Motor Vehicle Research Articles

Sustainable development goals and corporate financial performance: Examining the influence of stakeholder engagement

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between sustainable development goals (SDG) and corporate financial performance (CFP) in the motor vehicle manufacturing sector. Using a comprehensive dataset from CSRHUB database, covering 380 companies from 2016 to 2022, we analyze how SDG‐related disclosures—across depth, breadth, and concentration—impact financial metrics such as return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), return on invested capital (ROIC), and Tobin's Q. The study employs the system generalized method of moments (System GMM) to mitigate endogeneity concerns, ensuring robust results. Our findings reveal that while SDG initiatives positively influence CFP, the role of stakeholder engagement is pivotal. Firms with comprehensive SDG strategies and high stakeholder engagement experience superior financial outcomes. However, an overly narrow focus on specific SDG themes, even with strong stakeholder interactions, correlates with weaker financial performance. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on corporate sustainability by highlighting the moderating effect of stakeholder engagement in SDG disclosures. The findings offer practical implications for both policymakers and business leaders, suggesting a balanced approach to SDG reporting to maximize financial performance.

Comparison of Pediatric and Adult Mandibular Fractures: Identifying Differences in Presentation and Management Using a National Trauma Database.

Facial fractures in children are less common than in adults but can lead to significant long-term complications, including growth abnormalities and functional issues. Mandibular fractures are the most common facial fractures in both age groups, yet there is no consensus on optimal management strategies. This study investigates the epidemiology, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of mandibular fractures in pediatric versus adult populations. The authors conducted a retrospective, population-based study using 2016 to 2019 data from the National Trauma Data Bank. Patients with mandibular fractures were categorized into pediatric (below 18y) and adult (18y or above) groups. The authors analyzed demographics, fracture mechanism, treatment modality, hospital outcome, and complication data. Of the 42,866 patients with operative mandibular fractures, 3968 were pediatric (mean age: 13.3y), and 38,898 were adult (mean age: 36.2y). The primary fracture etiology for both groups was being struck, followed by motor vehicle incidents and falls. Pediatric patients were more frequently treated at level I trauma centers, had shorter times for surgical intervention, and were more frequently transferred to other facilities compared to adults. Antibiotic use was similar between groups, and hospital complications were infrequent, with low rates of infection and unplanned return to the operating room. Mandibular fractures in children, though less common than in adults, exhibit unique epidemiological and management characteristics. Children were more frequently transferred for care and received surgical intervention sooner than adults. Antibiotic use and complication rates were low and similar across both groups. Further research is needed to establish specific treatment guidelines for pediatric mandibular fractures.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Patterns of Fractures Presenting to Pediatric Emergency Departments.

To examine differences in pediatric fracture prevalence, severity, and mechanisms of injury before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a subanalysis of data from a multicenter, cross-sectional study of all injury-related visits to 40 urban pediatric emergency departments (EDs) for children younger than 18 years occurring January 2019-December 2020. ED visits for injuries including fractures were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes. Comparative analyses of patient demographics, fracture prevalence, severity, and mechanisms of injury for March 17, 2019, to December 31, 2019 (pre-COVID), versus March 15, 2020, to December 31, 2020 (during COVID), were performed. Fracture-related visits comprised 21.0% (n = 123,684) of all injury visits (n = 589,083) during the study period. There were 16,190 fewer fracture-related visits (-23.2%) in 2020 than 2019. There were differences in the proportion of fracture-related visits by age (P < 0.0001), with increases in children younger than 5 years and decreases in children 5 to 18 years old. There were higher proportions of visits in 2020 among female patients, White children, non-Hispanic children, and those with private insurance (P < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with fractures in 2020 were more severely injured, with higher proportions of hospitalizations (P < 0.0001), intensive care unit admissions (P < 0.0001), deaths (P = 0.007), and higher injury severity scores (P < 0.0001). Fracture mechanisms shifted to more motor vehicle crashes, bicycles, and firearms in 2020 (P < 0.0001). Despite a decrease in fracture-related visits to urban pediatric EDs during the early COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in the proportion of ED visits for children younger than 5 years and higher severity injuries. These findings highlight injury epidemiology pattern shifts that occurred during the pandemic. Identifying higher-risk populations for fracture may help guide targeted education and prevention efforts.

Traffic Accidents: A Historical and Socio-Legal Analysis of Road Safety Challenges

Abstract This article examines the socio-legal aspects of the formation of the concept of a traffic accident, exploring its evolution from the late 19th century to the present day. The rapid growth of motor vehicles and the increasing complexity of road systems have necessitated the development of legal frameworks and safety regulations to address the risks posed by traffic accidents. The study highlights key legal milestones, such as the official introduction of the term “traffic accident” at the 1949 Geneva Conference, and analyzes the role of societal attitudes toward road safety and personal responsibility. It also delves into the cultural factors influencing traffic behavior, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive safety culture that involves drivers, pedestrians, and state regulation. By assessing the socio-legal dynamics, the article provides insights into the challenges of ensuring road safety and reducing the social and economic consequences of traffic accidents.

Pengaruh Realisasi Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor, Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor, Dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2020-2023

This study aims to determine the effect of the Realization of Motor Vehicle Tax (PKB), Motor Vehicle Name Return Duty (BBNKB), and Regional Levy on Regional Original Revenue (PAD) of Bandar Lampung City. The independent variable contains PKB, BBNKB, and Regional Levy while the bound variable is PAD. This study uses a Quantitative Method by processing data. The sample in this study is the number of PKB, BBNKB and Regional Levy receipts from 2020 - 2023 (monthly data) as many as 48 samples. The analysis in this study is multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption test, and hypothesis test with a significance level of 5%. From the results of the research that has been carried out, it shows that PKB, BBNKB and Regional Levy together (Simultaneous) have a significant effect of 86.4% while the remaining 23.6% are affected by other variables outside this study.

Exploring the role of nanoparticle additives in reducing emissions in compression ignition engine

The paper discusses the growing environmental issues caused by vehicle emissions, leading many countries to tighten their emission standards to reduce the harmful gases released by motor vehicles. This is especially important as urbanization has increased, leading to more consumption of petroleum products. As a result, there is a growing need for cleaner, more sustainable fuel alternatives. Biodiesel has been recognized as a potential solution since it is renewable, non-toxic, and less environmentally harmful than traditional diesel. The study in question explores how adding biodiesel and nanoparticles affects diesel engine performance, particularly in terms of noise and particulate matter emissions (small particles of pollution). The research was carried out using a compression ignition engine (like those found in diesel vehicles) under constant RPM (revolutions per minute) and variable loads (changes in engine stress or power requirements). The results showed that when biodiesel was blended with nanoparticles and used as fuel, there was a noticeable reduction in noise levels, carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter emissions compared to regular diesel. This suggests that biodiesel, especially when enhanced with nanoparticles, can effectively lower the harmful effects of diesel engines on the environment, offering a greener and quieter alternative.

Effects of frequently prescribed antiseizure medications on motor vehicle driving performance: Narrative review based on a tiered approach for the assessment of clinically meaningful driving impairment in the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare guideline.

Patients with epilepsy often require long-term treatment with antiseizure medications, and their impact on daily activities, particularly driving, is of significant concern. The recently published "Guideline for Evaluating Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on the Performance to Drive a Motor Vehicle" in Japan provides a framework that can be referred to for not only the evaluation of new drugs but also the reevaluation of approved drugs. This study conducted a literature review regarding the effects of carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, lacosamide, and levetiracetam, which are frequently prescribed for epilepsy, on driving performance following the guideline's tiered evaluation approach. Analyses of pharmacological, pharmacodynamic, and adverse events suggested that these drugs primarily affect arousal function. Driving studies showed that acute administration of carbamazepine, but not chronic monotherapy with carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam, significantly impairs driving performance. Epidemiological studies have not identified a definitive association between these drugs and traffic accidents. Initial administration of these five antiseizure medications may affect driving performance, warranting special attention, but the influence appears to diminish with continued use. Nevertheless, while long-term administration of these five drugs may not have a clinically meaningful effect on driving performance, safe driving is not guaranteed for each individual patient, and appropriate individualized guidance is important in clinical practice.

Pengaruh Kesadaran Wajib Pajak, Kualitas Pelayanan Pajak dan Sanksi Pajak Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak dalam Membayar Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor

Motor vehicle tax is one of the revenues that contribute greatly to economic growth in a country that is collected on the ownership of motorized vehicles. Although the number of motorized vehicles increases every year, in reality there are still many people who do not comply with the obligation to pay taxes. Taxpayer compliance is an important aspect in the government's efforts to increase local revenue. The purpose of this study is to determine taxpayer compliance in Batam City, as well as the impact of taxpayer awareness, quality and sanctions on taxpayer compliance. This research uses a descriptive type quantitative approach. The random sampling method is used by researchers to take samples by distributing questionnaires to the people of Batam City who own motorized vehicles. There are 100 respondents who have been determined by researchers based on calculations using the slovin formula using multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that awareness and service quality have no significant effect on taxpayer compliance, while sanctions have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance.

Pengaruh Sosialisasi Perpajakan, Kualitas Pelayanan dan Sanksi Perpajakan Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Batam

Compliance with motor vehicle tax obligations is an attitude or action that demonstrates adherence to the law and tax obligations related to the ownership and use of motor vehicles. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Taxation Socialization, Service Quality, and Tax Sanctions simultaneously influence Compliance with Motor Vehicle Tax Obligations in Batam City. This research adopts a quantitative research method. The data source used in this study is primary data in the form of questionnaires distributed to taxpayers. The population consists of motor vehicle taxpayers registered at the Batam Centre Samsat Office, totaling 484,829. The sample size determined for this study is 416 respondents, calculated using the Slovin's formula. Data analysis in this study includes instrument testing comprising validity and reliability tests, classic assumption tests including normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroskedasticity test, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing consisting of t-test, F-test, and determination coefficient (R2). The results of this study indicate that Taxation Socialization, Service Quality, and Tax Sanctions individually and simultaneously have a significant influence on Compliance with Motor Vehicle Tax Obligations in Batam City.

Mechanisms of Injury for Traumatic Brain Injury Among U.S. Military Service Members Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To understand the mechanisms of injury and demographic risk factors associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients among active and reserve service members in the U.S. Military before and during the COVID-10 pandemic. Active and reserve service members diagnosed with an incident TBI from January 2019 through September 2021 were selected. Traumatic brain injury patients diagnosed before March 1, 2020 were categorized as pre-COVID (PC), and patients diagnosed on or after March 1, 2020 were categorized as the intra-COVID (IC) group, aligning closely with the date when the World Health Organization officially proclaimed the pandemic. We determined the frequency of causes of injuries associated with TBI separate by sex, age, occupation, and TBI severity. In addition, we conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the demographic risk factors associated with TBI severity during the PC and IC eras. Our cohort included 48,562 TBI patients: 22,819 (47.0%) diagnosed during the PC era and 25,743 (53.0%) diagnosed during the IC era. The major mechanisms of injury within our TBI cohort were being struck by/against objects, falls/slips/trips, and motor vehicle traffic accidents before and during the pandemic. The most common causes of TBI were not impacted by COVID, but motor vehicle accidents did increase during the IC era. The mechanisms of injury associated with TBI differed by TBI severity: being struck by or against an object caused more mild and moderate TBI; motor vehicle accidents caused more severe TBI; and firearms was a major cause of penetrating TBI. In addition, the percentage of severe TBI because of firearms rose sharply during the IC era. Further, women were more likely to be diagnosed with mild TBI compared to men. Military leaders should consider how different causes of injury are associated with differing TBI severities and how certain demographic groups were vulnerable to specific TBI severities when developing injury prevention programs.

General Analytical Model for Electromagnetic-Thermal Bi- Directional Coupling of IPM Motors in Electric Vehicles Considering Different Rotor Structures

General Analytical Model for Electromagnetic-Thermal Bi- Directional Coupling of IPM Motors in Electric Vehicles Considering Different Rotor Structures

Drowsy driving prevalence and beliefs among a nationally representative US sample: A report from the National Sleep Foundation

ObjectivesDrowsy driving is a preventable form of impaired driving, represents a large public health concern, and accounts for a significant proportion of motor vehicle crashes, injuries, and deaths. There is a limited body of research documenting the prevalence and frequency of drowsy driving, alongside the public’s perceptions and attitudes surrounding drowsy driving. The overarching goal of the present study was to document the prevalence, frequency, perceptions, attitudes, and associated sleep behaviors and beliefs related to drowsy driving. MethodsThe National Sleep Foundation conducted a national online survey of 1012 adults via the probability-based Ipsos Public Affairs KnowledgePanel. The survey was conducted in either English or Spanish, depending on participant preferred language. Respondents answered questions about the occurrence of drowsy driving, attitudes and beliefs about drowsy driving, and habitual sleep duration. ResultsResults indicated that the majority of US adults (95%) perceived drowsy driving as a risk; however, the lifetime prevalence of drowsy driving was high—62% of all drivers reported driving while so tired that they had a hard time keeping their eyes open. Individuals who obtained the NSF recommended sleep duration drove while drowsy less frequently. ConclusionsDrowsy driving is a preventable and common behavior at the intersection of sleep health and public safety. Drivers who get adequate nighttime sleep are less likely to drive while they are so tired that they have a hard time keeping their eyes open. Public health campaigns encouraging adequate sleep to drive alert are needed.

Reliability of the documented blood group in motor vehicle driving license in Kerala, India - A public health concern?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Blood groups documented in motor vehicle driving licenses can provide quick information during emergency transfusion requirements and imbibe self-awareness about one’s blood group. The tendency of applicants to mention blood groups without verification during the application may result in incorrect documentation of blood groups in their driving license. The study aims to assess the reliability of the blood groups in driving licenses and their association with sociodemographic variables. Methods: This was a single-center cross-sectional study conducted over 6 months. Donors who were accepted for donation and willing to participate were included. Donors without a valid driving license were excluded. The blood group details and sociodemographic variables were collected and analyzed. Cross tabulation and Chi-square test were done for bivariate analysis. Results: In our study, 33 out of 446 (7.39%) participants had incorrect documentation in their driving licenses. Out of 33, 30 were ABO and three were Rh discordant results. Blood group was not mentioned in the case of 37 donors (8.3%). Incorrect documentation was significantly higher for individuals of younger age and those who acquired a license before 2018. Conclusion: Eight out of 100 individuals had incorrect documentation in their driving license, which is a concern, especially in the situation of emergency transfusion requirements. Approximately 19% of participants revealed that they did not undergo blood grouping during the application process. License issuing authorities should ensure proper blood group verification during the application process.

Evaluasi penerapan program keringanan pajak kendaraan bermotor pada UPTD SAMSAT Tomohon

Motor vehicle tax is a type of regional tax with significant potential for increasing local revenue. However, it must be acknowledged that there are still many taxpayers who do not comply with paying taxes on time. To increase taxpayer awareness, the Regional Government has implemented a motor vehicle tax relief program through UPTD Samsat Tomohon. This research evaluates the effectiveness of implementing the motor vehicle tax relief program in increasing taxpayer awareness of paying taxes at UPTD Samsat Tomohon. The research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive methodology. Data sources were obtained through interviews, documents, and observations. The results show that the tax relief program increases taxpayer awareness and regional tax revenues.

Mindfulness, crashes, and risky driving behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the United States

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between individual-level mindfulness and a range of risky driving behaviors among U.S. adolescents. MethodsWe conducted a survey of a nationally representative sample of 16–19-year-olds, recruited from the National Opinion Research Center AmeriSpeak panel, a probability-based sample. Participants completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Risky driving measures were adapted from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Spline regression analysis was performed to identify the threshold where mindfulness scores significantly changed driving behaviors. ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, and race, adolescents reporting higher mindfulness scores were significantly less likely to engage on all risky driving behaviors and significantly less likely to have been involved in a crash. Spline regression analysis indicated that a mindfulness score of 75 corresponded to the minimum marginal probability change averaged across the outcomes of interest. DiscussionThis paper describes a previously unknown association between mindfulness and risky driving in a vulnerable population which is at higher risk of injury and death from motor vehicle crashes. The strength of the associations across a range of behaviors suggests mindfulness could be a general protective factor for adolescents’ driving behaviors and suggests that mindfulness training may be a promising safety intervention for adolescents. A mindfulness score of 75 could be a potential target for mindfulness training interventions aiming to reduce risky driving behaviors and crashes among teenage drivers.Abbreviations: ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; CI, Confidence Interval; MAAS, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; NORC, University of Chicago’s National Opinion Research Center; YRBS, Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

Simultaneous clavicular hook plate fixation in bilateral distal clavicle fractures (Neer type II): A case report.

Bilateral distal clavicle fractures (BDCF) are exceedingly rare types of fractures. This study aimed to evaluate the surgical treatment under a single anesthesia for trauma-induced BDCF (Neer type II) through a case report. The patient brought to the emergency department due to a motor vehicle accident exhibited severe pain, tenderness, swelling, and deformity in both shoulder regions upon physical examination. No significant pain or tenderness was detected in other areas of the body. There were also no signs of additional neurological deficits or vascular pathology in the extremities. Radiographic examinations led to a diagnosis of BDCF (Neer type II). Surgical intervention involved the simultaneous application of a neutral-angled hook plate to both clavicles via open reduction. Postoperative radiographs taken at the 12th week demonstrated complete healing in both fractures and no functional limitations in shoulder movements. BDCF can compromise the stability of the shoulder girdle, necessitating surgical intervention with anatomical reduction and rigid fixation.

Gradient variations of formation mechanisms and sources of PM1 at the steep slope from western SiChuan Basin to eastern Tibetan Plateau

Vertical distributions of chemical components of particulate matter (PM) are essential for better understanding the climate, environmental and health effects. The steep slope from western SiChuan Basin (SCB) to eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) provides a good platform for obtaining the gradient variations of PM chemical components. Daytime and nighttime PM1 (particulate matter smaller than 1 μm) samples were collected with the medium-volume sampler at six sites with elevation ranging from 500 m to 3500 m (Chengdu, Sanbacun, Wenchuan, Lixian, Maerkang and Hongyuan). The secondary inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosols were the largest contributor to PM1 concentrations. The chemical components from the anthropogenic sources existed strong stratification with high concentrations inside the basin, while primary natural ions showed little discrepancy among the sites. The concentrations of primary inorganic ions from anthropogenic sources were much higher at nighttime than daytime, which was contrary to the diurnal cycle of secondary inorganic ions. Spatial heterogeneity of PM chemical components was large between basin and plateau sites, especially for NO3− and NH4+, large depending on season and daylight. The excess NH4+ concentrations existed in spring, summer and fall, while SO42− and NO3− cannot be completely neutralized by NH4+ in winter. The proportion of secondary formation in all sources significantly increased from about 10 % to 30 %–40 % with the increased elevation, while the contribution of motor vehicles declined from western SCB to eastern TP. This study will fill the scarce observations of PM chemical components at the sloped terrain and deepen the understanding of formation mechanism of heavy pollution inside the basin.

The Influence of "Labels" for Neck Pain on Recovery Expectations Following a Motor Vehicle Crash: An Online-Randomized Vignette-Based Experiment.

OBJECTIVES: To (1) investigate whether different labels for neck pain after a motor vehicle crash (MVC) influenced recovery expectations and management beliefs, (2) explore reasons for low recovery expectations and greater likelihood for lodging a claim, and (3) explore the moderating effect of neck pain history and sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN: Online randomized experiment with nested qualitative content analysis. METHODS: We randomized 2229 participants from the general population (mean age: 46.7 ± 17.5 years; 72.4% females; 66% with previous or current neck pain; 10% with an MVC experience) to read 1 of 5 scenarios describing a patient with neck pain after an MVC, each was labeled as whiplash injury, whiplash-associated disorder, posttraumatic neck pain, neck pain, or neck strain. The primary outcome was recovery expectations, rated on a 0- to 10-point scale. RESULTS: Participants allocated to whiplash-associated disorder or neck pain had lower recovery expectations than those allocated to neck strain (adjusted mean difference [95% confidence interval]: -0.5 [-0.9 to -0.1] for both comparisons). Whiplash-associated disorder led to more recovery uncertainty, while neck pain led to greater doubt about the health care provider. Most secondary outcomes showed significant but small differences. Participants allocated to neck strain were less inclined to claim than those allocated to whiplash-associated disorder or whiplash injury due to less perceived need for financial support. Neck pain history moderated labeling effects on recovery expectations; household income moderated the claim intention. CONCLUSIONS: Labels for neck pain after an MVC influenced recovery expectations and management preferences. The clinical relevance of the small effects was unclear. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(11):1-10. Epub 5 September 2024. doi:10.2519/jospt.2024.12590.

Vocs pollution and respiratory exposure in commercial and residential underground parking garages

The indoor air quality in Underground Parking Garages (UPGs) has deteriorated significantly, primarily due to the high concentrations of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by idling or low-speed motor vehicles. However, the compositional characteristics and respiratory exposure to VOCs in UPGs have not been quantitatively analyzed. To establish a method for investigating the respiratory exposure to VOCs among different populations in UPGs, a three-dimensional dynamic diffusion model of indoor pollutants was developed based on monitoring data from 116 components in various UPGs in a large city in northern China. The results indicated that air pollution in underground spaces poses significant health risks to workers and children. Furthermore, a comprehensive approach is essential for improving ventilation capacity and air quality in underground transportation spaces.

Effects of periodic long-wave deviations on the dynamic behaviors of spur gear systems

Noise reduction plays a major role in the drive train of motor vehicles operating at higher speeds. Long-wave deviations of gear systems related to manufacturing and assembly errors, such as tooth pitch deviation and geometric eccentricity, exhibit circumferential variations and have been demonstrated to be significant contributors to noise generation. However, a comprehensive and effective model that considers multiple long-wave deviations simultaneously has seldom been studied. To fill this gap, a new numerical model of spur gear systems with long-wave deviations is established, in which the coupling effects of both tooth pitch deviation and geometric eccentricity are taken into consideration. A time-varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) analytical model for spur gear pairs is established, which considers the relationship of errors between pitch deviation and eccentricity. The time-varying contact state of the gear pair under periodic long-wave deviations is also analyzed. A translation-torsion coupled dynamic model is established to investigate the excitation behavior of gear pairs with periodic long-wave deviations. The accuracy of the TVMS and the dynamic model is verified through comparisons with reference and experimental results. Results show that gear pairs with long-wave deviations exhibit periodic fluctuations in TVMS compared to ideal gear pairs, accompanied by phase differences. The mesh stiffness impact phenomenon becomes less pronounced for higher gear precision under lower-load conditions. Conversely, the periodic vibration characteristics induced by eccentricity become less prominent for the lower gear precision level. The excitation behavior of the gear pair with pitch deviation is masked by eccentricity at lower rotational orders, but it still dominates at higher rotational orders. This method can predict the dynamic characteristics of gear transmission systems with periodic long-wave deviations, providing theoretical guidance for reducing the vibration and noise levels.