Motorbike Drivers Research Articles

Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas pada Pengendara Sepeda Motor di Daerah Mimika, Papua, Tahun 2022

The most traffic accidents in the Mimika Resort Papua Region in 2020-2022 were for motorbike users compared to cars. Accident data from the Mimika Resort Papua Regional Traffic Unit found 124 traffic accidents in 2020, 137 incidents in 2021, and 169 incidents in 2022. This research aims to determine the factors related to traffic accidents among motorbike drivers in Papua Mimika Resort in 2022. This research was conducted in December 2022-August 2023. This research used an analytical cross-sectional design with a sample size of 152 motorbike drivers. Sampling used simple random sampling. The independent variables are driver condition, health problems, vehicle condition, road conditions, and environmental conditions, and the dependent variable is traffic accidents. Data will be analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test. Univariate results showed that the highest proportion was seriously injured victims (42.1%), driver conditions were at risk (86.8%), health problems were at risk (50.7%), vehicle conditions were not at risk (83.6%), road conditions not at risk (57.9%) and environmental conditions are not at risk (87.5%). Bivariate results show that there is a relationship between health problems and the incidence of traffic accidents (PR= 2.59; 95%CI: 1.29-5.21), while the variable that is not related is the condition of the driver (PR= 1.51; 95 %CI: 0.51-4.50), vehicle condition (PR= 1.36;95%CI: 0.66-2.79), road condition (PR= 1.46;95%CI: 0.80 -2.66), and environmental conditions (PR= 0.96; 95%CI: 0.38-2.44). The police should always provide education to the public about the dangers of driving while under the influence of excessive alcohol in traffic accidents.

Impact Analysis of Implementing School Safe Zones (Case Study: ZoSS at SMPN 15 Padang and MTsN 1 Padang)

The Padang city government has implemented the ZoSS program for two schools located close to each other in Koto Tangah District, namely SMPN 15 Padang and MTsN 1 Padang located on Jalan Adinegoro, Batipuh Panjang District. However, the function of the presence of ZoSS in these two schools is considered to be ineffective because there are still many motorbike drivers who travel at speeds exceeding the permitted speed limit when crossing the ZoSS area, even though the facilities are in accordance with the Director General of Land Transportation's regulations Number: SK3582/AJ.403/DRJD/2018. Therefore, the research aims to review the impact of implementing ZoSS on the speed of motorized vehicles and the characteristics of road crossing behavior on ZoSS in this area. The data used was obtained by conducting surveys and direct observations in the field. The survey carried out included a survey of instantaneous speed data (spot speed) of vehicles when crossing the ZoSS, and a survey of the characteristics of road crossing behavior on the ZoSS. after school.The results of the research concluded that the implementation of the ZoSS program at SMPN 15 Padang and MTsN 1 Padang, located on Jalan Adinegoro, was considered ineffective in terms of motor vehicle speed, because it exceeded the maximum speed limit (30 km /hour) when crossing the ZoSS with an average speed of 46.75 km/hour with the percentage of vehicles complying with the permitted speed still below 50%, and the behavior of pedestrians when crossing in the ZoSS area is categorized as "not yet safe" so there is the potential for accidents.Regulation.

Respiratory Symptoms and Changes of Oxidative Stress Markers among Motorbike Drivers Chronically Exposed to Fine and Ultrafine Air Particles: A Case Study of Douala and Dschang, Cameroon.

Recent studies revealed that the high production of reactive oxidative species due to exposure to fine or ultrafine particles are involved in many chronic respiratory disorders. However, the poor standard of clinical data in sub-Saharan countries makes the assessment of our knowledge on the health impacts of air pollution in urban cities very difficult. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of respiratory disorders associated with exposure to fine and ultrafine air particles through the changes of some oxidative stress biomarkers among motorbike drivers from two cities of Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a standardized questionnaire was conducted in 2019 on 191 motorcycle drivers (MDs) working in Douala and Dschang. Then, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using colorimetric methods. The data of participants, after being clustered in Microsoft Excel, were analyzed and statistically compared using SPSS 20 software. Results: The motorbike drivers recruited from both cities were from 21 to 40 years old, with a mean age of 29.93 (±0.82). The distribution of respiratory disorders, such as a runny nose, cold, dry cough, chest discomfort, and breathlessness, was significantly increased among MDs in Douala. According to the results of biological assays, SOD and MDA were significantly greater among the MDs recruited in Douala compared to those of Dschang. The change in these oxidative stress markers was significantly positively correlated with the mobilization of monocytes and negatively correlated with neutrophils, showing the onset and progression of subjacent inflammatory reactions, and it seemed to be significantly influenced by the location MDs lived in. Conclusions: Through this study, we have confirmed the evidence supporting that the onset and progression of oxidative stress is caused by the long-term exposure to fine or ultrafine air particles among working people living in urban cities. Further studies should be conducted to provide evidence for the cellular damage and dysfunction related to the chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) in the air among working people in the metropolitan sub-Saharan Africa context.

Exploring the impact of occupational factors on low back pain in ride-sharing motorbike drivers in Bangladesh: A comprehensive cross-sectional analysis

ObjectiveLow back pain (LBP) is a major global public health issue, prevalent among various occupational groups worldwide. However, existing studies have predominantly focused on sedentary workers in developed nations, leaving a gap in understanding LBP prevalence and associated factors among occupational cohorts in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and occupational factors contributing to LBP among ride-sharing motorbike drivers (RSMD) in Bangladesh. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Dhaka city from May 20 to August 08, 2023. Data were collected from Bangladeshi adult RSMD using a paper-based questionnaire developed by Eriksen et al. Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact tests compared categorical variables with and without LBP, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed with LBP as the dependent variable and various predictors to compute adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval. ResultsThe one-month prevalence of LBP was 58.8%. Regression analysis revealed elevated adjusted odds of experiencing LBP among participants with hypertension, those using multiple ride-sharing operators, commuter and older bike users, and non-users of riding kits. Additionally, increased adjusted odds of LBP were observed among participants of higher age, higher body mass index, and those covering longer distances per week. ConclusionThis study underscores a significantly higher prevalence of LBP among RSMD in Bangladesh, with occupational factors strongly predicting LBP. Implementing strategies such as regular physical exercise, weight reduction, using sports and newer motorbikes, and reducing working hours per week may help mitigate the prevalence of LBP within this cohort.

Importance of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Helmet Usage in Preventing Maxillofacial Injury among Motorbike Drivers in Indonesia: A review

Traffic accidents are one of the main etiological factors of maxillofacial injuries, with an incidence of around 34.42% to 80.14% of all bone and soft tissue injuries in the facial area. Legal institutions have made it mandatory to use protective equipment when driving, including wearing a helmet for motorcyclists. Indonesia has created special standards for helmets, the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) that should be worn when riding a motorbike. This review aims to determine the benefits of using a helmet, especially with SNI standards in preventing maxillofacial injuries. Legal institutions have made it mandatory to use protective equipment when driving, including wearing a helmet for motorcyclists. Good helmets have the Significances Helmets Standard, such as the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). It is used according to standard procedures, including attaching a strap, being healthy, and not riding when drunk and sleepy. Indonesian National Standard (SNI) helmets are technically designed to meet safety standards and protect motorcyclists' heads when involved in an accident. Many studies consistently show the benefits of using a helmet to prevent head injuries and reduce the death rate and severity of injuries in motorcyclists. The findings of this study may be related to previous studies in which riders wearing full-face helmets experienced an increased incidence of mid-face injuries. Good regulation for SNI helmet usage in Indonesia is mandatory to avoid and minimize incidents, morbidity, and mortality of maxillofacial fracture injury in Indonesia.

Challenges and Solutions for Ride-Hailing Motorbike Drivers in Vietnam: An Analysis of Working Conditions and Health

In the digital age, ride-hailing motorbike services have become an indispensable part of the urban transportation system in Vietnam, attracting thousands of workers with their flexibility and income potential. However, occupation also poses numerous health and safety challenges. The job requires long working hours, exposure to harsh weather conditions, and highly competitive pressure, leading to physical and mental health issues such as muscle pain, fatigue, and stress. This research article employs a survey method to collect data from ride-hailing motorbike drivers to analyze the labor burdens they endure. Based on the findings, the study suggests solutions such as improving working conditions, developing health support programs, and implementing more flexible policies to enhance the quality of life and job satisfaction among workers, thereby contributing to the sustainable development of the industry in Vietnam.

Fatigue analysis and design of a motorcycle online driver measurement tool using real-time sensors

Work fatigue is an important aspect and is very influential in determining the level of accidents, especially motorbike accidents. According to WHO, almost 30% of all deaths due to road accidents involve two- and three-wheel­ed motorized vehicles, such as motorbikes, mopeds, scooters and electric bicycles (e-bikes), and the number continues to increase. Motor­cycles dominate road deaths in many low- and middle-income countries, where nine out of ten traffic accident deaths occur among motorcyclists, as in Indonesia. However, until now, in Indonesia, there has been no monitor­ing system capable of identifying fatigue in motorbike drivers in the transportation sector. This research aims to determine fatigue patterns based on driver working hours and create a sensor system to monitor fatigue measurements in real-time to reduce the number of accidents. The research began with processing questionnaire data with Pearson correlation, which showed a close relationship between driver fatigue and driving time and a close relationship between fatigue and increased heart rate and sweating levels. From calibration tests with an error of 3% and direct measurements of working conditions, it was found that two-wheeled vehicle driver fatigue occurs after 2-3 hours of work. With a measurement system using the Box Whiskers analysis method, respondents' working conditions can also be de­ter­mined, which are divided into 4 zones, namely zone 1 (initial condition or good condition), zone 2 a declining condition, zone 3 a tired condition and zone 4 is a resting condition. Hopefully, this research will identify fati­gue zones correctly and reduce the number of accidents because it can iden­tify tired drivers so they do not have to force themselves to continue working and driving their motorbikes. As a conclusion from this research, a measure­ment system using two sensors, such as ECG and GSR can identify work fatigue zones well and is expected to reduce the number of accidents due to work fatigue.

Enhancing Deterrence for Child Motorbike Riders in Indonesia: A Legal Sanctions Model

Objective: The main objective of this research is to formulate a concept for recommendations for changes in the regulation of criminal sanctions and the concept of compensation responsibility, which can provide a deterrent effect against violations by child motorbike drivers. Method: This research was conducted using a normative legal research method with a statutory approach. Results: This research found disharmony in the concept of children, and there is no regulation of criminal sanctions and responsibility for compensation for parents or families. Child motorbike driver violations provide more significant benefits and profits to parents or families. The contribution of this research can provoke legislators to encourage the participation of parents or families to help prevent child motorbike drivers by regulating the imposition of criminal sanctions and responsibility for compensation, and can immediately harmonize the concept of children in statutory regulations. Conclusions: Criminal sanctions for child motorbike drivers are similar to those for adult drivers. Violations for child and adult motorbike drivers use different criminal justice systems. The difference in the concept of children between Law Number 22 of 2009 regarding Road Traffic and Transportation (RTT) and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (JCJS), results in ambiguity in law enforcement for child motorbike driver violation.

Potential Role of Biofeedback Visual Training in High-Speed Motorbike Drivers.

In several sports, appropriate training strategies remain a challenge for athletes and coaches, with the goal of improving performance. Extensive research has proposed several technical tools for obtaining parametric evaluations before competition in real life. This study aimed to assess whether some retinal performances might be improved using psychophysical techniques in health professionals involved in motorcycle sports (FIM MotoE). Two MotoE drivers were screened at baseline using complete ophthalmological examinations and evaluation of retinal reaction times, followed by a biofeedback training program. After 4 months of training, the subjects underwent a control visit using the same protocol as the baseline. Central reaction time was shorter for 75% of drivers, with a consistent reduction (mean value of 20%). The peripheral reaction time showed an increasing trend after visual training. In both drivers, fixation stability improved dramatically (in 30% increments). The potential role of advanced technology was applied to high-speed drivers. Our results may be due to an attentional shift from the peripheral retina to the central retina during training. In our opinion, training potentiates the most useful pathways at the expense of less involved retinal and cortical areas, thus improving driving abilities and safety.

Relations between risk perception, perceptions of peers' driving, and risky driving among Cambodian adolescents.

Traffic accidents are a leading cause of death globally, with substantial economic impact particularly in low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). Adolescents are at particular risk, partly due to their tendency to engage in risky driving. However, most research designed to identify potential causes of risky adolescent driving has been conducted in Western, high-income countries, which often have substantial cultural differences from LMIC that potentially influence risky adolescent driving. The present study, one of the first focused on this topic in Southeast Asia, cross-sectionally assessed 425 adolescent motorbike drivers in the Southeast Asian LMIC Cambodia. Adolescents' (a) beliefs about peers' driving (social norms) and (b) driving risk perception were assessed as predictors of four risky driving behaviors: aggressive driving; distracted driving; intoxicated driving; violating driving laws. Canonical correlation analysis identified a general relation between (a) beliefs about peers' driving, and (b) all four risky driving behaviors, with R2 = 0.35 indicating over one-third of the variance in risky driving was explained by perceptions of peers' driving. Risk perception was not involved in the significant canonical relation, however. Gender moderated two of the underlying relations, with females showing larger relations between perceptions of friends' driving, and distracted driving and violating driving laws. These findings provide useful directions for future research (e.g., assessing the accuracy of Cambodian adolescents' perceptions of peers' driving) useful for helping stakeholders tailor road safety programs (e.g., providing adolescent drivers with accurate information regarding their peers' actual driving behaviors) for adolescent motorcyclists in Cambodia and similar countries.

YOLO Based Advanced Smart Traffic Assistance Platform for Number Plate and Helmet Detection

Abstract: Now a days road accidents are one of the major causes that are leading to human death. However the most common reason for motorcycle deaths is because many fail to confirm to the law of wearing helmet. Here is the software using YOLO V8 to recognize the motorbike drivers , who are not obeying helmet law in an automated way. The helmet and license plate detection system using YOLO V8 is a computer vision technology-based system that utilizesthe You Only Look Once (YOLO) objectdetection algorithm to detect helmets and license plates in real-time. The system is designed to improve safety on roads and highways by detecting riders without helmets and vehicles without properlicense plates. The system consists of motorcycledetection , helmet and no helmet detection as well as bike license plate recognition. The system is capable of processing image from a variety of sources, including trafficcameras and drones, and can detect the presence or absence of helmets and license plates in the image frames. It uses a deep learning model trained on a large dataset of annotated images to identify and classify objects. The output of the system includes a bounding box around each detected object and a label indicating whether it is a helmet or a license plate. The system can also be configured to generate alerts or notifications when violations are detected. Overall, this system provides a valuable tool for law.

Analysis of Willingness to Pay Working Accident Protection for Online Motorcycle Drivers

Aims: There are very few online motorcycle taxi drivers (informal workers) who are enrolled in the Work Accident Protection program, while online motorcycle taxi drivers have a high risk of work accidents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of income, last education level, and knowledge of the program on the Willingness to Pay (WTP) value of Work Accident Protection for Online Motorbike Drivers and to determine the value of WTP Work Accident Protection for Online Motorbike Drivers.
 Study Design: This study used Ordinary Least Square(OLS) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM).
 Place and Duration of Study: The scope of this research is Go-Jek Motorcycle online drivers who are in Bandar Lampung for the 2022 time period.
 Methodology: In this study, Survey was conducted on 100 online motorbike drivers in Bandar Lampung city to get the results of this study. This study uses qualitative methods. To find the determinants of variables using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and used CVM to calculate WTP value.
 Results: The results of this study are that the variables Income, Education, and knowledge about the program have a positive and significant effect on the Willingness to pay (WTP) value for Work Accident Protection. WTP value for Work Accident Protection is IDR 10,800.
 Conclusion: Based on the regression results, it is found that the variables income, education, and knowledge about the program had a positive and significant effect on the WTP variable. Based on the results of calculations using the CVM method, the WTP value for Work Accident Protection is Rp. 10,800. BPJS Ketenagakerjaan must further increase knowledge about the program and benefits of Employment Social Security to increase the desire of workers to become participants.

Model Prediksi Kecelakaan Kendaraan Sepeda Motor pada Ruas Jalan di Kota Ambon

This study aims to model the prediction of motorcycle vehicle accidents in Ambon City. Factors reviewed in this study include socioeconomic and travel patterns, driving equipment and preparation, driving habits, and driving behavior. The survey was conducted using interview and questionnaire survey methods with a total of 250 respondents. The research method used is data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of motorcycle accident modeling show that the first biggest influence on the prediction of an accident is the driver's behavior characteristic variable, with the indicator that describes the cause of a traffic accident is the indicator of driving over the speed limit. Thus when a motorbike driver drives his vehicle fast and exceeds the speed limit, the higher the possibility that the driver will experience a traffic accident. So it is necessary to have cooperation between the police and related parties in dealing with accidents and reducing the risk of traffic accidents such as providing outreach or information, through newspaper or electronic media to the people in Ambon City regarding the dangers of driving over speed or speeding while driving on the road Ambon City.

Psychosocial wellbeing and risky health behaviors among Syrian adolescent refugees in South Beirut: a study using the HEEADSSS interviewing framework.

Adolescent refugees are at risk of mental health disorders and underdiagnosed risky behaviors. Limited research exists in the Middle East and North Africa. This study aims to assess psychosocial wellbeing and risk-taking behaviors among adolescent refugees displaced to South Beirut following a standardized framework. A cross-sectional study using face-to-face confidential HEEADSSS (Home, Education/Employment, Eating, Activities, Drugs, Sexuality, Safety and Suicide/Depression) interviews was conducted among 52 Syrian adolescent refugees, between the ages of 14 and 21, in a health center in South Beirut. The mean age of the interviewees was 17.04 ± 1.77 years, with a male predominance 34 (65.4%). Five (9.6%) were married, 38 (73.1%) were not attending school 27 (52.9%) lived in a place with a crowding index ≥3.5 and 21 (40.4%) were working. Risky health concerns or behaviors detected included no activities or exercise 38 (73.1%), eating one to two meals per day 39 (75%) and smoking 22 (42.3%). Eleven (21.2%) have been ever offered drugs and 22 (42.3%) believed they should carry a weapon for protection. Twenty one out of 32 (65.7%) had major depressive disorders and 33 (63.5%) screened positive for behavioral problems. Exposure to home verbal or physical violence, male gender, smoking, and employment were associated with high scoring in behavioral problems. Smoking and ever been touched in an unwanted way were found to be associated with depression. Implementing the HEEADSSS interviewing assessment within medical encounters with refugee adolescents is one efficient way to detect risky health behaviors and mental health problems. Interventions need to be implemented as early as possible in the refugees' journey to help them cope and gain resilience. Training health care providers to conduct the questionnaire and delivering brief counseling when required is recommended. Establishing a network of referrals to provide multidisciplinary care to adolescents can be helpful. Obtaining a fund to distribute safety helmets for adolescent motorbike drivers can be a way to reduce injuries. More research among adolescent refugees in multiple settings, including teenagers in the host country, is needed to serve this population better.

Analysis of the vibration caused by porting on the intake and exhaust channels of a 150 cc Kawasaki Ninja driver

Motorcycle vehicles are very popular because they are easy to maneuver and fast, so they are the most popular in various aspects of transportation in urban areas. However, motorbike drivers get tired easily. Acute fatigue, fatigue, chronic sleepiness, sleep disturbances, and heavy workloads have been associated with reduced performance in psychomotor tests and driving simulators and increased rates of motor vehicle crashes, injuries and deaths in certain populations. One that must be considered is the spread of vibrations originating from the piston motor. This is due to vibrations occurring in the work environment and distributed to the body of the workforce or objects in the workplace or work environment throughout the body in the form of mechanical vibrations originating from machines or mechanical equipment. Therefore, the purpose of this study will be to determine the effect of port placement on the intake and exhaust channels on vibrations throughout the body (Whole Body Vibration). Tissue resonance throughout the human body causes health problems. The standard or threshold value for the whole body vibration level that applies at the international level refers to ISO 2631. The test results on the driver’s arm with a rotational speed of 9900 rpm at the standard obtained a frequency of 6 Hz and an amplitude of 0.911137 mm/s2, after porting, the frequency is 7 Hz and the amplitude is 0.771992 mm/s2. Meanwhile, on the driver’s feet with a rotational speed of 9900 rpm, the standard obtained a frequency of 3 Hz and an amplitude of 12.0214 mm/s2, after porting a frequency of 3 Hz and an amplitude of 18.6765 mm/s2 was obtained. The results of this study can be concluded that the use of ports on motorbikes will cause riders to experience fatigue more quickly than standard motorbikes. Because the average ported has a greater amplitude than the standard conditions

Correlation of Individual Characteristics and Work Stress among Go-Jek Drivers during the Pandemic

Introduction: Go-Jek Drivers have experienced a change in condition due to the declining number of Go-Jek users during the pandemic. One of the impacts is work stress. This research aims to determine the relationship between individual characteristics and the work stress of Go-Jek drivers during the pandemic. Methods: This research used a cross-sectional design and the total population sampling technique where the population was all members of the Go-Jek motorbike driver community in Semolowaru Surabaya, totaling 65 people. Age, marital status, total dependents, and working period were the independent variables. Work stress was the dependent variable. The retrieval of data was done using a questionnaire based on the Minister of Manpower Regulation No.5 of 2018 to measure work stress. To determine the relationship between age and working period with work stress, this study used the Pearson test. The relationship between total dependents and work stress was determined using Fisher's exact test. The relationship between marital status and work stress used the contingency coefficient method. Results: In total, 39 drivers (60%) experienced moderate work stress and 26 drivers (40%) experienced heavy work stress. The relationship of age with work stress was very weak (0.040), the relationship between marital status and work stress was very weak (0.013), the relationship between total dependents and work stress was very weak (0.131), and the relationship between working period and work stress was weak (0.234). Conclusion: The relationships between age, marital status, and the total dependents with work stress are very weak, and working period and work stress also have a weak relationship.

A mobile platform for characterizing on-road tailpipe emissions and toxicity of ultrafine particles under real driving Conditions

Acute exposure to fresh traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) can be high for road users, including motorbike drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. However, evaluating the toxicity of fresh traffic emissions from on-road vehicles is challenging since pollution properties can change dynamically within a short distance and time. This study demonstrated a mobile platform equipped with an On-Board Diagnostic II (OBDII) system, a tailor-made portable emission measurement system, and an electrostatic air-liquid interface exposure system with human monocytic THP-1 cells to characterize on-road tailpipe emissions under real driving conditions. High number concentrations up to 106–107 # cm−3 of ultrafine particles (UFPs) were observed for a gasoline engine at the cold-start stage and a diesel engine during particulate filter regeneration. In particular, a substantial fraction of freshly emitted UFPs within the size less than 23 nm were observed and should be cautioned. The potential toxicity of fresh TRAPs was quantified by cell viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results show that the decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and high oxidative stress induced by the fresh TRAPs were potentially contributed by gaseous pollutants as well as particles, especially driving with the high idling frequency. Moreover, the dominant contributor to the toxicity is different for gasoline's and diesel's TRAPs. Characterizing on-road air pollutant toxicity as well as physicochemical properties using an innovative mobile platform can fill this knowledge gap.

Risk of obstructive sleep apnea among taxi-motorbike drivers in Parakou city in West Africa and associated factors with road traffic accidents.

ObjectivesObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an underdiagnosed chronic respiratory disease, causing excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and road traffic accidents (RTA). This study aimed to determine the risk of OSA among taxi–motorbike drivers (TMD) and factors associated with RTA in Parakou, Benin.MethodsA cross-sectional comparative study was carried out between July and September 2020, including 225 TMD and 450 motorbike drivers other than TMD (non-TMD). A multiple logistic regression was then performed to determine factors associated with RTA.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 38.2 ± 10.2 and 36.6 ±10.9 years, respectively, for TMD and non-TMD (p = .048). The average daily working time was 10.7 ± 2.3H and 9.1±3.5H, respectively, for TMD and non-TMD (p < .001). Average sleeping time was comparable in both groups (7.5±1.4H vs 7.4±1.4H; p = .415). TMD significantly more complained of non-restorative sleep (38.7% vs 18.4%; p < .001) but less of EDS (20.0% vs 28.7%; p = .015). Abdominal obesity predominated in TMD (13.8% vs 4.4%; p < .001). An increased risk of OSA (NoSAS score ≥8) was diagnosed in 25.8% TMD and 26.7% non-TMD (p = .805). Overall, 25.8% of TMD and 18.4% of non-TMD (p = .027) reported at least one RTA in the last 12 months. After adjusted analysis, the unique factor associated with RTA was a daily sleeping pills consumption (aOR=2.2; 95%CI = 1.2–3.8; p = .006).ConclusionThere is need to improve systematic screening and diagnosis of OSA in both TMD and non-TMD and reinforce the regulation and consumption of sleeping pills.

Stakeholders’ Perceptions on the Performance of Motorcycle Riding Business in Nyamagana District

This study sought to examine stakeholder practices in the Nyamagana district motorcycle riding business. This study used a case study research design with a sample size of 93. In-depth interviews and questionnaires were utilized to collect data, and SPSS was used to analyze it. The findings indicated activities such as using various advertising strategies, raising awareness, forming a motorbike driver's association, offering inexpensive service costs, holding seminars, and safety. The results of correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between promotion strategy (r (90) &gt; -.293 p.005), awareness about the use of motorcycle as a business (r (90) &gt;.154 p048), association of motorcycle drivers (r (90) &gt; -1.12p.295), affordable price (r (90) &gt;.098p.358), and seminar and safety education (r (90) &gt; -.307 p.003). Motorcycles are promoted by government authorities as an easy and quick way to get licensed and insured. There were other concerns including complicated registration, tax compliance, motorcycle driver theft, careless driving, poor personal cleanliness, inadequate passenger safety gear, and traffic issues. The report advocated clear mechanisms for motorcycle business operators to undertake their activities without interference by extraneous authorities, improved working conditions, and regular training and seminars for motorcycle drivers and operators.

Analisis Kadar Timbal (Pb) Dan Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) Pada Pengemudi Ojek Online Di Kota Denpasar, Bali

motorcycle taxi is a transportation service with communication technology in the world. The average mobility of online motorcycle taxi drivers is between 8-12 hours per day, this will certainly affect the physical condition and function of the drivers' organs, especially motorbike drivers. The purpose of this study was to determine the health status of online motorcycle taxi drivers, which was reviewed from liver function tests, namely serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and exposure to heavy metal lead (Pb). This study used an experimental experimental research design pretest-posttest control group design. In this study, there was an increase in the levels of SPGPT and lead (Pb) for online motorcycle taxi drivers in Denpasar City with the SGPT level for male drivers being 14.14% and for women 19.62% and lead (Pb) levels for male drivers. -Male is 2.61% and female 5.14%.