Motorcycle Drivers Research Articles

Contribution of Vocational Educational Training on Promoting Self Employment in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania

The study was based on the contribution of vocational educational training to promoting self-employment in Tanzania in Morogoro Municipality. Specifically, the study determined the relevance of skills acquired and the skills actualized by Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA) Graduates and the Constraints that hinder the VETA graduates from getting into self-employment. This study was guided by a human capital theory which was propounded by Gary Becker and Theodore Schultz, in the 1950s and early 1960s. The theory states that “the more one invests in his/her education, the more returns one should receive in the form of earnings. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis and quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive analysis including index scale measurement. The findings indicated that self-employed VETA graduates performed their duties to generate income for their livelihood. There were different specializations that VETA graduates had, some specialized in driving, however, they were not employed as drivers, and instead, they were self-employed as motorcycle drivers driving commercial motorcycles. The relevance of the skills acquired and the skills actualized was determined by the curriculum used and what was taught in colleges. Also, VETA students have higher expectations of getting employment after graduation. The study concluded that the skills acquired by the VETA graduates are the most likely to be the activities performed by VETA graduates in generating income for their family livelihood. It also concluded that VETA graduates experienced similar constraints when taught about self-employment. The government should make sure that the colleges have advanced and more current equipment to make sure students are well up-to-date with current technology

Risky Behaviors of Motorcycle Passengers: Field studies in Jakarta and Bekasi Areas

<p><strong>The behaviors of motorcycle drivers are rarely studied, while their behaviors caused considerable danger on driving safety. This study aims to identify risky behaviors of motorcycle drivers. This study was conducted in some roads in Jakarta and Bekasi by adopting the work sampling technique. The results showed that risky behaviors were mainly dominated by not wearing a helmet and by carrying more than one person. These behaviors were most commonly found in areas where it was perceived that there was no police and Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE), especially in the Bekasi area. The presence of the police is crucial in preventing risky behavior of the drivers. Therefore, it is recommended to further ensure the presence of the police in areas prone to risky behaviors, especially when ETLE is not yet installed, or when it has not been fully applied.</strong> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> – <em>Motorcycle, Passengers, Risky Behaviors, Work Sampling.</em></p>

Assessment of Health Risk from Exposure to Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) among Motorcycle Taxi Drivers in Bangkok and Adjacent Provinces, Thailand

Exposure to outdoor air pollutants, particularly respirable particulate matter (RPM), can cause adverse health outcomes. The cross-sectional study aimed to assess motorcycle taxi driver’s health risk from exposure to RPM. A total of 153 motorcycle taxi drivers were recruited in Bangkok and five adjacent provinces during May and June 2022. The standardized questionnaire for data collection contained exposure time (hour/day), frequency of exposure (days/years), duration of exposure (year), body weight (kg), and averaging time (days). The average RPM concentration from six provinces were assessed personal air sampling pumps and ranged from 0.006-0.031 mg/m3. Bangkok showed the highest average RPM concentration (0.031 mg/m3), followed by Pathumthani (0.028 mg/m3), Samut Prakan (0.009 mg/m3), Nakhon Pathom (0.008 mg/m3), Nonthaburi (0.007 mg/m3), and Samut Sakhon (0.006 mg/m3), respectively. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for a non-carcinogenic risk to human health caused by RPM exposure in each province indicated a negligible risk (HQ=0.005-0.028). HQ averages (HQ=0.013) from all provinces were also at an acceptable level (≤1). Not all motorcycle taxi drivers are safe from RPM exposure, although their exposure is within acceptable limits depending on their individual susceptibility. Therefore, this is the first report on quantifying exposure to RPM from personal air sampling and health risk assessment among motorcycle taxi drivers. These findings would be useful information for further preventing and controlling ambient air pollution including policies and strategies to mitigate the risks for motorcycle-taxi drivers and the other exposed populations.

MISKLASIFIKASI HUBUNGAN KERJA PENGEMUDI OJEK ONLINE (PLATFORM WORKER) DI INDONESIA

Technological developments through digital platforms have created a new work ecosystem, allowing platform workers, such as online motorcycle drivers in Indonesia, to affiliate with various companies to provide transportation services. However, despite these advances, online riders have not received adequate rights protection as ‘workers’ because their status is limited to ‘partners’ (independent contractors) under the Partnership Agreement they sign. This article uses a normative approach to examine how legal developments in Indonesia can classify and protect online riders as workers under employment laws. A comparative approach is employed, referencing policies in Europe, particularly Spain and the European Union, which have been more progressive in interpreting employment relationships for platform workers. The research finds that legal reforms in Indonesia still inadequately protect online riders’ labor rights due to narrow interpretations of employment relationships that fail to keep pace with current developments.

Respiratory Symptoms and Changes of Oxidative Stress Markers among Motorbike Drivers Chronically Exposed to Fine and Ultrafine Air Particles: A Case Study of Douala and Dschang, Cameroon.

Recent studies revealed that the high production of reactive oxidative species due to exposure to fine or ultrafine particles are involved in many chronic respiratory disorders. However, the poor standard of clinical data in sub-Saharan countries makes the assessment of our knowledge on the health impacts of air pollution in urban cities very difficult. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of respiratory disorders associated with exposure to fine and ultrafine air particles through the changes of some oxidative stress biomarkers among motorbike drivers from two cities of Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a standardized questionnaire was conducted in 2019 on 191 motorcycle drivers (MDs) working in Douala and Dschang. Then, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using colorimetric methods. The data of participants, after being clustered in Microsoft Excel, were analyzed and statistically compared using SPSS 20 software. Results: The motorbike drivers recruited from both cities were from 21 to 40 years old, with a mean age of 29.93 (±0.82). The distribution of respiratory disorders, such as a runny nose, cold, dry cough, chest discomfort, and breathlessness, was significantly increased among MDs in Douala. According to the results of biological assays, SOD and MDA were significantly greater among the MDs recruited in Douala compared to those of Dschang. The change in these oxidative stress markers was significantly positively correlated with the mobilization of monocytes and negatively correlated with neutrophils, showing the onset and progression of subjacent inflammatory reactions, and it seemed to be significantly influenced by the location MDs lived in. Conclusions: Through this study, we have confirmed the evidence supporting that the onset and progression of oxidative stress is caused by the long-term exposure to fine or ultrafine air particles among working people living in urban cities. Further studies should be conducted to provide evidence for the cellular damage and dysfunction related to the chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) in the air among working people in the metropolitan sub-Saharan Africa context.

Comparison of Lumbar Stabilization Exercise and Flexibility Exercise on Lumbal Flexibility in Chronic Mechanical Lower Back Pain (Study on Online Motorcycle Drivers)

Comparison of Lumbar Stabilization Exercise and Flexibility Exercise on Lumbal Flexibility in Chronic Mechanical Lower Back Pain (Study on Online Motorcycle Drivers)

The local driving safety effect of motorcycle restrictions: Evidence from China

Motorcycles are a highly unstable element that impacts road traffic safety due to insufficient safety protection structures and poor maneuverability. The rapid increase in their use has exacerbated the severity of crash-related fatalities and injuries. While some countries have implemented motorcycle restrictions to address this phenomenon, the causal effect of such policies on reducing the severity of injuries from accidents requires further research. This study employs a difference-in-differences approach to estimate the causal effect of motorcycle restrictions in China on the severity of road crash injuries. The results indicate a significant reduction in the likelihood of fatal or severe injuries occurring in crashes. Specifically, in regions with motorcycle restrictions, the probability of crashes resulting in fatal or severe injuries decreased by 2.9% on average. The results remain robust following placebo and falsification tests and excluding confounding effects. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that motorcycle restrictions primarily affect male drivers and drivers with urban hukou, with no significant differences in effects across drivers of different age groups. Overall, the findings indicate that motorcycle restrictions reduce the number of motorcycles on the road and decrease the probability of motorcycle drivers being at fault in crashes, signifying improved driver behavior and effectively lowering crash severity.

Analyzing the Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs) among Motorcyclists in Bangladesh.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire involving 402 motorcyclists from four major southeastern towns, comprising 350 (86.07%) males and 52 (12.93%) females. The chi-square test was applied in bivariate analysis, and binary multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the risk factors of road traffic crashes. This study's findings revealed that the overall reported prevalence of road traffic crashes involving motorcycle drivers over one year was 68.66%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed several factors that significantly impacted road traffic crashes. These factors included driving without a valid driving license, the young age (<20) of motorcyclists, driving in rainy weather, exceeding the speed limit, per-week working hours, smoking status, motorcycle ownership, the brand of motorcycle, and not wearing a helmet while driving. The study findings highlight the need for improving motorcycle safety by implementing measures such as imposing per-week work hour limits for riders, enforcing traffic regulations, and promoting helmet use among motorcycle drivers. The results of this study draw attention to the Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) and motorcycle drivers in the country to decrease motorcycle crashes and the severity of injuries by implementing efficient guidelines and strategies for driving motorcycles. The findings of this study can assist policymakers and concerned authorities in taking the essential steps to lessen road traffic crashes among motorcyclists in Bangladesh.

Bacteriological and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Urinary Tract Infection among Online Motorcycle Drivers in Jakarta, Indonesia

Bacteriological and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Urinary Tract Infection among Online Motorcycle Drivers in Jakarta, Indonesia

Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception: Impact on Online Ojek Driving Safety

The high number of accidents for ojek online motorcycle users cannot be separated from the behavior of the riders. Motorist behavior factors have an important contribution in determining the occurrence of road user traffic accidents. Thus, the purpose of this study is to ascertain how knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions will affect motorcycle safety riding behavior in Jakarta in 2023 when it comes to ojek online. This study used survey method with quantitative research data. The population in this study was all ojek online motorcycle drivers in Jakarta and the sample used amounted to 100 respondents. The results of the analysis, computations, and talks demonstrate that knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions all work together to influence Jakarta ojek online motorbike riders’ safety riding behavior positively and significantly. Where partially the variable knowledge has a positive and significant influence on the safety riding behavior of ojek online motorcycle taxis in Jakarta. The same thing with attitude variables that have a positive and significant influence on ojek online motorcycle safety riding behavior in Jakarta. Similarly, the perception variable significantly and favorably affects Jakarta motorbike riders' safety-riding habits (Ojek Online).

An exploratory study of University Students’ Lived Experiences and Memories of Childhood Abuse.

Child abuse is a serious and devastating global problem. In Tanzania this problem exists in a variety of forms and is deeply rooted in cultural, educational and social practices, often mixed with, and difficult to distinguish from normal measures of correcting and disciplining children. This study is undertaken to describe the patterns of child abuse (physical, emotional and sexual) as experienced by university students in Tanzania in their childhood. The study also aims at obtaining deeper understanding of the different types of perpetrators who interacted with, and inflicted abuse to children in the family and community at large. Data comes from a representative sample drawn from university students (n=470) in one university in Tanzania in March 2019. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. The results show multiple experiences of physical, emotional and sexual child abuse for both male and female students. The findings also indicate that family members, teachers, peers, and motor-cycle drivers were involved in the abuse of children consistent with similar studies which categorize such groups of people as perpetrators of child abuse (Moore et al, 2007; UNICEF Tanzania, 2011; Kisanga, 2012; McCrann, 2017) The study recommends that behaviors of child abuse be given due attention to ensure proper care, normal development and guarantee protection of children. The study also highlights the significance of engaging university students on intervention programs to counteract the negative effects of child abuse during adulthood.

A systematic review of risk factors associated with road traffic crashes and injuries among commercial motorcycle drivers

To effectively reduce road traffic crashes (RTCs) and injuries interventions should be based on firm evidence regarding risk factors of RTCs and injuries in that specific population. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review to determine risk factors of RTCs and injuries among commercial motorcycle drivers. Searches were performed from inception to May 2022 in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO and Cinahl, along with registers and reference lists. Inclusion criteria were commercial motorcycle drivers, quantitative observational studies, and RTCs and injuries. The search resulted in 1546 articles, of which 20 met the relevance and quality criteria. Of the 20 articles, 17 were cross-sectional, 2 were case-control studies, and one was a cohort study. Close to half of all articles (9) came from sub-Saharan Africa. Risk factors with consistent association with RTCs and injuries were young age, low education level, alcohol consumption, speeding, mobile phone use, non-helmet use, risky driving behaviours and long working hours. There was inconclusive evidence for driver’s training, work schedules, motorcycle ownership, experience, dependents number, and marital status. More robust designs such as case-control or longitudinal studies are required to gain a comprehensive understanding of the antecedents of RTCs among commercial motorcycle drivers.

Qualitatively and quantitatively explore injury severity of light motor vehicle drivers involved in heavy goods vehicle crashes

ABSTRACT Crashes involving heavy goods trucks (HGVs) are of significant concern as it poses a higher risk of fatality to light motor vehicles (LMVs). The study constructs three Deep Forest models with different Cascade structures to explore the relationship between HGV-LMV crash severity and risk factors. Based on the HGV-LMV crash data in Shandong province, China, motorcycles, electric vehicles, and sedans are defined as the LMV. According to the comparison results, the Deep Forest with Cascade LightGBM is significantly better. Through model interpretability tools, the study found that motorcycle and electric vehicle drivers aged 58 to 86, and LMV drivers with 1 to 3 years of driving experience are more likely suffering severity and fatal injury (SFI) in HGV-LMV crashes. And, disobey traffic sign, illegal turning, overtaking, changing lane, and crashes happened on non-motorway, national and provincial roads have an positive effect on SFI.

Correlations between Physical Activity, Work Duration, and Stress on the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Online Motorcycle Drivers in Surakarta

Correlations between Physical Activity, Work Duration, and Stress on the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Online Motorcycle Drivers in Surakarta

Heat-induced risks of road crashes among older motorcyclists: Evidence from three motorcycle-dominant cities in Taiwan

IntroductionRoad crashes pose significant public health concerns worldwide, with vulnerable road users like motorcyclists accounting for 23% of global road deaths. Recently, heat exposure has been identified as a risk factor for road crashes by reducing driver performance. Given the rapid aging, many Asian cities face challenges regarding heat-induced road crashes among older motorcyclists, a significant segment of the road user population with lower motor abilities and thermal tolerance. In this study, I aim to investigate varying impacts of heat on road crashes across road users in different age groups using different transportation modes in three major Taiwanese cities characterized by motorcycle-dominant traffic cultures and (sub)tropical climates. MethodsTemperature data and records of road crashes involving motorcycles and car drivers from 2018 to 2021 were collected, merged based on the dates, and processed into a year-round dataset and a summer-time dataset. The generalized linear regression model with a Generalized Poisson link function was employed to estimate the association between temperature and road crash frequency, with the analysis stratified by two age groups (i.e., older and younger) and two transportation modes (i.e., car and motorcycle). Results and conclusionIn total, 24 models were built for four driver groups (i.e., older motorcycle, younger motorcycle, older car, and younger car drivers) across three cities using year-round and summer-time datasets. Findings reveal higher vulnerabilities to heat-induced road crashes among older road users, especially those driving motorcycles. Heat-induced road risks among motorcycle drivers significantly increased during the summer, while this pattern was not found for car drivers. Policymakers should develop targeted interventions aimed at mitigating heat-related road crashes among older motorcyclists. In the context of climate change and ageing, this research holds broader implications for the development of policies integrating heat mitigation strategies and traffic safety measures, particularly in Southeast Asian cities with similar demographics and tropical climates.

The Effect of Psychoactive Substances Used on Clinical Outcomes in Injured Drivers Referred to Emergency Medicine; Case-Control Study

Objective: The use of psychoactive substances increases the risk of accidents. This study evaluated the relationship between the type of psychoactive substances among traffic injured admitted to the medical center. Methods: Injured drivers (100 used drugs), (260 control group), who were transferred to 7-Tir Hospital from April 2021 to March 2022 were studied. The information related to the accident scene, personal characteristics, and the substance used was collected from the police and the medical center documents. We used multiple logistic regression to find the important factor in outcomes. Results: The mean age of the case group (37.49 ±13.61) compared to the control group (34.18 ±14.05) was significant (p=0.044). The most common substances in the case group were opioids which had the highest mean age (41.90 ± 13.541). Injured who used sedatives had higher signs of head trauma than the others. Also, being guilty had a remarkable difference in the groups (94.6 vs 62.4 p= &lt;0.001). Motorcyclist drivers were 185(65%) as responsible for the accident, in addition, 69(69%) were in the case group. Head trauma, type of accident, and level of triage had a significant effect on the death of the injured. Conclusion: Using sedatives causes increased head trauma. Driving under the effect of psychoactive drugs is more common among motorcycle drivers, and a large percentage of them were guilty of accidents.

Analysis of increased motorcycle accidents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study from Türkiye.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a unique set of circumstances, straining health-care systems and affecting the way of life in societies around the world. Measures such as social isolation, travel restrictions, and workplace closures have led to an increase in motorcycle use. Consequently, motorcycle accidents have become a significant problem during this period. This study presents detailed research conducted to examine motorcycle accidents during the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand the causes and consequences of the increase in these accidents. This research evaluated records from a single health examination and used various models to analyze motorcycle acci-dents within a specified time period. Additionally, retrospective analyses were conducted to examine associations between motorcycle use and crashes in our country before and after the pandemic. The records of 386 patients who were injured in motorcycle accidents and followed up, received treatment, and were recorded at Biruni University Hospital between November 2015 and April 2023 were retrospectively examined. Noted details included the victims' age, gender, injury mechanism, injury site, injury severity, helmet use, presence and location of fractures, time distribution of the accident, and the severity of other important tissue injuries. The relationship between the injury site, fractures, and accident details, and the "Injury Severity Score" (ISS) was also investigated. Among the 386 injured victims in motorcycle accidents, 333 were male and 53 were female. Of these, 168 (43.5%) were motorcycle drivers, 137 (35.5%) were motorcycle couriers, and 81 (21%) were pedestrians. A total of 186 (48%) injuries occurred before the pandemic (November 2015-March 2020), while 200 (52%) were sustained during the pandemic. The study indicates a noticeable increase in motorcycle injuries, particularly among motor couriers, especially during the pandemic quarantine periods. Post hoc analysis revealed that motor couriers had significantly lower ISS compared to other professions (p=0.009 and p=0.045, respectively). Motorcyclists who wore helmets were found to have significantly lower ISS than those who did not wear helmets (p<0.05). Furthermore, it was found that the ISS was positively correlated with the number of bone fractures, total soft tissue injury, and significant clinical characteristics (r=0.758, r=0.756, and p<0.001, respectively). This clinical study's findings demonstrate that the measures implemented during the pandemic to limit society's mobility have led to an increase in motorcycle accidents. Notably, there has been a significant rise in the number of accidents, particularly involving individual motorcycle use and motorcycle courier services.

Driver's license, head protection devices and severity of motorcyclists' injuries in traffic accidents.

to describe traffic accidents involving motorcyclists and analyze the association between possession of a motorcycle driver's license and use of helmets according to the severity of injuries. a cross-sectional study was conducted among all patients hospitalized in the traumatology and orthopedics sector of a public reference hospital in northeastern Brazil. 170 patients were surveyed, the majority were male (95.9%). Their ages ranged from 18 to 67 years. Most were black or brown (52.3%), had completed elementary school (58.9%) and had monthly income smaller than two minimum wages (56.5%). An association was found between being licensed to drive a motorcycle and wearing a helmet. Among those who suffered moderate injuries, this association was OR=5.66(1.85-17.23) and among those who suffered severe injuries it was OR=13.57(2.82-65.14). people who were licensed to drive motorcycles used a helmet as protective equipment more often and, in accidents, suffered fewer injuries.

See Carbon: Real-time IoT Monitoring System for Motorcycle Vehicle Carbon Emissions

This research introduces a comprehensive solution for monitoring Carbon emissions from motorcycle vehicles. Utilizing specialized gas sensors for Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), and Hydrocarbon (HC), coupled with an Arduino Nano main microcontroller, GSM module, and GPS module encased in CFRP casing, the system ensures real-time monitoring. A dedicated website and mobile companion enable users to easily track and analyze emissions history, providing suggestions for reduction. This implementation aims to empower motorcycle drivers to monitor their vehicle's health and reduce their Carbon footprint.

Road traffic injuries and alcohol use in the emergency department in Tanzania: a case-crossover study

Abstract&#x0D; Introduction: Alcohol is the leading risk factor for road traffic injury (RTI). Africa has the second-highest rate of alcohol dependence and the highest road traffic fatality rate. We describe the proportion of Tanzanian emergency department (ED) patients presenting with RTIs who are blood alcohol content (BAC) positive and determine the dose-response relationship between drinking and injury risk.Methods: Analysis of data from EDs in Tanzania from 2013 to 2014 was performed. Adults presenting to an ED within 6 hours of injury had BAC testing and were asked whether and how much alcohol was consumed prior to the injury. Data also included self-reported alcohol use during control periods 1 day and 1 week prior to the injury. Case-crossover analysis of injury risk used logistic regression to determine matched-pair odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: Of 513 injury patients, 375 (73%) suffered RTIs. Overall, 29% of RTI patients were BAC-positive. Approximately 40% of those who reported using alcohol prior to RTI reported drinking more than 5 standard drinks. With any alcohol, drivers of both motorcycles and cars/trucks had increased odds of RTI (4.90 OR (CI 2.5-9.5) and 5.70 OR (CI 2.8-11.6) respectively). While the odds of RTI in car/truck drivers demonstrated a dose-dependent response, that in motorcyclists was highest after 3-4 drinks (5.60 OR, CI 2.22-14.10).Discussion: The RTI burden in Tanzania is high. Any alcohol can increase RTI risk. These findings should guide drunk-driving legislation.