Types Of Motor Vehicles Research Articles

Cost-benefit Analysis of PPP Construction Projects

This paper discusses the cost and benefit of the cross-river Bridge PPP construction project in Y City, and analyzes the application of PPP model in China and its economic benefits. Research shows that PPP model not only effectively alleviates traffic pressure and promotes regional economic development, but also significantly reduces project construction and transportation costs and improves the quality of public services through social capital investment and operation. As a typical case, the cross-River Bridge project accounts for 95% of social capital, and its successful implementation validates the significant advantages of the PPP model in improving economic and social benefits. In the national economic evaluation, the project made fine adjustments to the investment cost, including the application of shadow price and the adjustment of the conversion factor of labor wages, to ensure the accuracy of the evaluation results. In addition, the technical and economic data of various types of motor vehicles are listed in detail, especially the adjustment of the cost of motor transportation related to time, which provides an important cost reference for the transportation industry. Through the comprehensive analysis of the theoretical basis, practical application and economic cost and benefit of PPP model, this paper not only enriches the cost and benefit analysis theory of PPP projects, but also provides valuable practical experience and theoretical support for similar projects. Looking ahead, suggestions such as improving the governance system and strengthening risk management and control will promote the widespread application of the PPP model in China and inject new vitality into economic and social development.

Sosialisasi Perpanjangan Surat Izin Mengemudi (Sim) C Secara Online pada Aplikasi Digital Korlantas sebagai Pelayanan Publik

Every person who drives a motor vehicle on the road is required to have a Driver's License (SIM) in accordance with the type of motor vehicle being driven. Regulation of the Indonesian National Police Number 5 of 2021 concerning the Issuance and Marking of Driver's License (SIM), there are provisions for the issuance of renewal of Driver's License (SIM). The Indonesian National Police has developed technology by creating the korlantas digital application. The korlantas digital application in its presence has many advantages that can be used by its users and can be ensured to maintain the personal data of its users. This korlantas digital application has a Digital ID, or is a technological development to be able to represent digital from a physical identity that is stored online with an encrypted data security system. In addition, this korlantas digital application also develops biometric authentication or face recognition with a liveness feature that can be directly connected to the user's E-KTP biometric data and ensures user data is protected by the system. The reality in the field is that there are still many people who extend their SIM offline or come directly to SATPAS, so this service is carried out so that online SIM renewal can be done by all levels of society because it is proven to be effective and efficient. The method used in the implementation of this legal service is by conducting socialization or legal counselling regarding the importance of orderly driving by having a SIM and extending the sim c online. The purpose of this legal counselling service is to create awareness about the importance of traffic safety, the importance of having legal awareness and introducing Korlantas digital applications to students by involving the younger generation, safety messages can be spread more effectively.

Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Household Activities in Bojonegoro Regency

The energy sector from household activities is one of the contributors to carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions. The increase in population is a factor that can increase greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to determine the value of greenhouse gas emissions and to map greenhouse gas emission zones. This research is a quantitative descriptive. The sampling method is simple random sampling and emission zone mapping using ArcMap 10.6. The data in this study were obtained by using questionnaires and direct interviews with respondents. The emission sources analyzed in this study come from the consumption and type of motor vehicle fuel, the consumption and type of cooking fuel, and the consumption of electrical energy. The highest value of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from household activities in Bojonegoro Regency is Balen District with an emission value of 139,048 tons/year. Meanwhile, the lowest greenhouse gas emission is Sekar District with an emission value of 22.725 tons/year. The total emission from household activities in Bojonegoro Regency is 2048,355 tons/year. Emission zone mapping is mapped into 10 zones. Balen sub-district is a sub-district that has the highest CO2 emission value with an emission value of 139,048 tons/year. Sekar, Kasiman, and Kedewan sub-districts are classified as sub-districts that have low CO2 emission values with emission values of 22,725 tons/year, 32,041 tons/year, and 28,498 tons/year.

Real Driving Emission from Vehicle Fuelled by Petrol and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

In recent years, in addition to laboratory tests to determine emissions from road motor vehicles, tests in real driving conditions RDE (Real Driving Emissions) with the use of portable measuring equipment PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) have been conducted. The paper presents the results of the emission research conducted on a vehicle Dacia Duster 1.0 TCe 100 ECO-G fuelled by petrol Eurosuper 95 and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The aim of the research was to determine the emissions of harmful substances and carbon dioxide, i.e. fuel consumption, in accordance with the prescribed RDE procedure and their comparison for the two types of motor vehicle fuel. Results clearly showed that the method used can differentiate between fuel types. The results correspond to the RDE emissions public data, which secures that the methodology used is in accordance with the procedure for measuring emissions in real driving conditions.

AIR QUALITY OF DHAKA CITY: A CASE OF VEHICULAR POLLUTION

Air pollution is causing a serious threat to public health in most of the urban centers of developing countries including Dhaka of Bangladesh, which is one of the most polluted cities in the present world. The road users in Dhaka city frequently complain about headache, eye and skin irritation and breathing problem. The research has find out that the situation is expected to be worsening further with the increase of population, economic development and high influx of people from rural areas to urbanized Dhaka. Motor vehicle is increasing at 5% per year in Dhaka, which is the most significant source of air pollution. The paper has analyzed the vehicular population structure and trends in Dhaka from 1990 to 2000 along with the role of different types of motor vehicle in this trends. The analysis show that 2-wheeler vehicle, car and taxi and 3-wheeler occupied 45, 22 and 12% respectively in 1992; while those were 38, 26 and 16% respectively in 2000. It is observed from the results that total NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen) emission in 2000 was 31903 tones and among them 3-wheeler vehicles, diesel trucks, and cars and taxis respectively contributed 44, 33 and 11%, while the total SOX (Oxides of Sulfur) emission was 19386 tones; and emitted by 58% and 17% from diesel truck, and car and taxi respectively. Finally, the research recommends several strategies for vehicular emission control with the aim of improving existing air quality in Dhaka.

IZMEĐU TRANSFERA TEHNOLOGIJA I DOMAĆIH REŠENJA: IZGRADNJA MOTORNE INDUSTRIJE U JUGOSLAVIJI 1945−1952.

This article aims to shed light on how the Yugoslav motor industry in the first post-war years sought to overcome the difficulties of mastering the technology of motor vehicle production on a modern industrial basis. During this period, gigantic efforts were made to get the country out of economic backwardness in the shortest possible time. The motor industry had one of the key roles on the path of modernization of the economy, and the state accordingly paid special attention to the construction of factories in this branch of industry. Reliance on pre-war pioneering moves of truck fabrication based on a license purchased in Czechoslovakia was the main capital with which began the process of emancipation of the domestic motor industry. Due to the impossibility to independently solve the issue of construction of all types of motor vehicles, help was sought abroad. Negotiations with the USSR and Hungary were started first, but even before the severance of all relations caused by the conflict between the Yugoslav and Soviet leadership, this attempt to establish cooperation failed. In the following years, after the failure in the East, the state concentrated all its efforts on establishing strong economic ties with the West. Thanks to favorable foreign policy circumstances, the reorientation of state policy had achieved great economic benefits for the further construction of the motor industry. Licenses for the fabrication of the “Ansaldo TCA/60” tractor were purchased, thus resolving the production of all heavy types of vehicles, as well as the production of oil-powered engines. By the early 1950s, cooperation had been established with several renowned companies from Germany, Italy and Switzerland, which provided opportunities for the Yugoslav engine industry to keep pace with the latest technological solutions. However, despite the transfer of technology that played a dominant role in raising the national car and tractor industry, domestic forces played a significant role in the production of the first air-cooled engine, a light wheeled tractor with a gasoline engine and the “Prvenac” truck. The Yugoslav example has shown that reliance on one’s own strength and international cooperation are two inextricably important factors in overcoming all the difficulties that come with the forced industrialization.

Exploring injury severity of vulnerable road user involved crashes across seasons: A hybrid method integrating random parameter logit model and Bayesian network

Recently, vulnerable road user to motor vehicle (VRU-MV) crashes have been the focus of much attention. Data from Shenyang, China were used for crashes analysis and significant differences existed in VRU-MV crashes across seasons. Therefore, this study analysed three crash datasets (whole, “spring & summer”, “fall & winter”) by using a hybrid method integrating random parameter logit (RP-logit) model and Bayesian network (BN). First, RP-logit model was established to find out significant factors and heterogeneity considering those three datasets. Second, significant factors identified from RP-logit model were utilized to establish a BN to investigate statistical associations between injury severity and explanatory attributes. Results showed seven significant factors were found in “spring & summer” dataset while five significant factors in “fall & winter” dataset, four hidden factors were found by comparative analysis of those three datasets. Besides, five factors were found to be random and normally distributed. Results of BN indicated that some factors could significantly increase high possibility of fatality when combined with other factors. For example, functional zone (ZON) in “spring & summer” dataset and motor vehicle type (MVT) in “fall & winter” dataset. The proposed hybrid method demonstrated both the consistence of methods (RP-logit model & BN) and the differences across seasons for VRU-MV crashes analysis. Three personalized factors including physical isolation (PI), crash type (CT) and motor vehicle type (MVT) made great differences across seasons.

Influence factors on injury severity of bicycle-motor vehicle crashes: A two-stage comparative analysis of urban and suburban areas in Beijing

Objective More attention should be given to bicycle-motor vehicle (BMV) crashes, as cyclists are at a higher risk of suffering injuries than motor vehicle users in a crash. This study aims to explore the factors influencing the injury severity of bicycle-motor vehicle (BMV) crashes in Beijing (China) and discusses the commonalities and differences between the urban and suburban areas. Methods Information regarding 1,136 crashes between bicycles and motor vehicles were collected using police reported data from 2014 to 2015. A two-stage approach integrating random parameters logit (RP-logit) model and two-step clustering (TSC) algorithm was proposed to investigate the significant influence factors and their combination characteristics. Specifically, the RP-logit model was first used to identify the significant influence factors of urban and suburban areas, and then the TSC algorithm was applied to reveal the combination characteristics of significant influence factors for the fatal crashes. Results Five factors were found to be statistically significant and had random effects on the injury severity in urban areas, i.e., type of motor vehicle, motor vehicle license ownership, type of bicycle, signal control mode and lighting condition; and seven factors were found to be statistically significant on the injury severity in suburban areas, i.e., type of motor vehicle, motor vehicle license ownership, physical isolation facility, signal control mode, weather, visibility and lighting condition. Based on TSC, the combination of significant factors showed different characteristics for fatal crashes in urban and suburban areas, in which two types of the scene including five factors should be concerned in urban areas while one type of scene containing four factors in suburban areas. Conclusions The results suggest that different influence factors and individual heterogeneity exist in the RP-logit model for injury severity analysis of BMV crashes in urban and suburban areas. It shows that in urban areas, heavy truck, light truck and bus significantly increase the likelihood of fatal injury than that of suburban areas. These findings can provide valuable reference information for BMV crashes response, such as heavy truck restriction, to facilitate regional safety measures for urban and suburban areas.

Subjective experiences of bicyclists being passed by motor vehicles: The relationship to motor vehicle passing distance

BackgroundFeeling unsafe when riding a bicycle is a key barrier to cycling participation. To better understand the experiences of cycling on-road, this study aimed to explore the relationship between cyclists’ subjective experiences and the lateral passing distance of motor vehicles. MethodsAn on-road observational study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. Participants had a custom device installed on their bicycle that measured the lateral passing distance of motor vehicles and included a handlebar mounted “panic button” that participants could press when they felt that a passing event was too close or unsafe. A random effects logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationship between cyclist sex, motor vehicle type and infrastructure characteristics, and button press events. ResultsA total of 217 button press events were recorded (1.2 % of all passing events) from 60 participants. For events with a passing distance closer than 100 cm, 10.4 % of these events had a recorded button press. The adjusted odds of a button press event were over three-fold higher when the rider was passed by a truck, compared to when the rider was passed by a sedan. The predicted probability of a button press event was higher in events occurring in road environments with no bike lane and no parked cars (1.9 %) compared to no bike lane with parked cars (1.2 %), a bike lane with no parked cars (0.9 %) and a bike lane with parked cars (0.7 %). ConclusionsThe study identified important links between cyclists’ subjective experience of unsafe events, motor vehicle types and infrastructure characteristics. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on capturing subjective experiences to inform and advance the development and implementation of safe and comfortable cycling infrastructure.

Level of Determinants Impact on Buyer’s Purchasing Intention in Motor Liability Insurance: Case of Vietnam

Motor liability insurance has been included in the compulsory insurance category that each vehicle owner of every type of motor vehicle must participate in in Vietnam. However, in fact, the participation in this type of insurance is not popular and not strictly managed. This paper presents an approach to modeling and analyzing the possible determinants that may affect the intention to buy motor liability insurance for motor vehicle owners in the North of Vietnam. The target audience of this study is motorcycle owners. Based on the theories of buying intention, buying behavior and the specific characteristics of this insurance, this study has proposed a model with 4 factors influencing intention to participate in the insurance: Attitudes towards risk and insurance, subjective standards, Insurance Perceptions, and Product Accessibility. Taken together, these factors model a consumer's tendency toward insurance intentions for motorbike owners. The results show that all of the above factors have influence on the intention of motorcycle owners to participate in insurance. Keywords: Motor liability insurance, Buying intention, Purchase decision DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-8-11 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Modelling and Performance Analysis of Standard Carriers for New Types of Motor Vehicles

Along with the continuous advancement of global economic integration, international trade is gradually increasing, in global trade, more than 80% of goods are transported through the container, and the key to further improve the efficiency of global logistics and transport is to optimise and integrate the resources and advantages of different links in the smart container industry chain. This paper establishes a high- precision simulation model based on the new standard metal container and freshness container, carries out structural design and strength analysis, and further carries out lightweight optimisation; carries out design analysis of freshness preservation and cooling performance of freshness container.

Predictive Modeling of Insurance Claims Using Machine Learning Approach for Different Types of Motor Vehicles

The main objective of this research paper is to build an appropriate mathematical model that helps in forecasting third party claim amount for different categories of vehicles based on the chosen characteristics of the data. In actuarial research, predicting the insurance claim amount for different vehicle categories is a challenging task, and minimal empirical research studies were done to forecast the claims. In the present study, the annual time series historical data were collected for a period of 34 years. We had built the machine learning predictive models to modeling the claim amount with different categories of vehicles effectively. In this context, we exhibited the feasibility of using a statistical machine learning approach such as Linear regression Model, the Exponential Smoothing Model, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), artificial neural network (ANN), and hybrid ARIMA-ANN models to predict the various categories of vehicles claim amount. The data were analyzed, compared, and the empirical analysis showed that Artificial Neural Network is a better predictive model among the other time series models based on performance evaluation metrics RMSE and MAPE with lesser variance. Therefore, the machine learning approach for forecasting third party claim amounts will help the Insurance Companies in India to provide a better predictive model, which ensures better claims settlement and management for different categories of vehicles.

Результаты экспериментальных исследований расхода топлива с учетом скоростных режимов движения городских автобусов

At the moment, there is a large number of dissertations and scientific works covering the issues of traction-speed and fuel-economic characteristics of vehicles, the results of which are presented in the form of: regression models, approximating dependencies, mathematical models based on multivariate analysis, including a number of additional coefficients. In this connection, the use of the results of these works in practice is limited, since it requires high qualifications of the МTЕ personnel and the use of special software and hardware. At the same time, at the department “Automobile transport” NSTU named after R. E. Alekseev developed a probabilistic-analytical method for predicting fuel consumption by road trains, considering the high-speed mode of movement, which shows a high convergence of results with actual average speeds only for uniform movement of buses with a constant average speed, which is not applicable to the assessment of fuel consumption of city buses. Based on the hypothesis put forward on the applicability of the Weibull-Gnedenko distribution for calculating the average speeds of city buses and the normal distribution for calculating accelerations during movement, the tasks of this study are formulated, expressed in the development of mathematical models reflecting the dependences of speeds and accelerations during bus movement in urban operating conditions, for planning their fuel consumption. To solve the set tasks, the following experimental studies were carried out: determination of the average coefficient of total road resistance; the actual distribution of speeds and accelerations when driving city buses; determination of the average actual value of fuel consumption when the bus is moving and when idle at stopping points. Based on the results of processing experimental studies, the possibility of using the Weibull-Gnedenko law to describe the actual speeds in urban conditions and the normal law to describe accelerations when driving city buses was confirmed, which allows planning fuel consumption using the analytical apparatus of the theory of probability and mathematical statistics and using the developed methodology in practice of motor transport enterprises. Based on experimental studies and theoretical studies in this area, an analytical method for planning fuel consumption for city buses, considering the speed of their movement, has been developed, which allows planning fuel consumption without additional experiments. Carrying out such studies for other types of motor vehicles and assessing unaccounted for indicators of road, transport and natural-climatic operating conditions will create a generalized analytical method for planning fuel consumption by vehicles in various operating conditions.

Are casualties from mass-casualty Motor Vehicle Crashes different from casualties of other Motor Vehicle Crashes?

IntroductionMass Casualty Incidents (MCI) by Motor Vehicle Crashes (MVCs) are most common type of MCIs. Casualties from MCIs usually require more hospitalization resources. The purpose of this study was to compare the injury characteristics, survivability, and medical resource utilization of casualties from Mass-Casualty Motor Vehicle Crashes (MC-MVCs) and casualties from other (non MCI) MVCs. MethodsThis retrospective cohort study examined a population of 50,321 Israeli casualties hospitalized due to MVCs between 1998 and 2017, of which 595 (1.2%) were admitted from a MC-MVC. Analysis included type of motor vehicle involved and collision circumstances, injury characteristics, hospital resource utilization, and demographics. ResultsThe results suggest that most casualties from MC-MVCs were bus passengers who were injured when the vehicle rolled over. Injuries from MC-MVCs were more urgent as almost two times more MC-MVCs casualties were rushed directly from the emergency room into the operating rooms and intensive care units than casualties of regular MVCs. Mortality rate was higher in MC-MVCs compared to regular MVCs (2.69% compared to 1.46%, respectively; p = .013). Severe injuries (ISS≥16) were more frequent in MC-MVCs (23.40% versus 15.53%, p < .0001). Casualties from MC-MVCs required more hospitalization resources, including ICU admission, surgery, and extended lengths of stay. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that mass casualty conditions are predictive of severe injuries even when controlling for age, gender, and collision circumstances. ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that hospitals receiving casualties from MC-MVCs should expect not only a multitude of casualties, rather also the need to treat more urgent and severe injuries, in more body regions per casualty, and expect higher admissions rates to intensive care units and operation rooms under MCI conditions.

Estimation of Vehicles Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission

Transportation is a sector that has a dependency on fossil fuel production and will produce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a pollutant produced by vehicles which causes air pollution. The increase in vehicle demand causes an increase in CO2 emissions, which is the cause of global warming. But vehicles with fossil fuels are still a necessity for community mobilization. Because most vehicles used today are fossil fuel vehicles, the measurement of the efficiency of fossil fuel use is very important. The measure used to see the efficiency of fuel use by vehicles is Vehicle Kilometer Traveled (VKT). By using mobilev software, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel vehicles can be predicted. CO2 emissions that occur in an industrial area are caused by several types of motor vehicles, namely motorcycles, LDV and HDV cars. From the analysis of the correlation between CO2 emissions with each type of vehicle obtained that the motor and LDV have a strong correlation with CO2 emissions, but the correlation with HDV is weak. This shows that CO2 emissions from each vehicle will contribute to CO2 emissions, the number of motorcycles correlates very closely with CO2 emissions (r = 0.9), the number of LDV correlates closely with CO2 emissions (r = 0.7) and the number of HDV correlates weakly with CO2 emissions (r = 0.1).

Pedestrian injury severity in motor vehicle crashes: An integrated spatio-temporal modeling approach

Traffic crashes are outcomes of human activities interacting with the diverse cultural, socio-economic and geographic contexts, presenting a spatial and temporal nature. This study employs an integrated spatio-temporal modeling approach to untangle the crashed injury correlates that may vary across the space and time domain. Specifically, this study employs Geographically and Temporally Weighted Ordinal Logistic Regression (GTWOLR) to examine the correlates of pedestrian injury severity in motor vehicle crashes. The method leverages the space- and time-referenced crash data and powerful computational tools. This study performed non-stationarity tests to verify whether the local correlates of pedestrian injury severity have a significant spatio-temporal variation. Results showed that some variables passed the tests, indicating they have a significantly varying spatio-temporal relationship with the pedestrian injury severity. These factors include the pedestrian age, pedestrian position, crash location, motorist age and gender, driving under the influence (DUI), motor vehicle type and crash time in a day. The spatio-temporally varying correlates of pedestrian injury severity are valuable for researchers and practitioners to localize pedestrian safety improvement solutions in North Carolina. For example, in near future, special attention may be paid to DUI crashes in the city of Charlotte and Asheville, because in such areas DUI-involved crashes are even more likely to cause severe pedestrian injuries that in other areas. More implications are discussed in the paper.

The Implementation of Rectifier Technology For Small Scale Industries Producing Exhaust Pipe in Purbalingga

Purbalingga Regency Government policy to include exhaust pipe as one of the region's leading commodities is considered as one finest step. Various types of motor vehicle are produced and as a result small industry engaged in motor vehicle spare parts are emerging, including exhaust parts. The choice of technology with the metal industry, especially the exhaust in Purbalingga aims to improve the competitiveness of regional superior competency-based industries, namely revitalizing the industrial sector in order to exist and be able to develop, and be able to transfer technology about improving exhaust quality which has an impact on increasing the exhaust industry's income. The exhaust products from SMEs have exclusivity in the tip of exhaust pipe that is coated with metal, thus improve the appearance and quality of the exhaust. But the exhaust product with a variety of metal coated parts turned out to be incompatible with industry standards, which consequently the quality of the results of the dull metal coating process, easy to peel and rusty. For this reason, Semarang State Polytechnic implements rectifier equipment for metal coating. The methods used were the founding of an Institution Forum for the Purbalingga Exhaust Cluster Association, metal coating technique training for workers, operating tests, operational procedures and operational assistance. The results obtained are rectifiers for metal coating with current outputs of 10 A, 20 A, 30 A, 40 A, 50 A.

Access to Data in Connected Cars and the Recent Reform of the Motor Vehicle Type Approval Regulation

The need for regulatory solutions for access to in-vehicle data and resources of connected cars is one of the big controversial and unsolved policy issues. Last year the EU revised the Motor Vehicle Type Approval Regulation which already entailed a FRAND-like solution for the access to repair and maintenance information (RMI) to protect competition on the automotive aftermarkets. However, the transition to connected cars changes the technological conditions for this regulatory solution significantly. This paper analyzes the reform of the type approval regulation and shows that the regulatory solutions for access to RMI are so far only very insufficiently capable of dealing with the challenges coming along with increased connectivity, e.g. with regard to the new remote diagnostic, repair and maintenance services. Therefore, an important result of the paper is that the transition to connected cars will require a further reform of the rules for the regulated access to RMI (esp. with regard to data access, interoperability, and safety/security issues). However, our analysis also suggests that the basic approach of the current regulated access regime for RMI in the type approval regulation can also be a model for developing general solutions for the currently unsolved problems of access to in-vehicle data and resources in the ecosystem of connected driving.

Factors associated with seizure-related motor vehicle accidents among patients with epilepsy in West China

PurposeThis study was conducted to investigate the relevant demographics and clinical factors contributing to seizure-related motor vehicle accidents in west China. MethodsAll driving patients who visited our epilepsy clinic in the West China Hospital, between October 2012 and October 2016, were invited to participate. Data on social demographics, clinical features, and motor vehicle accidents were collected during structured interviews. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with seizure-related motor vehicle accidents. ResultsIn total, 519 patients reported driving after being diagnosed with epilepsy. Among them, thirty-nine (7.5%) patients experienced at least one seizure-related motor vehicle accidents. Patients who had seizure-free intervals ≥2 years had a 89% reduced chance of crashing compared to patients with shorter intervals. Logistic regression revealed that the interval of seizure freedom (B = -0.384, P = 0.007), number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) taken (B = 0.400, P = 0.041), and type of motor vehicle (B = 0.798, P = 0.021) were independently associated with seizure-related motor vehicle accidents. ConclusionThe interval of seizure freedom, number of AEDs taken, and type of motor vehicle should be considered when counseling patients with epilepsy on driving. A longer seizure-free interval suggested a compromised risk of seizure-related motor vehicle accidents.

Evaluating Seat Belt Use in Lebanon (1997-2017)

Introduction:The use of seat belts has made a significant contribution to the reduction of road traffic casualties, and the risk inherent with not wearing seat belts in all seats of a vehicle is now well-known worldwide. The use of seat belts has a major role in reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in all types of motor-vehicles crashes.Aim:The aim of this study is to understand the reasons behind the variation in seat belt use over the past two decades in Lebanon. It analyzes the situation and suggests recommendations to improve seat belt use in Lebanon.Design:Nine observational studies had been conducted in Lebanon during the last two decades between 1997 and 2017, and one qualitative study was performed in 2017.Results:The results show a significant variation in the use of the seat belt. When enforcement efforts are in progress, seat belt use increases. While when there are no checkpoints and the enforcement of seat belt use is almost absent, a significant fall was noticed.Discussion:The results of this study proved the failure of the Lebanese government in saving hundreds of lives just by a simple measure of enforcing seat belt law. Although experiences from various countries prove that such laws usually have a long-lasting effect on seat belt use, Lebanon failed to pursue the successful implementation of this law due to security and political problems.Conclusion:During the past two decades, Lebanon witnessed continuous fluctuations in seat belt use. Outside few short enforcement campaigns, our observations showed lack in seat belt use. Our observations of seat belt use among drivers and front seat passengers showed a significant correlation between seat belt use and the enforcement of seat belt law.The greatest national benefits from seat belt use are obtained when wearing rates are very high. This can be achieved only through a sustained enforcement campaign alongside other seat belt wearing interventions such as publicity and education.