Propulsion Motor Research Articles

Analysis and Verification of cooling structure of superconducting motors for electrical aircraft propulsion

The hydrogen-powered aviation hybrid technology is one of the important directions of the development of electrical aircraft propulsion. Superconducting motors (SCMs) are the core components of a hydrogen-powered aircraft due to their high power-to-weight ratio. Among SCMs, partial SCMs with superconducting armature windings and permanent magnets (SC-PMMs) are the research front and hotspots. This study focuses on the key issue of cooling the superconducting (SC) coils of SC-PMMs. The advantages and disadvantages of three cooling structures, namely core conduction cooling, coil immersion cooling, and core and coil immersion cooling, are compared. The temperature of the SC coils in different cooling structures is simulated and analyzed in detail. The obtained results show that the temperature of the coils in the core and coil immersion cooling structure is not much different from that in the coil immersion cooling structure, with a temperature difference of about 1.5 K only. However, the implementation of the core and coil immersion cooling structure is much easier. Therefore, an SC-PMM prototype is developed using it as the cooling structure, and the temperature change in the prototype under different operating conditions is investigated experimentally. The obtained results show that the final stable temperature during the cooling process is 76.8 K, and the coil on the top is more likely to quench than that at the bottom. The maximum frequency and maximum current at which the prototype can operate stably for a long time are 200 Hz and 49 A, respectively. This study verifies the effectiveness of the core and coil immersion cooling structure, obtains the quench prone area in SC-PMMs, and lays the foundation for the development of high-performance and highly reliable SCMs.

A Shunt DC Electric Spring Control Strategy for MVDC Bus Voltage Stability Onboard AES

Background: The recent trend in the all-electric ship (AES) electrical systems, especially in military vessels, is to move towards medium voltage direct current (MVDC) distribution. Bus voltage instability is a major issue in direct current (DC) distribution systems. Nowadays, direct current electric springs (DCES) are extensively used in low-voltage direct current (LVDC) microgrids to address voltage instability issues. This paper extends the use of a shunt DCES to stabilize the bus voltage in an MVDC grid. The work proposes an addition to the MVDC onboard ship distribution system architecture, described in IEEE 1709, by integrating a shunt DCES with a novel control strategy to stabilize the bus voltage under various loading conditions, including propulsion motor (PM) and online pulsed power load (PPL). Methods: The shunt DCES is designed to provide current into the MVDC bus, which reduces the bus current ripple to attain a stable bus voltage with reduced ripple. A dual loop control with a battery management system (BMS) is proposed for the shunt DCES and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. BMS is designed based on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and bus current ripple extracted from the system's source and load side currents. The current supplied by the shunt DCES and the extracted ripple current validate the effectiveness of the proposed control. Total harmonic distortions (THDs) as a measure of voltage ripple of the MVDC bus voltage at different intervals are measured and compared for both systems, with and without shunt DCES. Results: It was observed that the shunt DCES could reduce the voltage ripple well below the permissible limit, which is 5% as per IEEE 1709. Conclusion: The proposed control strategy could attain a reduction of 68-85% in THD under peak to off-peak loading conditions with the addition of shunt DCES.

Numerical Studies of Solid Rocket Propellant PMMA-PBAN-ALF3-Nitrocellulose-Difluoramine

Abstract The aim of the new investigation is the evaluation of solid rocket Propellant. In which performing numerical analysis of solid rocket propellant and calculating the constraints involved as derived from thrust i.e. velocity involved in the solid rocket propulsion motor usage. This paper aims to show the viability of solid rocket propellant for modern and future applications. Solid rocket motors are simple in design and fabricating. The need for a propellant that produces the same specific impulse as another chemical rocket engine. So it is needed to have a solid rocket motor with an enhanced combustion characteristic at a reasonable O/F ratio. For a healthy ecology, an economically reliable, highly effective, and environmentally concerned propellant is constantly suitable. As a superior alternative among the already used propellants in the sector, the paper suggested fuel PolyMethyl MethAcrylate (PMMA), PolyButadiene AcryloNitrile (PBAN) CoPolymer, and Aluminum hydride (AlH3), and oxidizers such as Nitrocellulose and Difluoramine. The desired O/F ratio for the technical criteria was found to result in a high combustion characteristic. With the features discovered through numerical and analytical research, we have suggested a design for the SRM that includes post-combustion, which enhances the reaction and creates the innovative elements of the existing SRM.

Parametric correction in the control system of the electric propulsion of autonomous underwater vehicles affected by random inputs

The paper deals with the problem of controlling a DC propulsion motor of an autonomous underwater vehicle using a bidirectional non-isolated DC-DC converter. An automatic speed control system with a parametric controller was developed in the Matlab / Simulink package. To reduce energy conversion stages, dc-dc converters are often used to control dc motors AUV. The result of the work is an adaptive control system for the speed of the AUV propeller, which would provide high accuracy for a wide range of speeds and at the same time limit the maximum current and voltage at the armature. The indicators of the quality of performance in various modes of operation were determined, maps of the controller settings were compiled, and parametric correction was introduced. The operation of the system is analyzed and drawbacks are eliminated, such as voltage surges when switching from one speed to another, a decrease in overshoot and settling time. The performance of the system is analyzed under the conditions of random inputs from the propeller. The description of the laboratory stand for the study of the control system is given. A description of the laboratory study of the operation of the "DC converter—engine" system under conditions of random fluctuations in the moments on the motor shaft is given. It is shown that the proposed system has shown itself well under laboratory conditions and the experimental results are consistent with modeling in Matlab / Simulink.

Prediction of Breakdown Time of Insulation Material for Use in Medium-Voltage Inverter-Fed Marine Propulsion Motor Applications

Prediction of Breakdown Time of Insulation Material for Use in Medium-Voltage Inverter-Fed Marine Propulsion Motor Applications

Multiobjective Optimization Method to Maximize Power Density and Efficiency of an Electric Propulsion Motor in UAV Applications

Multiobjective Optimization Method to Maximize Power Density and Efficiency of an Electric Propulsion Motor in UAV Applications

Experimental Evaluation of Acoustical Materials for Noise Reduction in an Induction Motor Drive

Electric propulsion motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines, but they generate high-frequency tonal noise, which can be perceived as annoying. Acoustical materials are typically suitable for high-frequency noise, making them ideal for acoustic noise mitigation. This paper investigates the effectiveness of three acoustical materials, namely, 2″ Polyurethane foam, 2″ Vinyl-faced quilted glass fiber, and 2″ Studiofoam, in mitigating the acoustic noise from an induction motor and a variable frequency inverter. Acoustic noise rates at multiple motor speeds, with and without the application of acoustical materials, are compared to determine the effectiveness of acoustical materials in mitigating acoustic noise at the transmission stage. Acoustical materials reduce acoustic noise from the induction motor by 5–14 dB(A) at around 500 Hz and by 22–31 dB(A) at around 10,000 Hz. Among the tested materials, Studiofoam demonstrates superior noise absorption capacity across the entire frequency range. Polyurethane foam is a cost-effective and lightweight alternative, and it is equally as effective as Studifoam in mitigating high-frequency acoustic noise above 5000 Hz.

Function and Global Regulation of Type III Secretion System and Flagella in Entomopathogenic Nematode Symbiotic Bacteria.

Currently, it is widely accepted that the type III secretion system (T3SS) serves as the transport platform for bacterial virulence factors, while flagella act as propulsion motors. However, there remains a noticeable dearth of comparative studies elucidating the functional disparities between these two mechanisms. Entomopathogenic nematode symbiotic bacteria (ENS), including Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, are Gram-negative bacteria transported into insect hosts by Steinernema or Heterorhabdus. Flagella are conserved in ENS, but the T3SS is only encoded in Photorhabdus. There are few reports on the function of flagella and the T3SS in ENS, and it is not known what role they play in the infection of ENS. Here, we clarified the function of the T3SS and flagella in ENS infection based on flagellar inactivation in X. stockiae (flhDC deletion), T3SS inactivation in P. luminescens (sctV deletion), and the heterologous synthesis of the T3SS of P. luminescens in X. stockiae. Consistent with the previous results, the swarming movement of the ENS and the formation of biofilms are dominated by the flagella. Both the T3SS and flagella facilitate ENS invasion and colonization within host cells, with minimal impact on secondary metabolite formation and secretion. Unexpectedly, a proteomic analysis reveals a negative feedback loop between the flagella/T3SS assembly and the type VI secretion system (T6SS). RT-PCR testing demonstrates the T3SS's inhibition of flagellar assembly, while flagellin expression promotes T3SS assembly. Furthermore, T3SS expression stimulates ribosome-associated protein expression.

Experimental and numerical analysis of 3D end effects in Naval Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion motors

This study explores the impact of end electric current on the performance of a marine magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion motor or thruster using a comprehensive 3D numerical simulation. The investigation focuses on various operating parameters, such as electromagnetic and drag forces, efficiency, losses, current, and different pressure components. To validate the numerical findings, a scaled-down experimental setup is utilised. The results demonstrate that certain operating parameters of MHD motors are not affected by the three-dimensional characteristics of their channels. These parameters, including fluid velocity, can be accurately calculated using the analytical model based on the effective electric current of the motor. Conversely, other operating parameters of MHD motors are significantly influenced by the end effects in their channels. For example, the overall efficiency, which depends on the total electric current of the motor, should be calculated using a more precise simulation method.

Cooling Improvement for High-Power-Density Shell-Mounted Underwater Propulsion Motors with Heat Bridges

Subject to an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with rigorously limited space and weight, the high-power-density propulsion motor urgently needs an efficient cooling method to improve reliability and stability. In this paper, a cooling improvement method based on heat bridges (HBs) is proposed for the shell-mounted propulsion motor (SmPM) of the AUVs. First, the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of a 150 kW SmPM are analyzed using a numerical method. Then, a prototype was developed and tested to verify the accuracy of the numerical calculation. Subsequently, in order to further improve the cooling performance of the motor with minimal weight increment, this paper proposes HBs mounted on the end winding. The maximum winding temperature of the motor containing the proposed HBs is decreased by 20 K at the rated operation state. Based on the validated numerical method, the effects of topologies, materials, and geometric parameters on the cooling effect are investigated. Furthermore, according to the required operating time, the SmPM is optimized based on the cooling performance improvement provided by the proposed HBs. The results show that in addition to the benefit of the cooling improvement contributed by the proposed HB, the weight of the propulsion motor is reduced by 7.14%.

Design and Development of Solar Operated Fodder Cutting and Collecting Machine

Abstract: This paper describes the design, manufacture and performance evaluation of a small modified forage cutter and harvester built with a very simple mechanism that is cheap and simple. Harvesting fodder is a necessary farming activity that requires considerable work. Labor costs and availability pose significant challenges during the cutting season. Due to shortage of labor and unpredictable weather during harvesting, farmers must use mechanized methods to ensure speed of harvesting and collection. We have used various techniques to analyze and design a very low-cost fodder cutter and harvester with solar system and battery. This machine is designed for small farmers who have less than 2 acres of agricultural land. This small machine can cut up to two stacks of fodder at once. The feed is cut by reciprocating blades that cut it like scissors. It uses a 12V electric motor for propulsion. This power is supplied to the cutter by an electric motor. After sowing, the feed is collected in a storage tank using a collection system. Because it was built using spare parts readily available in the area, this small machine is easy to maintain and operate. Small farmers can find this machine the answer to their labor and implementation cost problems

Integrated on-board electric vehicle battery charger with multifunctional features

ABSTRACT Because of the continuous demand for reliable, efficient, small-size, light weighted, and low-cost Electric Vehicle (EV) battery charging systems, an integrated on-board charger is proposed with a high-power propulsion motor drive. It utilises stator windings of motor, the 6-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC), DC-DC converter, and feedback sensors to facilitate vehicular battery charging. With this system, soft switching technique based bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter is proposed that offers the advantage of simple circuitry design due to no usage of extra passive or active components. This paper presents mathematical modelling, analysis, and controller design of this proposed configuration under various operating modes. The complete system is developed in Sim Power system toolbox of MATLAB software and tested in real-time environment. The performance investigations of proposed system are carried out for three operating modes like Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) under Constant Current (CC) and Constant Voltage (CV) battery charging modes. Furthermore, the investigations ensure the system’s excellent efficiency, less THD, and nearly unity power factor operation under all operating conditions.

SOLAR BASED WHEEL CHAIR FOR DISABLED

The Solar Based Wheelchair for Disabled (SBWCD) is a groundbreaking project aimed at enhancing mobility and independence for individuals with disabilities by harnessing the power of solar energy. Traditional wheelchairs often rely on manual propulsion or battery-powered motors, which can be limiting in terms of range, accessibility to charging stations, and environmental impact. In response to these challenges, the SBWCD project introduces a novel approach by integrating solar panels into the design of wheelchairs to harness solar energy and convert it into electrical power for propulsion. This innovative solution offers numerous benefits, including extended range, reduced reliance on grid electricity, and decreased carbon footprint. The SBWCD features a lightweight and durable frame equipped with high-efficiency solar panels mounted on the backrest and armrests, maximizing exposure to sunlight while maintaining user comfort and ergonomics. The solar panels are connected to an onboard battery system, which stores excess energy generated during daylight hours for use during periods of low sunlight or at night. This hybrid power system ensures continuous operation of the wheelchair regardless of environmental conditions, providing users with greater autonomy and freedom of movement. Moreover, the SBWCD is designed with user-centric features and accessibility in mind. Adjustable seating, armrests, and footrests accommodate users of varying sizes and preferences, while ergonomic controls and intuitive interfaces ensure ease of operation for individuals with limited mobility or dexterity. Additionally, safety features such as anti-tip mechanisms, seat belts, and obstacle detection systems enhance user confidence and mitigate risks associated with wheelchair use in diverse environments. In summary, the Solar Based Wheelchair for Disabled (SBWCD) project represents a significant advancement in assistive technology, offering a sustainable and user-friendly solution for individuals with disabilities. By harnessing the abundant and renewable energy of the sun, SBWCD empowers users to navigate their surroundings with greater independence, efficiency, and environmental consciousness. As the demand for accessible and eco-friendly mobility solutions continues to grow, the SBWCD project serves as a beacon of innovation and inclusivity in the field of assistive technology.

Ingesting yeast extract causes excitation of neurogenic and myogenic colonic motor patterns in the rat.

Fermented foods play a significant role in the human diet for their natural, highly nutritious and healthy attributes. Our aim was to study the effect of yeast extract, a fermented substance extracted from natural yeast, on colonic motility to better understand its potential therapeutic role. A yeast extract was given to rats by gavage for 3 days, and myogenic and neurogenic components of colonic motility were studied using spatiotemporal maps made from video recordings of the whole colon exvivo. A control group received saline gavages. The yeast extract caused excitation of the musculature by increasing the propagation length and duration of long-distance contractions, the major propulsive activity of the rat colon. The yeast extract also evoked rhythmic propulsive motor complexes (RPMCs) which were antegrade in the proximal and mid-colon and retrograde in the distal colon. RPMC activity was evoked by distention-induced neural activity, but it was myogenic in nature since we showed it to be generated by bethanechol in the presence of tetrodotoxin. In conclusion, ingestion of yeast extract stimulates rat colon motility by exciting neurogenic and myogenic control mechanisms.

High Power Density Technology of Propulsion Motors for Electric Aircraft

High Power Density Technology of Propulsion Motors for Electric Aircraft

IoT Based Farm Insect Killer

Abstract: In modern agriculture, the efficient and precise application of pesticides is essential for crop health and yield ptimization. To address this need, we present the development of an autonomous pesticide sprinkler robot designed for precision agriculture applications. The robot is equipped with a DTMF module for remote control and a motor driver to enable precise navigation and spraying operations. The system integrates a chassis with sturdy wheels for mobility, DC motors for propulsion, and a pesticide tank with a spraying mechanism for uniform distribution of pesticides over crops. The robot's control system is implemented using an Arduino board, programmed to interpret DTMF signals for remote operation and execute predefined spraying patterns with precision. Safety features such as emergency stop buttons and fail-safes are incorporated to mitigate potential hazards

Hybrid RNN-LSTM Networks for Enhanced Intrusion Detection in Vehicle CAN Systems

Electric vehicles (EVs) use electric motors for propulsion, relying on electric energy stored in batteries or other energy storage devices. The standard communication protocol used in EVs is the Control Area Network (CAN), a communication protocol widely used in the automotive industry for networking and communication between various components within a vehicle. CAN protocol, designed without any care about protection, as automotive systems become more connected, the vulnerability to cyber threats, including intrusion attacks. The most common intrusion attacks on EVs are Denial of Service (DoS), Fuzzy, and Impersonation Attacks. These become a significant challenge due to the imperative need for robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) in CAN networks. This paper explores the application of advanced deep learning techniques, specifically Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, to enhance the effectiveness of intrusion detection in the EV domain. We will use a hybrid Deep-learning model to improve the analysis. First, we will apply the RNN model, and the output will come as input for the second model, LSTM. Our proposed hybrid model achieved an accuracy of 93%. The outcomes of this research contribute to advancing cybersecurity measures in vehicular networks, ensuring the integrity and safety of connected vehicles. The applicability of RNN and LSTM techniques in the context of CAN networks demonstrates their potential to evolve as integral components of next-generation intrusion detection systems, fostering a secure and resilient automotive ecosystem.

PENGARUH RASIO PULLEY TERHADAP BEBAN MAKSIMAL PEMAKAIAN MESIN LISTRIK PORTABEL RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Abstract -- Population growth can trigger an increase in the need for electrical energy, but this is not balanced with an increase in the supply of electricity, where the installed power capacity is fixed, while the needs of the community continue to increase and various supporting activities. Such conditions encourage the search and study of the use of new energy sources, which are renewable, environmentally friendly, and environmentally friendly which aim to produce electricity without any assistance from BBM and are expected to provide convenience in obtaining electricity. , by utilizing a 12 volt, 75 Ah battery / battery, a 12 volt dc alternator equipped with an inverter with a voltage of 1500 watts to convert DC current to AC, 500 watt ac driving dynamo, pulley with a ratio of 1,333 : 1 inch. The test was carried out with a variation of the pulley ratio of 1,333 : 1 inch, the maximum load material tested was using a 50 watt, 100 watt, 200 watt, 250 watt, 300 watt, 350 watt, 380 watt light bulb. Based on the test data using the maximum load with a pulley ratio of 1,333: 1 inch for 380 watts, the voltage drop can reach 11.4 volts more than the maximum load the portable electric machine does not work optimally. This causes the alternator to not be able to issue an electric voltage of more than 12 volts for the battery charging process, so that the inventor cannot work properly which results in a low inverter output voltage unable to provide electric current to the propulsion motor.

Dual Independent Rotor Axial Flux Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Applications

This article proposes a dual independent rotor axial flux induction motor (DIR-AFIM) with two degrees of freedom as a propulsion motor for an electric vehicle (EV). The performance of this motor in different operating conditions of the vehicle is discussed and investigated. This motor has two rotors that are mechanically independent of each other, providing driving force for the EV separately and enabling the removal of any mechanical or electrical differential. The propulsion motor can play the role of differential and also reduce the cost and complexity of the entire propulsion system in some extent. The finite element modeling of the proposed motor has been performed and the performance characteristics have been evaluated in three operating scenarios: flat path, sloped path, and turning path, taking into account the dynamics of the vehicle. Additionally, the accuracy of the simulations and modeling has been confirmed by performing some practical tests on the prototype machine. The results show that the simulations and measurements are in good agreement and the proposed propulsion system can be a suitable option for lightweight electric vehicles.

A Multimode Power Processor With Wired and Wireless Battery Charging for Electric Vehicle

The propulsion unit is the prime power module in an Electric Vehicle (EV) that keeps it moving. This module includes a propulsion motor and a power electronic interface that converts DC to three phase AC for driving the motor. In addition to this, separate power electronic modules are used for on-board wired charging and wireless charging. This paper proposes a multimode power processor for EV capable of serving the purpose of three different power modules required for propulsion, wired charging and wireless charging. This optimizes the weight, volume, and cost of the EV as separate power modules are avoided for three different modes. This paper also proposes a new scheme for the transmitting side power electronic module that taps power from the single-phase utility grid and generates high frequency AC using a resonant inverter for wireless power transfer. In both the wired and wireless charging method, the proposed technique draws power from the single-phase wall outlet, charges the EV battery pack with constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging logic and performs power factor correction operation at the input AC grid side. A laboratory scale prototype is developed for experimentally validating the proposed concept with a 24 V, 30 Ah battery set and a 24 V, 400 W BLDC motor.