Pendulum systems have been studied and used for several decades to demonstrate principles in the systems and control community. The Furuta Pendulum has been a popular system because it is safe and compact while allowing profound complexity for the small number of degrees-of-freedom. A modern update is presented in this paper to enhance the public accessibility of the system for educational and industry control demonstrations. Several updates to the Furuta Pendulum are provided and the design approach for each is described in detail. Manual-only and automatic control modes are enabled to promote user intuition of automatic control schemes. Manual-only control is enabled by disengaging a mechanical coupler from the DC motor and main shaft. 3D printing provides an economical and flexible approach for creating the system for kits and public sharing. Almost all parts are printed with PLA, including the shafts. An open-source BeagleBoneBlue controller was used to encourage public availability of project materials. A nonlinear model is derived and linearized for experimental validation to prove the model's validity for various control demonstrations. The linear model is a state-space realization with lumped parameters. The parameters were estimated using the Simulink Parameter Estimation workflow.