Motorcycle Use Research Articles

Relative Odds of Neck Pain to Helmet Use Among Motorcyclists: A Case-Control Study

Background: Neck pain is a widespread problem among motorcyclists, which is often neglected. There is limited research on the motorcycle’s ergonomics, particularly in the context of the interaction between the riders and motorcycle. Motorcycle helmets have proven to increase the weight on the neck, thus causing more burdens which can lead to neck pain.
 Methodology: Case-Control study design was opted to measure the relative odds of neck pain in relation to the helmet use as an exposure. A total of 260 (mean age of 22.58 ± S.D. 1.95 years) undergraduate students were selected using purposive sampling. The case to control ratio was 1:4 (54 Cases and 206 Controls) where cases were defined as the motorcyclists having neck pain with a riding experience of more than one year. The neck pain and disability scale were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were used to calculate the significant relationship and odds of neck pain amongst motorcyclists with and without helmet use.
 Results: The study results showed that out of 260 motorcyclists, 190 (73.1%) were helmet users, and 54 (20.8%) had neck pain, 70 (27.9%) helmet users had a neck pain prevalence of 11 (4.2%). The relative odd to have neck pain was 2.13 times more amongst the motorcyclists using the helmet as compared to that of non-helmet users. The logistic regression results showed significant results (P < 0.05) with regards to the BMI, helmet weight and duration of helmet use but did not show a significant relation with average motorcycle use per day unless it exceeded 70 kilometres.
 Conclusion: Use of helmet can be a potential cause of neck pain amongst motorcyclist users but the odds to have neck pain enhance with the increase in motorcycle use per day. The protective benefits are multi-fold for helmet use which outreaches the negative impact, including neck pain amongst motorcyclists.

Extensive use of Motorcycles in Karachi, Pakistan: Revisiting the Policies that led us here

Motorcycles is a dominant transport model in many Asian Cities. Similar is the case with Karachi, where motorcycles constitutes approximately 52% of the overall passenger transport. Although a motorcycle provides temporary relief in terms of low fuel price, ownership of a vehicle and on top of all an easy commuting option to its owners, it has adversely affected the whole (transportation) system including its users. This paper analyzes various governmental policies that led to the enormous increase in motorcycles and its effects on street crime, Traffic Violation and Traffic Congestion. User attitudes towards opting motorcycles, public transport and environment are also discussed in this paper whill shall be helpful in conducting future studies in this regard.

Risk behaviors for road traffic crashes among commercial motorcyclists in a semi-urban area of Ogun State, Nigeria

Background: Over the past three decades, there has been an increase in the use of motorcycles as a means of transportation in Nigeria. Motorcycle-related crashes have also been on the rise, with human error accounting for up to 90% of traffic accidents in Nigeria. This study aimed to identify risky behaviors for road traffic crashes among commercial motorcyclists in Ikenne local government of Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 400 commercial motorcyclists selected using multistage sampling method. A semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to elicit data about respondents' awareness of certain risky behaviors as causes of motorcycle crashes and their attitude toward and practice of such risky behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 and presented as chart and tables. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 33.7 ± 9.5 years. Only few (4.0%) had tertiary education. All of them were males. Awareness of risky behaviors was good with an average of 85.9%. Attitude to causes of accidents was also good, with 90.4% of the respondents having good attitude. However, most (95.5%) of the respondents demonstrated accident-related risky behavior(s). Risk behavior was statistically associated with younger age (P

Epidemiological Profile of Injured Motorcyclists in Road Traffic Accident Treated in a Third-Level Hospital

Background In Mexico, motorcycle use is increasingly prevalent owing to the availability and low fuel consumption of the vehicle. With the increasing number of motorcycle users, the rate of injuries and mortality due to road traffic accidents has also increased. Objective The study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of injured motorcyclists treated in a third-level hospital, who were involved in traffic accidents in Guadalajara's Metropolitan Area and Zapotlanejo municipality. Methods We realized a logistic regression model, where we included all variables with p<=0.25, they had three or less response options became in dummy variables for facilitate the analysis and we took as confounders factors either variables that modify up to 10% the value of Odd Ratio. Results In our study, we examined 180 injured motorcyclists. The factors that increases risk of severe injury at Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara and Zapotlanejo’s town were as follows: the motorcycle was not functioning properly prior to the incident (OR 76.89, 2.08-2839.25), the motorcyclist consider had committed any traffic infraction at the time of the event (OR 6.88, 1.30-36.26), the injured live in Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara (OR 7.58, 1.15-50.17), driving a motorcycle when the driver did not know if the vehicle was “salvage” or not (OR 113.84, 9.13-1419.96) and as protectors factors, we found that a person drove a motorcycle with brand not Italika (OR 0.06, 0.008-0.41) and the road traffic occurred by line road or intersection “+”(OR 0.10, 0.02-0.61). Conclusion This information allowed to observe that exist elements of motorcyclist, and the motorcycle and environment that increases or reduced severity injuries in this group, most important when they did not have a health insurance.

Optimasi Perbaikan Faktor Daya Dengan Pemasangan DC Reaktor Akan Mereduksi Harmonisa Di Inverter Motor Pendingin Air Industri

Three phase induction motor is widely used in the manufacturing industry because it has many advantages including easy maintenance, efficient use in various fields, durability and easy construction. This is behind the massive use of motorcycles. but the 3 phase induction motor also has disadvantages such as high starting currents and difficult to regulate speed. After emerging innovations regarding inverters as induction motor starters, the application of the device expanded because of its principle which regulates the number of motor frequencies slowly so as to make the 3-phase induction motor more efficient.The use of an inverter is indeed a solution to the problem of starting a 3-phase induction motor and regulating the motor speed, but behind the advantages there are disadvantages that the inverter produces a low power factor when operating the motor. The highest power factor when the inverter is working is 0.748, the lowest value is 0.478 and the average is 0.634. Based on this, it is necessary to optimize the improvement of the power factor to restore the condition of the motor to a standard power factor rating of 0.85.This research discusses the optimization of the improvement of the power factor by installing the DC reactor on the inverter unit and the results of an increase in the value of the highest power factor of 0.942, for the lowest value of 0.908 and an average of 0.927. the value of harmonics in the THD I1 (R) phase for the highest value of 184,230%, then the lowest value of 83,764% and for an average value of 119,329%

Personality traits and risky behavior among motorcyclists: An exploratory study.

BackgroundPersonality traits have been associated with a series of dysfunctional behaviors, ranging from violence to drug abuse and other risky behaviors. However, few studies have investigated motorcycle riders’ personality traits, and no research using the psychobiological model of personality was found. Thus, we investigated the association between temperament and character traits and the occurrence of Motorcycle Accidents (MAs).MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted with a randomly selected of 153 Brazilian motorcycle riders (116 male and 37 female) with a mean age of 31.8randomly selected from the driver’s license register, between 2015 and 2018. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were used.ResultsOf the 153 participants, 146 (95.4%) reported having been involved in previous accidents, with the main causes as follows: “other drivers’ careless behavior” (34.9%); “personal disrespect of traffic rules” (18.5%) and “personal careless behavior” (20.6%). Motorcyclists exhibited higher scores for the temperament factors of novelty seeking and persistence and lower scores for harm avoidance and reward dependence in comparison to the Brazilian population). Considering the reason for motorcycle use, the group of riders that used their motorcycles for work exhibited more temperament factors associated with risk behaviors than those who did not. It was observed that 68.9% of them had low Harm Avoidance (HA) factor scores, whereas 72.1% had high Novelty Seeking (NS) factor scores.DiscussionThe present study highlighted the influences of different personality traits on behaviors, decision-making and risk attitudes that can be potentially harmful to an individual and others. The results provided evidence that a lack of knowledge and experience in riding a motorcycle or any other vehicle, combined with personality traits, contribute to the adoption of risky behaviors that may act as triggers for most causes of Motorcycle Accidents.

Analyzing injury severity of motorcycle at-fault crashes using machine learning techniques, decision tree and logistic regression models

Abstract A review of US mortality crashes revealed that motorcycle crashes are overrepresented in fatal crashes in the United States. Unlike passenger vehicles, motorcycles do not have much protection when it comes to crash involvement. In Wyoming, fatal or severe crashes account for 4% of all crashes, while 34% of motorcycle crashes are fatal or severe. Despite the heightened severity of motorcycle crashes, not much research has been conducted by using comprehensive methods to identify the contributory factors of such crashes. Furthermore, often the previous studies conducted analyses without evaluation of prediction accuracy of the models. Thus, this study evaluated the possibility of using both parametric and nonparametric methods in prediction of motorcycle at-fault injury severity. The goodness of the fit for the included methods was evaluated by comparing the performance of the models. Emphasis is given to mountainous highways where motorcycle use is high along with high crash incidence rates. Binary logistic regression as a parametric method, and the classification tree (CT) as a nonparametric method were employed in this study. Before conducting the analyses, an optimum set of included predictors was identified based on feature reduction. Also, in order to address the biased associated with selection of the test data, k-fold cross validation was used. The binary logistic regression has been used to analyze injury severity. However, this model relies on some very specific assumptions regarding the probability distribution, and logit link function. An alternative to binary logistic could be the classification tree (CT) which predicts injury severity based upon the set of predictors. The results indicated that although both models provided a comparable error rate binary logistic perform slightly better in prediction of motorcycle at-fault injury severity. The models performed similarly in terms of identified predictors. Some of the predictors that identified similarly with the two methods are posted speed limit, age, Highway functional class, and speed compliance.

Bus rapid transit in Solo, Indonesia: Lessons from a low ridership system

• Examines a system at the bottom of global rankings of BRT ridership. • Discusses the history and challenges of BRT implementation in Solo, Indonesia. • Presents results of on-board survey of informal transit users. • Finds that the new bus system is not a suitable replacement for informal transit. • Concludes with challenges of BRT in cities with high motorcycle use.

Real-time analysis as an alternative for diagnosis and control of vehicle emissions in the province of Ocaña, Colombia

In Colombia, the increasing use of motorcycles as an informal conveyance has emerge as a means of labor survival for people with limited resources. Mototaxism has rapidly become the main means of transport in the spatial structure of the city of Ocaña; however, high emission rates may present an environmental problem. The study and implementation of strategies for the mitigation of greenhouse gas, is of great help for the reduction of the emissions of these gases. Environmental control of vehicles in Colombia is carried out through an annual technical-mechanical and gas inspection, which seeks to control the emission of pollutant gases from vehicles; however, electrochemical gas sensors may provide an accurate and convenient alternative, as it can be implemented as an analytic tool in gas monitoring and control systems allowing different approaches for the control of vehicle exhaust emissions. A development board such as Arduino can be programmed with an algorithm that utilizes a combination of sensors and connectivity modules, constituting a microcontroller unit that is able to achieve successful monitoring over emission gases, one such algorithm is proposed by the authors.

Emissions and noise mitigation through use of electric motorcycles

Abstract Gasoline-powered motorcycles contribute disproportionately to traffic noise and emissions, so motorcycle electrification merits investigation. Recent advances in battery efficiency allow electric motorcycles (EMCs) to join electric cars and bicycles as a viable consumer option. This study quantifies noise and emissions using both simulations and experimental data, examines the factors that make EMCs big offenders and uses popular EMC specifications to estimate the costs and benefits of electrification in the USA. Motorcycles produce more CO, CH4, NOx, HC and particulate matter than passenger vehicles per vehicle-mile travelled. Due to limited regulation of motorcycles and weak enforcement, the perceived noise of motorcycles exceeds that of most other vehicles, being roughly double that of automobiles at speeds of over 30 mph and surpassing even that of medium trucks and buses at speeds of over 50 mph, at which point motorcycles exceed the 80 dBA US standard limit. Electrification can resolve such issues, although range limitations and high prices are presently a barrier to widespread adoption. In order to realize these environmental benefits, it is important that electrification occur with a corresponding shift away from coal as an energy source. Stricter emission regulations and stronger enforcement of existing prohibitions on certain forms of customization could also reduce the outlier status of gasoline-powered motorcycles.

Law Enforcement of Motorized Vehicles with Muffler Racing by Magelang City Police

Muffler is a facility to dispose of exhaust gases that result from combustion in a motorcycle engine when the engine is started. Motorcycle riders often replace the standard muffler with a harder or racing muffler. Basically, muffler modification is considered a violation of the law. Based on the description above, the formulation of the problem that will be discussed in this research is how to implement regulations regarding the use of motor racing exhausts on public roads ?, And how the actions taken by the Magelang city police resort in dealing with the use of mufflers racing? The results of research and discussion indicate that law enforcement in the case of the use of motorcycle racing mufflers is included in law enforcement in the field of traffic. Law enforcement in the field of traffic can be grouped into preventive and repressive law enforcement. The conclusion drawn from this study is that the implementation of regulations regarding the use of motorbikes with racing mufflers on public roads has been carried out in accordance with the law. The action taken by Police is to carry out traffic and seizure actions taking into account the effects of pollution on the use of mufflers racing which not only damage human health but also damage the environment

Assessment of Motorcycle Ownership, Use, and Potential Changes due to Transportation Policies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

AbstractAlthough motorcycles are the main mode of transportation in many megacities in developing countries, very little research has been conducted on motorcycle operations and related issues. Thi...

Is motorcycle use associated with unhealthy lifestyles? Findings from Taiwan

IntroductionIn addition to driving, using a motorcycle is a common mode of sedentary transportation in Asian countries, but its associations with lifestyle behaviors remain unknown. The present study aimed to examine the associations of motorcycle use time with lifestyle behaviors in a sample of Taiwanese urban adults. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was administered to Taiwanese urban adults aged 20–64 years. Data on time spent in motorcycle use (none: 0, low: 1–209, high: 210 + min/week), lifestyle behaviors, and sociodemographic characteristics were acquired from 1069 adults in three urban cities. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analysis were used. ResultsAfter adjusting for potential covariates, adults who spent at least 30 min a day on motorcycles were less likely to have sufficient levels of active transportation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.31–0.62) and less likely to drink alcohol (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.31–0.90) than those who did not. No significant associations of motorcycle use with leisure-time physical activity, sitting time, sleep, current smoking status, and dietary behavior were observed. ConclusionsMotorcycle use is a potential behavioral risk factor for active mode of transportation. Future lifestyle interventions and transportation-related policies may consider reducing motorcycle use time as a possible strategy for health promotion.

Likelihood of Motorcyclists Transferring to Safer Mode of Transport in Cairo, Egypt

Road traffic injuries and mortality are mainly caused by motorcycle crashes. Practically, 50% of people who meet their death in road traffic accidents (RTAs) are motorcyclists. The issue is increasingly articulated in progressing nations where the use of motorcycles has gained popularity in the past decades. Moreover, death and fatalities caused by accidents involving motorcyclists are also in the rise due to the increasing trend. Hence, motorcyclists are encouraged to use alternative modes of transportation that are safer in the attempt to minimise losses. As a result, a policy ought to be created to enhance urban transportation service and control motorcycle proprietorship. The current research that lays the groundwork aims to contribute a more elaborated analysis on motorcycle user mode decision conduct as well as an excellent comprehension of the conceivable efforts that can be taken to support motorcyclists to shift to a safer mode of transportation, particularly bus. In the current research work, the binary logit mode choice model was created for two elective modes in order to distinguish the separate practices of motorcyclists and bus users and assess their reactions to a situation that can minimize both time and expenses involved in bus travel. In addition, it should be noted that this paper surveyed a total of 327 travellers from Greater Cairo Region (GCR) in Egypt, the bus users were identified through revealed preference, while the motorcyclists were identified through revealed and stated preference surveys. In this case, travel time, travel cost, age, sexual orientation, income level, trip purpose, education level, and privacy significantly influence motorcycle user mode decision conduct. The likelihood of motorcyclists to utilize the use of buses was additionally analyzed dependent on a situation of minimized bus travel time and travel cost. These elements are very important in a program that attempts to draw in motorcyclists to utilize public transport, particularly bus. The outcomes can help the process of decision making on all levels in assigning the necessary assets prudently for the advancement of urban transportation services, reduced number of road traffic crashes, and increased road safety. This examination, which is the first of its sort in Egypt, assesses the model choice behaviour for motorcyclists.

Attitude to and Usage Intention of High School Students Toward Electric Two-Wheeled Vehicles in Hanoi City

Attitude to and Usage Intention of High School Students Toward Electric Two-Wheeled Vehicles in Hanoi City

Outcome Assessment of Open Foot Injuries in A Teaching Hospital in Ghana

Purpose Foot injuries are common in low- and middle-income countries and continue to increase in incidence due to the surge in the use of motorcycles as means of transport.Yet, there is scanty data on the incidence and outcomes of treatment of open injuries to the foot in the developing world.We aimed to determine the incidence and functional outcomes of open foot injuries that are treated in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Methods We used a structured questionnaire to record the type of open foot injury, the mechanism of injury, any concomitant injuries, the time interval between injury and arrival at the hospital for treatment as well as the type of treatment instituted. Recruited patients were followed up for six months, complications resulting from the injury or its treatment were recorded for each patient. The function of the foot after healing of the injury was measured using a questionnaire-based visual analogue outcome scale of the American Foot and Ankle Society. Regression and chi-square analysis were used to evaluate potential associations. Results Over a four-month period, a total of 81 cases of open injuries to the foot were recorded. Out of this figure, 55 patients (67.9%) were males and 26 (32.1%) were females. It was found, that 66.7% aged between 19 and 49 years, 76.5% of the injuries occurred on the road and 29.7% was motor cycle related. Pedestrians are the most afflicted (61.7%). The treatment outcomes of traumatic amputations, open phalangeal fractures, dorsal skin degloving and lacerations were good. Gustillo-Anderson grade IIIB open fractures with associated plantar skin degloving had the worst outcomes with residual pain on weight bearing, bigger foot, inability to wear previous shoes and inability to tiptoe on the affected foot. Conclusions Open injuries to the foot are common in Ghana and exert a significant health burden, particularly on active young males. Long term disability may occur, even after adequate treatment of open fractures involving the foot.

Influence of Fuel Type Gasoline For Power, Torque, And Emissions On 4 Stroke Motorcycles

Various assumptions circulating in the community about the use of fuel types on motorcycles, among others; First use of a conventional motorcycle with a low compression can help clean the burn chamber, improve the performance of the engine, and no difference the perceived premium fuel users have on the EFI motorcycle with the compression Lower. The angapan caused the user to prefer Premium fuel due to a more economical price. This study was conducted to determine the influence of fuel usage on machine performance with multiple criteria. There is a treatment applied to the research object, so to get the desired data on this research using the experimental method. The resulting power drop occurred on the use of premium and pertalite fuels when compared with the power generated on the use of first fuel. The biggest power decline occurred in the comparison of power between first fuel with premium with a large decrease of 4.32%.

Investigating the Strategies for Reducing Motorcycle Mode Choice in Urban Trips: Case Study of Tehran City

Motorcycles in Iran, especially in metropolises such as Tehran, are used extensively for various reasons such as low maintenance costs, high maneuverability, and the possibility of entering congestion priced zones without paying a toll. Nevertheless, motorcycles are involved in 25% of accidents and produce almost 30% of air and 50% of noise pollution in Tehran. Current research aims to investigate possible scenarios for reducing the use of motorcycles in Tehran’s traffic and transportation master plan strategies. After designing the scenarios, a stated preference method is used for gathering the required data from various groups of motorcycle riders in Tehran. More than 2,000 questionnaires were completed of which 1,766 were deemed acceptable for data entering and further analysis. Increasing the price of motorcycle maintenance and charging motorcycles to enter the congestion priced zone of Tehran (CPZT) were two main scenarios which were considered in this research. Multinomial and nested logit models were applied to analyze the trip choice behavior of motorcycle riders who had participated in the survey. Results indicated that strategies such as increasing motorcycle maintenance costs could be effective in reducing the use of motorcycles. For instance, increasing motorcycle maintenance costs by 4.7 times and imposing a 70,000 IRR toll price to enter the CP zone resulted in a 66% reduction in motorcycle mode choice by motorcycle riders.

Injuries following motorcycle crashes at a level-1 trauma center in Riyadh.

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crashes are the third leading cause of death in Saudi Arabia. Motorcycle riders, in particular, are considered more vulnerable than occupants, yet there are no previous studies that have examined the epidemiology of their injuries and outcomes in the country. Better understanding is needed to inform policymakers and guide future prevention programs.OBJECTIVE: Describe patterns of injury among conscious and unconscious patients injured in motorcycle crashes.DESIGN: Retrospective chart review.SETTINGS: Level 1 trauma center in Riyadh.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients involved in motorcycle crashes who were admitted between 2001 and 2017. Medical records were reviewed, and data about injury characteristics, outcomes and healthcare utilization were ascertained.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Injury site and mortality rate.SAMPLE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS: 572 patients included 488 males (85.3%) and 232 <18 years of age (40.5%), mean (SD) age 21.1 (11.6) years.RESULTS: About 3% of patients died either before or after admission. Extremity injuries (356, 62.2%) were most common followed by head injuries (229, 40%). Fifty-six (9%) suffered amputation, mostly to a lower limb.CONCLUSION: This study underscores the significant burden of motorcycle-related injuries on population health of Saudi Arabia. The number of amputations due to motorcycle injuries is striking. Therefore, we need to increase enforcement of safety measures during recreational use of motorcycles and to raise awareness about the dangers of motorcycle crashes to improve traffic safety and ultimately population health.LIMITATIONS: The study was conducted at a single hospital which may affect the generalizability of the data to the Saudi population.CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

A Comparative Economic Study on the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems versus Motorcycles to Transport Laboratory Samples in Liberia

Background: Laboratory sample transport in low and middle income countries is constrained by poor roads, difficult geographical terrain, and insecurity. This often leads to delayed laboratory diagnostic turn-around times, and hampers epidemic control or patient treatment efforts. While unmanned aerial systems (UAS), commonly known as drones, may mitigate some of these transportation constraints, their cost-effectiveness relative to land-based transportation systems is unclear. Methods: We compared the costs and cost-effectiveness of UAS versus motorcycles in Liberia for laboratory sample transportation under routine and public health emergency conditions. We modeled three UAS systems with operational ranges of 30 km, 65 km, and 100 km, and compared them to an established motorcycle transport system. We included personnel, equipment, maintenance, and training costs, and conducted univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses for equipment operational lifespans, operational range, and accident/failure rates. Findings: Under the routine scenario, the per sample transport costs are $0·65 ($0·10:$2·85) for motorcycles and $0·82 ($0·66:$5·05) for UAS. Per sample costs under the emergency scenario are $24·06 ($21·14:$28·20) for motorcycles and $34·09 ($26·70: $127·40) for UAS. Motorcycles are more cost-effective than UAS under most scenarios with the exception of 100 km range aircraft with operational lifespans of more than 3,000 hours and prices less than $15,000. Interpretation: Given the current level of technology, purchase prices, equipment lifespans, and operational flying ranges, UAS are less cost-effective than motorcycles for routine transport of laboratory samples in Liberia. Field studies are needed to generate evidence on UAS lifespan, failure rates and performance under various weather conditions and payloads. Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this paper. Declaration of Interest: The authors of this paper declare no financial conflicts of interest. Ethical Approval: We did not seek IRB approval consistent with Human Research Protection Policy {45CFR46.101(b)(4)}.