Proportion Of Motorcycles Research Articles

Ultrafine particles in urban settings: A combined study of volatility and effective density revealed by VT-DMA-APM

Volatility and effective density of aerosol particles are complicatedly linked properties, undergoing dynamic temporal evolution in the ambient environment. However, the simultaneous investigation of these physicochemical characteristics remains unexplored in roadside environments that exhibit a significant proportion of motorcycles in the vehicle fleet - a common scenario in Southeast Asia. As such, we deployed an innovative in-situ measurement technique, specifically the Volatile Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer and Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer (VT-DMA-APM) system, to investigate ultrafine particles (UFPs) in an urban region of northern Taiwan. Our findings revealed that the UFPs predominant in this study area were largely soot aggregates interspersed with condensable materials. Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs), specifically condensable organic substances, emerged as key determinants of particle effective density and volatility. Intriguingly, the peculiar interrelation between aerosol physicochemical properties and particle size suggests that UFPs may represent an amalgamation of black carbon (BC) coated with condensable substances and non-BC-containing particles. We observed an inverse relationship between effective density and volatility, indicative of atmospheric aging processes. Moreover, concurrent measurements of Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) and shape factor (Ks) provided valuable insights into variations in optical properties and morphology during aging. Peak AAE and minimal Ks values consistently occurred at noon, implying heightened particle aging during this period due to coating and morphological alterations.

Pengaruh Proporsi Sepeda Motor terhadap Kinerja Ruas Jalan Tanpa Median

Motorcycles are a mode of transportation that is very commonly used in Indonesia. The large number of motorbikes on the road often causes congestion, because the ratio between the number of two-wheeled vehicles and four-wheeled vehicles when on the road becomes unbalanced. Passenger Car Equivalence Value for Motorcycles (MC) = 0.25 , Light Vehicles (HV) = 1.2 and Heavy Vehicles (LV) = 1.0. The influence of the Equivalence value of a motorcycle Passenger Car (emp) on the Degree of Saturation (DS) value, the smaller the Equivalence of a Passenger Car (emp), the smaller the Degree of Saturation (DS). The maximum degree of saturation (DS) occurs in the proportion of motorcycles 0.83%. And the influence of the proportion of motorcycles on Jalan Jendral Sudirman, Pasir Turtle District on Monday was 63.91%. while on Sunday the proportion of motorbikes was 65.37%.

The Impact of Traffic Information Provision and Prevailing Policy on the Route Choice Behavior of Motorcycles Based on the Stated Preference Experiment: A Preliminary Study

It is anticipated that the prevalence of motorcycles in Asian countries will continue to increase, causing congestion and network imbalances concerning the nature of motorcycles. Literature demonstrates Variable Message Signs (VMSs) as an effective measure for addressing this issue. Understanding route choice behavior may thus aid in determining the appropriate traffic information to broadcast. This study aims to identify the impact of VMS messages related to traffic conditions and regulations on the route choice of motorcycle riders. In this instance, the core concept of ramp metering is adapted for non-highways to manage the proportion of motorcycles entering the traffic stream of the mainline. Two predetermined routes were offered through a stated preference survey to capture the responses to VMS. A binary logit model was initially introduced, further improved by including the individual characteristics and accommodating the unobserved factors across a series of observations (panel effects) by applying the mixed binary logit. It was revealed that traffic flow conditions significantly affect route preference; therefore, motorcycles tend to choose routes with lower volumes. However, waiting time at a ramp meter has no impact. The present research is a preliminary investigation for further implications in proposing traffic management strategies under mixed traffic situations.

Determination of PCE Based on Motorcycle Behavior at Signalized Intersections in Denpasar, Bali

A very high proportion of motorcycles affect the saturated flow and motorcycle behavior in synergy stores in developing countries such as Indonesia. The Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) and previous research have not adopted motorcycle behavior to determine the efficiency of passenger cars in synergy. This study aims to assess PCE based on the behavior of motorcycles in synergy with and without Exclusive Stopping Space for Motorcycles (ESSM). The synergy reservoir's location was a junction with a high motorcycle volume, low side obstacles, and traffic characteristics at an approach width of 3 meters, 5 meters, and 7 meters in Denpasar City. The survey method divides the lane virtually, the size of a motorcycle to determine the headway in the field. At the same time, the saturated flow was analyzed using the discharge headway method of both normal distributed data and log normal. Linear regression analysis was used to determine PCE based on motorcycle behavior on synergy junctions both with ESSM and without ESSM. Based on motorcycle behavior, the highest PCE value is obtained beside flow behavior (0.1-1.2) and the lowest in front behavior of the stop line (0.06-0.8). In determining PCE, it is recommended to adopt the motorcycle's behavior.

Using multinomial regression to explore the spatial factors affecting left-turn oncoming accidents involving motorcycles

Objective In mixed traffic with a high proportion of motorcycles, accidents involving motorcycles usually account for the highest percentage of total accidents and are thus important. Because the motorcycle can easily weave around within the traffic flow, leading to traffic conflicts and accidents, this research analyzed left-turn oncoming collisions at intersections and explored the impacts of crossing positions of the motorcycles and opposite left-turn cars on accident risk. Furthermore, based on the analysis results, possible ways to prevent crashes are proposed. Methods We collected accident videos to develop an image dataset to explore the spatial factors affecting left-turn accidents by multinomial regression model (MNL). In addition, to collect samples without incidents as the reference category of the MNL, this research used post encroachment time analysis to screen the samples of general traffic flow. Finally, elasticity analysis was employed to explore the influences of the spatial factors on incident risk probability. Results The results showed that the accident risk was significantly affected by the cross-section locations of the left-turn vehicles and motorcycles during the passing process. intersection. Conclusions When a straight motorcycle travels in the curb lane or an opposite left-turn car does not turn with an appropriate turning trajectory, the risk of a left-turn oncoming collision will increase. Therefore, even if a straight motorcycle has the right-of-way, the operator should choose an appropriate cross-section position and avoid riding to the right of a car when passing through an intersection.

Tracking Airborne Pollution with Environmental Magnetism in A Medium-Sized African City

As in other parts of the world, air pollution over West and Central Africa has major health and meteorological impacts. Air quality assessment and its possible sanitary impact have become essential even in medium-sized towns, therefore amplifying the need for easy-to-implement monitoring methods with low environmental impact. We present here the potential of magnetic methods to monitor air quality at street level in the medium-sized city of Maroua (northern Cameroon) affected by dust-laden desert winds. More than five hundred (544) samples of bark and leaves taken from Neem trees in Maroua were analyzed. Magnetic susceptibility, saturation remanence, and S-ratio were found to determine the concentration and nature of magnetic particles. They are dominated by magnetite-like particle signals as a part of particulate emissions due to urban activities, including both traffic, composed of a substantial proportion of motorcycles, and wood burning for food preparation. We show that both bark and leaves from Neem trees are adequate passive bio-recorders. The use of both enables different times and heights to be sampled, allowing for the high-resolution monitoring, in terms of spatialization, of various urban environments. Particle emissions require assessment and screening that could be carried out rapidly and efficiently by magnetic methods on bio-recorders, even in cities impacted by dust-laden wind.

The Saturated Flow Modeling on Motorcycle Behavior Based on Through Movements at Signalized Intersections

In developing countries such as Indonesia the proportion of motorcycles to other vehicles is reaching 76%, which is very high. The proportion of motorcycles in Bali Province exceeds 85% while in Denpasar City is 82%. Previous studies suggest that a high proportion of motorcycles will certainly affect the saturated flow. Therefore, the effect of motorcycles on saturation flows should not be neglected. With a high proportion of motorcycles that will affect the behavior of motorcyclists at irregular intersections such as in front of the stop line, besides other vehicles and behind other vehicles or in the flow, the behavior of the motorcycle affects the saturated flow. In calculating saturated flow, the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) does not have specific measures that adopt the behavior of motorcycles. If the motorcycle is not properly regulated, it will interfere with the movement of other vehicles when the green light is on. The behavior to be examined in this study is the behavior of motorcycles in front of the stop line, outside the current (beside flow), or in the current (inside flow). In this study, a model was developed to determine saturation flow based on the behavior of motorcycles for through movements at signalized intersections with or without ESSM.

The Influence of Motorcycles on Discharge Headway and Saturation Flows at Signalized Intersections under Mixed Traffic Conditions

The high proportion of motorcycles and lack of lane discipline at signalized intersections under mixed traffic conditions are the motivation to conduct this study. The discharge headway models are constructed at three (3) signalized intersections in the SARBAGITA urban area in Bali. The result shows that motorcycles affect saturation flow due to their shorter headway than light vehicles while increasing discharge headway of other vehicles. The discharge headway between pairs of heavy vehicles is longer than these of motorcycles due to their slower acceleration at signalized intersections. This study also found that the discharge headway plays a significant role in determining the saturation flow and capacity of a signalized intersection. If a heavy vehicle is one of the pairs, then it has the potential to have a headway exceeding the other vehicle pairs. This indicates, however, that the higher proportion of motorcycles at the signalized intersection approach does not necessarily mean shorter discharge headway. There may be other influencing factors, such as the riding behavior of motorcyclists. The dominance of motorcycles can affect the value of the saturated flow, but an increase in the proportion of heavy vehicles may reduce the effect of motorcycles on the saturation flows.

The vehicle type effect to the mixed traffic flow performance (case of study: Soleh Iskandar road, Bogor, Indonesia)

Many cities in developing South East Asia countries face a traffic congestion problem due to the enormous number of private vehicles operating on urban roads. Various traffic management policies are implemented to minimize any loss of congestion problems. Traffic management policies and strategies are established based on traffic analysis and calculation from field observation data which commonly use passenger car units (PCU) as the calculation approach. However, this approach becomes more challenging in an area with mixed traffic where the passenger car is not the majority of the traffic proportion, e.g. in many SEA cities. This study emphasizes the understanding of the hypothesized changes in the traffic performance on the same number of vehicles under the different proportion of motorcycles as a fundamental understanding for PCU application. To achieve the study goal, a traffic microsimulation-based analysis was conducted. The model was built based on the Soleh Iskandar road geometric and traffic data in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The motorcycle flows were simulated from 45% to 90% of total flow proportions that consistently affected the overall traffic performance. The consistent changes in traffic performance indicator swift in the 85% and 90% of motorcycles.

Estimation of the effect of motorcycles on the capacity of signalized intersections

O objetivo principal deste artigo é estimar e avaliar o efeito das motocicletas em intersecções semaforizadas. Para isso, foram coletadas variáveis que representam a presença de motocicletas na frente do primeiro veículo na fila, entre os veículos longitudinalmente e entre veículos lateralmente (na faixa virtual). Os resultados mostram que o efeito médio de uma motocicleta posicionada à frente ou entre veículos no tempo perdido inicial está entre 0.3 e 0.7s. No entanto, não houve evidência de que motocicletas na faixa virtual afeta a descarga da fila de veículos. Em relação aos headways de saturação, os resultados indicam que uma motocicleta na frente de um veículo aumenta seu headway de descarga em 0.7 s, um aumento de 30%. Um aumento de 10% na proporção de motocicletas diminui o fluxo de saturação em cerca de 60 veh/h. O fator de equivalência de carros de passeio para motocicletas obtido neste estudo foi de 0.21, considerando apenas as motocicletas posicionadas longitudinalmente entre veículos.

Motorcycle lane: how to judge if that is necessary

Malaysia has suffered great social and economic losses due to traffic injuries motorcyclists. Segregation of motorcyclists from other motorized traffic is one approach carried out in Malaysia. The non-exclusive motorcycle lane or NEMCL, is one facility provided along the major trunk roads to serve that purpose. However there are not many studies on the effectiveness of the facility thus far, especially in terms of providing justification to build the facility. This study attempted to examine the effectivess of NEMCL by estimating the numbers of killed and seriously injured (KSI) that could be saved with the provision of the facility. Crash statistics and several key road attributes were analysed for road segments with and without NEMCL using statistical regression. Negative binomial model developed in this study revealed that NEMCL is effective in reducing the crash risk of motorcyclists. Area type, proportion of motorcycles in the traffic and the presence of NEMCL were found to significantly influence the crash rates. The model was used to develop criteria to determine the cost effectiveness of providing NEMCL for existing roads and new road projects, based on the benefits and the costs invested to build and maintain the facility over a period of time.

The effect of motorcycle proportion on traffic flow parameters at multi-lane urban road

The phenomenon of traffic flows in almost all major cities of Indonesia is large dominance in the use of motorcycles. The change in the proportion of motorcycle users on the streets reaches more than 50%. The author will discuss the effect of motorcycle volume proportion on traffic flow parameters such as speed and density. This research has been conducted at Ampang street with 4 lanes 2-way undivided type and Adinegoro street with 4 lanes 2-way divided type in Padang. By using Video Image Processor survey method, the data of traffic volume, and time travel of the vehicle for 12 hours were obtained. Further data is processed and the results are plotted into the graph by linear regression method. The results showed that the highest proportion of motorcycle volume of 75.9% occurred on Raya Ampang street and the lowest by 53.2% occurred on Adinegoro street (to the North). The result of linear regression analysis where proportion of motorcycle volume (p) as variable x and space-mean-speed (S) as variable y is S = -0.687(p) + 93.467, R2 = 0.8582 at Ampang street, S = -1.3273(p) + 143.75, R2 = 0.8153 at Adinegoro street (to the south), and y = -1.3861(p) + 131.94, R2 = 0.7882 at Adinegoro street (to the north). Then the relationship between space-mean-speed, density, and traffic volume analyzed.

Poor Road User Practices: Colombo Urban Roads a Case Study

A road user behaviour study was conducted in a busy suburban area outside SouthEastern city limits of Colombo, the capital of Sri Lanka. The study area consisted of heterogeneous vehicle composition; typically combined with high proportion of motorcycles and three-wheelers which are poor in adhering to road rules that could commonly see in most of the South Asian developing countries. Although heavy investments are utilized in road improvement projects in these countries, the outcomes gained often seems to be unsatisfactory. The intent of this study was to find out the reasons for this unsatisfactory outcomes of the investments spent on road improvement projects and look into possible measures to overcome these unsatisfactory outcomes. The study was conducted in two parts; (i) road user behaviour study, and (ii) field consultation study. Through the road user behaviour study the undesirable practices of all road users such as; passenger vehicles, motorcycles, three-wheelers, buses, trucks, pedestrians and excessive noise were directly identified. It was seen from the consultation study results the varied expectations of different categories of road stake holders’ were different from category to category and biased towards their advantage. Finally through this study it was observed that the maximum benefits expected from investing on road improvement projects are not fully realized when poor road user practices are being adopted by the stake holders’.

Factors affecting motorcyclists’ injury severities: An empirical assessment using random parameters logit model with heterogeneity in means and variances

Motorcycles constitute 61% of the total registered vehicles in Pakistan and there has been a 371% growth in motorcycles in the country from year 2005-2015. Motorcycle is an essential and popular mode of transportation in Pakistan, therefore, the present study estimated a random parameters logit model to investigate the factors influencing the motorcycle injury severity using motorcycle crash data of Rawalpindi city collected by the Provincial Emergency Response Service. No injury, minor injury, severe injury and fatal injury are used as four categories of motorcyclist injury severity levels to calibrate the model. Mainly the effects of speed limits, crash-specific factors, rider attributes, roadway characteristics, weather and socio-demographics factors are considered for motorcycle-injury severity analysis. It was revealed that probability of fatal/severe injury increases for crashes: involving middle-aged riders (25–50 years) and riders with no education, occurring on roads with posted speed limit of 70 kms per hour or higher, crashes involving a motorcycle and a heavy vehicle, involving collision of a motorcycle with a fixed object and occurring during dry weather conditions. Also, the probability of minor injury increases for crashes: occurring on divided streets and road segments with a posted speed limit of less than 50 kms per hour, involving Chinese brand motorcycles, involving registered motorcycles, and where at least one motorcycle and auto rickshaw is involved. The research findings suggest that besides measures to control/ reduce the risky motorcyclists behavior there is a need to lower speed limits on roads with a higher motorcycle proportion, separate motorcycles from heavy vehicles and removal of fixed objects from the roadside. Besides data limitations, results are expected to generate more discussion and interest in motorcycle safety in the country and can be used by the enforcement agencies to improve/ enhance the current state of motorcycle safety in the country.

Effects of motorcycles properties to queue length at signalized intersection with Vissim Software

A traffic simulation model is an effective approach tool for analyzing traffic operations. It can produce relatively close to real-world output. This study aims to determine the effect of motorcycle proportion on the length of the queue which is then modeled using Vissim Software. Data obtained from the recording handycam are volume and type of vehicle. The data shows that the largest proportion of motorcycles is as follows: Pulau Pinang road = 67.6%, Ahmad Yani road = 73.9%, Setia Budi (north) road = 69.7%, Setia Budi (south) = 71.1%. Based on the survey and Vissim simulation the maximum queue length at Pulau Pinang road is 192 m and 267.14 m. Ahmad Yani roads are 290 m and 375.2 m, Setia Budi (north) road are 233 m and 489,5 m, Setia Budi (south) road are 230 m and 477.9 m. It is clear that there is a significant difference between the simulation and the real situation for the queue length results. The results also concluded that there is no significant correlation between motorcycle proportion and Queue length on the real situation

FREE-FLOW SPEED ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS: AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF ESTIMATION MODELS

Free-flow speed (FFS); a fundamental parameter in the analysis of two-lane highways, is either estimated through direct field measurement or using analytical model. Regarding the latter approach, the Malaysian Highway Capacity Manual (MHCM) established a model for estimating FFS based on base-free-flow speed (BFFS), roadway’s geometric features and proportion of motorcycles in the traffic stream. Likewise, the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) suggested an approach for direct field measurement of FFS; preferably, at a combined two-way flow rate not in excess of 200 veh/h. For most two-lane highways, observing a two-way flow rate of 200 veh/h or less is rarely possible. In such a case, the HCM recommended that mean speed could be observed at flow rates higher than the limiting value and adjusted accordingly based on an analytical model provided by the manual. This paper presents an empirical appraisal of the MHCM and HCM – FFS estimation models. Data for the study were collected from four directional segments of rural two-lane highways in Johor, Malaysia. A video recording intrumented test vehicle was used for observing the relevant variables needed in this study. An analysis of the obaseved data resulted in mean FFS values of 83.35 km/h and 83.03 km/h from HCM and MHCM models, respectively. FFS estimates from the two data sets were compared to ascertain the degree of their consistency or otherwise using statistical analysis. Results from statistical analysis using t-statistic at 0.05 significance level indicates that there is no statistically significant difference between the FFS estimates from the two approaches. Thus, finding from this study suggests that either of the two approaches could be used for measuring FFS; particularly, at combined two-way flow rates exceeding 200 veh/h.

Evaluation of Exclusive Stopping Space for Motorcycle at Signalized Intersections in Large Cities in Indonesia

Proportion of motorcycles in large cities in Indonesia as a developing country is around 60%-71% of all vehicles and increases 19%-37%every year. Data from Indonesia Statistics Centre Bureau indicated that number of motorcycle increase from 13,563,017 in 2000 to 92,976,240 in 2014. This condition leads worse traffic congestion in large cities and more specific at signalized intersections. Motorcycles usually stop everywhere including among cars and in front of stop-line at signalized intersection during red time period. One of solutions to reduce the poor traffic congestion is implementation of exclusive stopping space (ESS) for motorcycle. Manual of ESS for motorcycle in Indonesia is used as a guidance of implementation. The aim of this study is to determine signalized intersections that need ESS for motorcycle, determine the type, and then evaluate the implementation. This study is specific, important, and crucial to do because usually exclusive stopping space in developed countries is for bicycle. Case study is carried out at all signalized intersections in large city Bandung in Indonesia. Results of study indicated that ESS for motorcycle is needed with 52.2%-100% effectiveness. Furthermore, recommendation that could be provided is more specific ESS guidance for existing variation of lane widths.

Analysis of Demand Responsive Pelican Crossing in Mixed Traffic Conditions

Demand responsive Pelican Crossing has been used widely at midblock pedestrian crossing. However this controller has not been tested in mixed traffic conditions, where the traffic streams are heterogeneous, lack of lane discipline and high proportion of motorcycles. This paper describes an evaluation of the performance of demand responsive Pelican Crossing using Extension Principle (PC VAC-EP) under mixed traffic conditions. An investigation was carried out to find the most appropriate extension time for the PC VAC-EP that was suitable for mixed traffic. The best performance of the PC VAC-EP was, then, compared with the Pelican Crossing Conventional (PC C) on validated simulated pedestrian crossing. The effectiveness of the proposed PC VAC-EP and PC C were evaluated by the simulation program VISSIM.

Application of Moving Car Observer Method for Measuring Free Flow Speed on Two-lane Highways

There exists a need to evaluate the performance indicator that reflects the current level of service (LOS) of the subject facility to justify any decision making on expenditures to be made for improving the performance level of a road facility. Free-flow speed (FFS) is one of the key parameters associated with LOS assessment for two-lane highways. Application of a more realistic approach for assessing road’s performance indicators would result in better estimates which could in turn suggest the most appropriate decision to be made (for situations where upgrading is needed); especially, in terms of finance, materials and human resources. FFS is the driver’s desired speed at low traffic volume condition and in the absence of traffic control devices. Its estimation is significant in the analysis of two-lane highways through which average travel speed (ATS); an LOS indicator for the subject road class is determined. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2010 offers an indirect method for field estimation of FSS based on the highway operating conditions in terms of base-free-flow-speed (BFFS). It is however, recommended by the same manual that direct field FSS measurement approach is most preferred. The Malaysian Highway Capacity Manual (MHCM) established a model for estimating FFS based on BFFS, the geometric features of the highway and proportion of motorcycles in the traffic stream. Estimating FFS based on BFFS is regarded as an indirect approach which is only resorted to, if direct field measurement proved difficult or not feasible. This paper presents the application of moving car observer (MCO) method for direct field measurement of FFS. Data for the study were collected on six segments of two-lane highways with varying geometric features. FFS estimates from MCO method were compared with those based on MHCM model. Findings from the study revealed that FFS values from MCO method seem to be consistently lower than those based on MHCM model. To ascertain the extent of the difference between the FFS values from the two approaches, student t-statistics was used. The t-statistics revealed a P–value of less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) which implies that there is a statistically significant difference between the two sets of data. Since MCO method was conducted under low traffic flow (most desired condition for field observation), it can be suggested that MCO estimates of FFS represent the actual scenario. A relationship was therefore developed between the estimates from the two methods. Thus, if the MHCM model is to be applied, the measured value needs to be adjusted based on the relationship developed between the two approaches.

TLCSBFL: A Traffic Lights Control System Based on Fuzzy Logic

Vehicular traveling is increasing throughout the world, particularly in large urban areas. By the increasing use of automobiles in cities, traffic congestion occurs. Thus, there is a requirement for optimizing traffic control methods for better accommodating the increasing demand. Therefore, the transportation system will continue to grow, and intelligent traffic controls have to be employed to face the road traffic congestion’s problems. Fuzzy controllers have been widely used in many consumer products and industrial applications successfully over the past two decades. For traffic control, however, fuzzy controllers have not been widely applied. This research presents an application of fuzzy logic for multi-agent based autonomous traffic lights control system using wireless sensors to overcome problems like congestion, accidents, speed, and traffic irregularity. The real time parameters such as traffic density and queue length are obtained by using image-processing techniques. Thus, On and Off timings for the green, red and or amber lights are adjusted to the actual road conditions. Fuzzy logic has been widely used to develop a traffic signal controller because it allows qualitative modeling of complex systems. This paper describes a fuzzy logic signal controller for a four–way intersection suitable for mixed traffic, including a high proportion of motorcycles. The proposed agent-based approach can provide a preferred solution by minimizing the vehicles’ waiting time especially the emergency vehicles using fuzzy logic control under the situations that normally occur during emergencies. The effectiveness of this approach is tested by taking two traffic junctions. Keyword: Traffic lights control system, application of fuzzy logic, autonomous systems, congestion control