Motor Stimulation Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF TOUCH THERAPY ON NUTRITION STATUS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS

Infancy started from 0-12 months which was characterized by rapid growth and physical changes accompanied by changes in nutritional needs to optimize the growth and development of the baby by providing touch, motion and other stimulation combinations. The research was purposed to know the effect of Touch Therapy on nutritional status and development on infants in Gayaman Village, Mojokerto Regency. The research design used one group pre-post test design. The population were infants in Gayaman Village, Mojokerto Regency, 70 respondents. The sample was 69 infants (0-18 months) in Gayaman Village, Mojokerto Regency, who were obtained by purposive sampling. Measuring instruments were used to assess nutritional status and denver II forms to assess the progress. The research was done on July 28 to August 25, 2018. Statistical test used Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed that nutritional status before being given touch therapy was normal as many as 57 (83%) respondents, and the development after being given touch therapy increased to 66 (96%) respondents. The development before being given touch therapy was normal as many as 27 (39%) respondents with ρ = 0.003. This showed that there was an effect on touch therapy to their nutritional status. The nutritional status after being given a touch therapy increased to 57 (83%) respondents with ρ = 0.008. This showed that there was an effect of touch therapy on their development. Massaging was a fun way to help strengthening the bond between mother and child. This was the key to baby's development.

THE EFFECT OF TOUCH THERAPY ON NUTRITION STATUS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS

Infancy started from 0-12 months which was characterized by rapid growth and physical changes accompanied by changes in nutritional needs to optimize the growth and development of the baby by providing touch, motion and other stimulation combinations. The research was purposed to know the effect of Touch Therapy on nutritional status and development on infants in Gayaman Village, Mojokerto Regency. The research design used one group pre-post test design. The population were infants in Gayaman Village, Mojokerto Regency, 70 respondents. The sample was 69 infants (0-18 months) in Gayaman Village, Mojokerto Regency, who were obtained by purposive sampling. Measuring instruments were used to assess nutritional status and denver II forms to assess the progress. The research was done on July 28 to August 25, 2018. Statistical test used Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed that nutritional status before being given touch therapy was normal as many as 57 (83%) respondents, and the development after being given touch therapy increased to 66 (96%) respondents. The development before being given touch therapy was normal as many as 27 (39%) respondents with ρ = 0.003. This showed that there was an effect on touch therapy to their nutritional status. The nutritional status after being given a touch therapy increased to 57 (83%) respondents with ρ = 0.008. This showed that there was an effect of touch therapy on their development. Massaging was a fun way to help strengthening the bond between mother and child. This was the key to baby's development.

Clinical Usefulness of Intraoperative Motor-Evoked Potential Monitoring during Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery.

Background and PurposeWe aimed to determine the effectiveness of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring focused on the transcranial motor-evoked potential (MEP) in patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).MethodsWe compared postoperative neurological deficits in patients who underwent TLE surgery with or without transcranial MEPs combined with somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring between January 1995 and June 2018. Transcranial motor stimulation was performed using subdermal electrodes, and MEP responses were recorded in the four extremity muscles. A decrease of more than 50% in the MEP or the SSEP amplitudes compared with baseline was used as a warning criterion.ResultsIn the TLE surgery group without MEP monitoring, postoperative permanent motor deficits newly developed in 7 of 613 patients. In contrast, no permanent motor deficit occurred in 279 patients who received transcranial MEP and SSEP monitoring. Ten patients who exhibited decreases of more than 50% in the MEP amplitude recovered completely, although two cases showed transient motor deficits that recovered within 3 months postoperatively.ConclusionsIntraoperative transcranial MEP monitoring during TLE surgery allowed the prompt detection and appropriate correction of injuries to the motor nervous system or ischemic stroke. Intraoperative transcranial MEP monitoring is a reliable modality for minimizing motor deficits in TLE surgery.

Best Practices for Oral Motor Stimulation to Improve Oral Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review

Best Practices for Oral Motor Stimulation to Improve Oral Feeding in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review

Neuromodulation by combined sensory and motor stimulation in the peripheral nerve: tendon organ afferent activity

Objective. Neuromuscular stimulation is a therapeutic approach to treat impairments such as stroke or pain, although the resulting inputs to the nervous system due to the stimulation are not well quantified. Stimulation activates both afferents and efferents, and the resulting neural activity is a mix of the effects of both: the changes in afferent activity due to efferent physiological actions plus the alterations due to afferent stimulation. This study quantitatively describes the resulting Golgi tendon organ Ib afferent activity in response to mixed afferent and efferent stimulation. Approach. Neural and stimulated action potentials interact by means of collision, neural resetting, and refractory block. We simulated the action potential patterns of Ib afferents in the human first dorsal interosseous during constant voluntary, stimulated, and combined contractions, varying both stimulation rate and location, and both with and without simultaneous Ib stimulation. Main results. Efferent stimulation affects the firing rate versus force relationships of individual tendon organs, but the effects on the population mean are very small. In contrast, afferent stimulation changes the firing rate versus force relationship of individual afferents by increasing the firing rate, decreasing the force resolution, broadening the distribution of action potential rates, and temporally phase locking a portion of the action potentials. Force resolution is retained in the population mean. The effects of afferent stimulation change with the stimulation rate and location, and with receptor firing rates. Significance. This is the first quantitative description of the changes in afferent feedback during combined efferent and afferent nerve stimulation. The small effects of efferent stimulation on the population response implies that tendon organs could provide accurate force feedback during stimulated contractions. The effects of afferent stimulation can be altered by choice of stimulus rate and site and are generalizable to other afferents.

The Nociceptin Receptor (NOP) Agonist AT-312 Blocks Acquisition of Morphine- and Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice.

Treatment of drug addiction remains an unmet medical need due to the dearth of approved pharmacotherapies. There are no approved treatments for cocaine addiction, whereas the current opioid crisis has revealed the stark reality of the limited options to treat prescription and illicit opioid abuse. Preclinical studies in rodents and nonhuman primates have shown that orphanin FQ/nociceptin (N/OFQ), the endogenous ligand for the nociceptin opioid receptor (NOP) reduces the rewarding effects of several abused substances, including opioids, psychostimulants and alcohol. A few nonpeptide small-molecule NOP agonists have also shown efficacy in attenuating the rewarding effects of various abused drugs. We previously demonstrated that a high affinity small-molecule NOP agonist AT-312 selectively reduced the rewarding effects of ethanol in the conditioned place preference paradigm in mice. In the present study, we examined if AT-312 (3 mg/kg, i.p. or s.c. respectively), would alter the rewarding action of morphine (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.). The effect of AT-312 on morphine- and cocaine-induced motor stimulation was also assessed on the conditioning days. The role of the NOP receptor in the effects of AT-312 was further confirmed by conducting the place conditioning experiments in NOP knockout mice and compared to their wild-type controls. Our results showed that AT-312 significantly reduced the acquisition of morphine and cocaine CPP in wild-type mice but not in mice lacking NOP receptors. AT-312 also suppressed morphine-induced and completely abolished cocaine-induced motor stimulation in NOP wild-type mice, but not in NOP knockout mice. These results show that small-molecule NOP receptor agonists have promising efficacy for attenuating the rewarding effects of morphine and cocaine, and may have potential as pharmacotherapy for opioid and psychostimulant addiction or for treating polydrug addiction.

Sensorimotor subthalamic stimulation restores risk-reward trade-off in Parkinson's disease.

STN-DBS effectively treats motor symptoms of advanced PD. Nonmotor cognitive symptoms, such as impaired impulse control or decision making, may either improve or worsen with DBS. A potential mediating factor of DBS-induced modulation of cognition is the electrode position within the STN with regard to functional subareas of parallel motor, cognitive, and affective basal ganglia loops. However, to date, the volume of tissue activated and weighted stimulation of STN motor versus nonmotor territories are yet to be linked to differential DBS effects on cognition. We aim to investigate whether STN-DBS influences risk-reward trade-off decisions and analyze its dependency on electrode placement. Seventeen PD patients ON and OFF STN-DBS and 17 age-matched healthy controls conducted a sequential decision-making task with escalating risk and reward. We computed the effect of STN-DBS on risk-reward trade-off decisions, localized patients' bilateral electrodes, and analyzed the predictive value of volume of tissue activated in STN motor and nonmotor territories on behavioral change. We found that STN-DBS not only improves PD motor symptoms, but also normalizes overly risk-averse decision behavior in PD. Intersubject variance in electrode location could explain this behavioral change. Specifically, if STN-DBS activated preferentially STN motor territory, patients' risk-reward trade-off decisions more resembled those of healthy controls. Our findings support the notion of convergence of different functional circuits within the STN and imply a positive effect of well-placed STN-DBS on nonmotor cognitive functioning in PD. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

The Effect of Unihemispheric Concurrent Dual-Site Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Primary Motor and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices on Motor Function in Patients With Sub-Acute Stroke.

It is believed that unihemispheric concurrent dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCSUHCDS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) causes an increase in motor cortex excitability. However, the clinical effect of this type of stimulation on patients with neurological conditions is not yet known. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of anodal-tDCSUHCDS (a-tDCSUHCDS) on upper limb motor function in subacute stroke patients. Fifteen patients participated in this sham-controlled crossover study. The main outcome measures were the reaction time (RT) to visual stimuli, completion time of a nine-pin pegboard (9-PPB), and the scores from the Fugl–Meyer assessment (FMA) for the upper limb of the involved side before and after three brain stimulation conditions. For a-tDCSUHCDS, the anodal electrodes were placed on the M1 and the DLPFC, while for a-tDCS, the anodal electrode was placed on the M1. For the sham stimulation, the tDCS was turned off after 30 s. For brain stimulation, the selected current was 1 mA for 20 min. After a-tDCSUHCDS, there was a significant reduction in the RT and completion time of the 9-PPB compared with the times after a-tDCS and the sham stimulation: p = 0.013 and p = 0.022, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the FMA scores after the three types of stimulations (p = 0.085). Compared with a-tDCS, a-tDCSUHCDS temporarily improved the RT and dexterity of the involved hand in subacute stroke patients.Clinical Trial Registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), identifier IRCT2015012520787N1.

Effects of Cage Enrichment on Behavior, Welfare and Outcome Variability in Female Mice

The manner in which laboratory rodents are housed is driven by economics (minimal use of space and resources), ergonomics (ease of handling and visibility of animals), hygiene, and standardization (reduction of variation). This has resulted in housing conditions that lack sensory and motor stimulation and restrict the expression of species-typical behavior. In mice, such housing conditions have been associated with indicators of impaired welfare, including abnormal repetitive behavior (stereotypies, compulsive behavior), enhanced anxiety and stress reactivity, and thermal stress. However, due to concerns that more complex environmental conditions might increase variation in experimental results, there has been considerable resistance to the implementation of environmental enrichment beyond the provision of nesting material. Here, using 96 C57BL/6 and SWISS female mice, respectively, we systematically varied environmental enrichment across four levels spanning the range of common enrichment strategies: (1) bedding alone; (2) bedding + nesting material; (3) deeper bedding + nesting material + shelter + increased vertical space; and (4) semi-naturalistic conditions, including weekly changes of enrichment items. We studied how these different forms of environmental enrichment affected measures of animal welfare, including home-cage behavior (time–budget and stereotypic behavior), anxiety (open field behavior, elevated plus-maze behavior), growth (food and water intake, body mass), stress physiology (glucocorticoid metabolites in fecal boluses and adrenal mass), brain function (recurrent perseveration in a two-choice guessing task) and emotional valence (judgment bias). Our results highlight the difficulty in making general recommendations across common strains of mice and for selecting enrichment strategies within specific strains. Overall, the greatest benefit was observed in animals housed with the greatest degree of enrichment. Thus, in the super-enriched housing condition, stereotypic behavior, behavioral measures of anxiety, growth and stress physiology varied in a manner consistent with improved animal welfare compared to the other housing conditions with less enrichment. Similar to other studies, we found no evidence, in the measures assessed here, that environmental enrichment increased variation in experimental results.

Programa de educación para padres sobre estimulación del desarrollo del lenguaje de lactantes prematuros con riesgo de daño cerebral

IntroductionEarly mother-child interaction is critical for proper infant development; however, the interaction of parents with preterm infants presents a particular difficulty due to the circumstances that accompany premature birth, such as risk factors for brain damage and the early motor and cognitive stimulation that these infants demand. It has been observed that educational programmes have positive effects on the parents of preterm infants as they improve the outcomes of their children in motor, cognitive and language assessments. MethodThis paper examines the effect of a parent education programme designed to stimulate the development of the early communicative skills of preterm infants. We examined how the parent-child interaction changed following the intervention programme. In addition, the results of the language evaluations of the children whose parents participated in the intervention programme and those whose parents did not participate were compared. ResultsThe programme helped to change the interaction of parents with their infants and to improve scores in the children's subsequent language assessments. ConclusionParents of premature children are encouraged to participate in parent education programmes to encourage the development of their child's language abilities.

Behavioural, metabolic and neurochemical effects of environmental enrichment in high-fat cholesterol-enriched diet-fed mice

While chronic high-fat feeding has long been associated with the rising incidence of obesity/type 2 diabetes, recent evidence has established that it is also associated with deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory. In this regard, environmental enrichment (EE) is an animal housing technique composed of increased space, physical activity, and social interactions, which in turn increases sensory, cognitive, motor, and social stimulation. EE leads to improved cerebral health as defined by increased neurogenesis, enhanced learning and memory and resistance to external cerebral insults. In the present study, the impacts of environmental enrichment (EE) on Swiss mice fed a high-fat, cholesterol-enriched diet (HFECD; 20% fat and 1.5% cholesterol) were investigated. Here, we demonstrated that EE, when initiated 4 weeks after the beginning of HFECD in mice, prevents HFECD-induced spatial memory and object recognition impairment, which were tested in T-maze and object recognition tests. Although EE did not affect HFECD-induced weight gain or hypercholesterolaemia, it improved glucose tolerance. On the other hand, EE was unable to mitigate a decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and IL-6 hippocampal levels induced by the HFECD. Overall, while our results reinforce the positive and neuroprotective effects of EE on cognition they do not support a role for EE in preventing the neurochemical changes induced by the HFECD. Based on clinical observations that nondiabetic individuals with mild forms of impaired glucose tolerance have a higher risk of cognitive impairments, one can speculate about the connection between the effects of EE on glucose intolerance and its effects on cognition.

Study of Steady State Motion Visual Evoked Potential-based Visual Stimulation of BCI System

To propose a square's ring motion stimulation based on steady-state motion visual evoked potential, and compare it with the commonly used visual stimulation modes (Newton's ring motion, square flicker and circular flicker). EEG signals were collected while 9 experimental subjects gazing at four stimulation and pattern analyzed by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). Stimulation were evaluated by recognition accuracy and subjective scores. The classification accuracies of SSVEP elicited by the square's ring motion(82.8%±14.1%) and Newton's ring(83.3%±11.5%) have no significant difference between them, which are lower than that of the square flicker(98.3%±4.1%) and the circular flicker(99.2%±1.8%). The shape of the figure has no significant influence on the classification accuracy either in motion mode or flicker mode. The comfort of the square's ring motion is higher than the other three stimulation according to subjective scores. The square's ring motion can elicit EEG and reduce the discomfort caused by flicker modes. The square's ring motion can be used as a visual stimulation in SSMVEP-based BCI system.

Exploring the effect of adaptogenic Rhodiola Rosea extract on neuroplasticity in humans

ObjectivesRhodiola rosea extract is one of the most common herbal treatment for stress. Its mechanism of action in humans still need to be determined. We investigated the effect of a single dose intake of Rhodiola rosea extract on the plastic after-effects induced by anodal and cathodal motor cortex transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in humans. MethodsTwenty-eight healthy volunteers were required to intake 500 mg of either RRE or placebo. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation was used to investigate cortical excitability. Motor threshold, recruitment of motor-evoked potentials, cortical silent period, short-interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation were assessed at different time points. Spinal excitability and peripheral nerve conduction were measured by F-response and M-wave. Furthermore, we assessed the modulation of cortical plasticity using transcranial direct current stimulation after-effects on Motor Evoked Potentials amplitudes. ResultsRhodiola rosea extract acute intake prevented cathodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-induced Long-term depression-like plasticity. The extract intake did not affect cortical excitability. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a single oral dose of Rhodiola rosea extract intake modulates cortical plasticity in humans preventing the activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses. These results suggest that the adaptogenic and antidepressant effects of Rhodiola rosea extract might be based on its modulation of brain plasticity.

Effects of continuous theta-burst stimulation of the primary motor and secondary somatosensory areas on the central processing and the perception of trigeminal nociceptive input in healthy volunteers.

Noninvasive modulation of the activity of pain-related brain regions by means of transcranial magnetic stimulation promises an innovative approach at analgesic treatments. However, heterogeneous successes in pain modulation by setting reversible "virtual lesions" at different brain areas point at unresolved problems including the optimum stimulation site. The secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) has been previously identified to be involved in the perception of pain-intensity differences. Therefore, impeding its activity should impede the coding of the sensory component of pain intensity, resulting in a flattening of the relationship between pain intensity and physical stimulus strength. This was assessed using inactivating spaced continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) in 18 healthy volunteers. In addition, cTBS was applied on the primary motor cortex (M1) shown previously to yield moderate and variable analgesic effects, whereas sham stimulation at both sites served as placebo condition. Continuous theta-burst stimulation flattened the relationship between brain activation and stimulus strength, mainly at S2, the insular cortex, and the postcentral gyrus (16 subjects analyzed). However, these effects were observed after inactivation of M1 while this effect was not observed after inactivation of S2. Nevertheless, both the M1 and the S2-spaced cTBS treatment were not reflected in the ratings of the nociceptive stimuli of different strengths (17 subjects analyzed), contrasting with the clear coding of stimulus strength by these data. Hence, while modulating the central processing of nociceptive input, cTBS failed to produce subjectively relevant changes in pain perception, indicating that the method in the present implementation is still unsuitable for clinical application.

Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Effects on Epidural Anesthesia in Horse

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of caudal epidural administration of lidocaine (LIDO), caudal laser radiation and epidural lidocaine plus laser radiation in horses. Study design: A blinded, randomized, prospective, experimental cross-over study. Animals: Five healthy horses, 15.7 +/- 4.9 years of age, weighing 240 +/- 37 kg. Methods: The horses were randomly assigned to receive four treatments (group NS: saline (0.9% NaCl) solution via caudal epidural injection,group L: lidocaine( 2 mg/kg of body weight) via caudal epidural injection, group LLL: laser radiation (3000hrtz- for 10 minute) and group LL: caudal epidural lidocaine injection plus laser radiation at intervals of at least 1 week. Motor and sensory blockade evaluations used by TENS machine. perineal analgesia Anal and vaginal tone was recorded. Positive pain responses were defined as purposeful avoidance movements of the head, neck, trunk, limbs and tail. Absence of attempts to kick, bite and turning of the head toward the stimulation site were used to indicate analgesia. Results:.Analgesia produced in the tail, perineum and upper hind limb in all horses received lidocaine. Statistical analyses assessed sensory and motor stimulation and did not show a significant difference between horses in groups 1, 2, 3, 4 in right and left sides. Conclusion and clinical Relevance: We concluded that low level laser in combination with caudal epidural lidocaine treatments provided sufficient analgesia in horses, and this treatment is offered a longer duration of analgesia than laser, lidocaine caudal administration although the sensory and motor stimulation did not show significant difference between groups. Low level laser may be effective adjuvants in caudal epidural anesthesia in horses. Our results showed that LLL plus lidocaine may be preferable to a high dose of epidural lidocaine.

Comparison of Awake vs. Asleep Surgery for Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery for Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually performed as awake surgery allowing sufficient intraoperative testing. Recently, outcomes after asleep surgery have been assumed comparable. However, direct comparisons between awake and asleep surgery are scarce. To investigate the difference between awake and asleep surgery comparing motor and nonmotor outcome after subthalamic nucleus (STN)-DBS in a large single center PD population. Ninety-six patients were retrospectively matched pairwise (48 asleep and 48 awake) and compared regarding improvement of Unified PD Rating Scale Motor Score (UPDRS-III), cognitive function, Levodopa-equivalent-daily-dose (LEDD), stimulation amplitudes, side effects, surgery duration, and complication rates. Routine testing took place at three months and one year postoperatively. Chronic DBS effects (UPDRS-III without medication and with stimulation on [OFF/ON]) significantly improved UPDRS-III only after awake surgery at three months and in both groups one year postoperatively. Acute effects (percentage UPDRS-III reduction after activation of stimulation) were also significantly better after awake surgery at three months but not at one year compared to asleep surgery. UPDRS-III subitems "freezing" and "speech" were significantly worse after asleep surgery at three months and one year, respectively. LEDD was significantly lower after awake surgery only one week postoperatively. The other measures did not differ between groups. Overall motor function improved faster in the awake surgery group, but the difference ceased after one year. However, axial subitems were worse in the asleep surgery group suggesting that worsening of axial symptoms was risked improving overall motor function. Awake surgery still seems advantageous for STN-DBS in PD, although asleep surgery may be considered with lower threshold in patients not suitable for awake surgery.

Hyperactive Response of Direct Pathway Striatal Projection Neurons to L-dopa and D1 Agonism in Freely Moving Parkinsonian Mice.

Dopamine (DA) profoundly stimulates motor function as demonstrated by the hypokinetic motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and by the hyperkinetic motor side effects during dopaminergic treatment of PD. Dopamine (DA) receptor-bypassing, optogenetics- and chemogenetics-induced spike firing of striatal DA D1 receptor (D1R)-expressing, direct pathway medium spiny neurons (dSPNs or dMSNs) promotes movements. However, the endogenous D1R-mediated effects, let alone those of DA replacement, on dSPN spike activity in freely-moving animals is not established. Here we show that using transcription factor Pitx3 null mutant (Pitx3Null) mice as a model for severe and consistent DA denervation in the dorsal striatum in Parkinson's disease, antidromically identified striatonigral neurons (D1R-expressing dSPNs) had a lower baseline spike firing rate than that in DA-intact normal mice, and these neurons increased their spike firing more strongly in Pitx3Null mice than in WT mice in response to injection of L-dopa or the D1R agonist, SKF81297; the increase in spike firing temporally coincided with the motor-stimulating effects of L-dopa and SKF81297. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence from freely moving animals that in parkinsonian striatum, identified behavior-promoting dSPNs become hyperactive upon the administration of L-dopa or a D1 agonist, likely contributing to the profound dopaminergic motor stimulation in parkinsonian animals and PD patients.

UPAYA GURU DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN GERAK LOKOMOTOR MELALUI PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL BOI-BOIAN PADA KELOMPOK B DI TK ISLAM RUMAH ILMU CIMAHI

The study was conducted based on the findings of the problem that tekait with rough motor skills in group B in Islamic Kindergarten of Rumah Ilmu Cimahi. Problems that exist in the Islamic Kindergarten House Science is almost no land to play, where the physical movement of children requires a wide range of movement. Also habituation of children who prefer to watch television and play dadget. Traditional boi-boian games can support rough motor stimulation in children. The boi-boian game activities conducted in this research succeeded in assisting one of these obstacles. In the process performed can be seen that children who had a poor motor skills are less good, began to do some rough motor activities better. Based on the background of the above research shows the need for efforts in improving the abilities of rough motor physical children. The formulation of the problem in this research is "Is Through Boi-Boian Games in Children Can Improve the Ability of Motoric Motorcycle of Children in Group B in Islamic Kindergarten of House of Science?" This research aims to increase the rough motor skills of children through traditional boi-boian game. The method used in this research is qualitative method with analytical descriptive. Research data collected by using instrument in the form of interview and observation guideline. The results obtained are very satisfactory

Evaluation of the antidepressant-like activity of solvent fractions of the aerial parts of <i>Hypericum revolutum</i> (Hypericaceae) in rodent models

Various species of the genus Hypericum have been traditionally used for different purposes. A previous study showed that 80% methanol extract of Hypericum revolutum was active in animal model of depression. The present study was performed on solvent fractions of the crude extract as part of the effort to develop a candidate drug from the plant. The fractions (chloroform, butanol and aqueous) were prepared using liquid-liquid extraction from 80% methanol extract. Antidepressant-like activity of the fractions was investigated at various doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) using a host of paradigms, including forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and open field test (OFT). Moreover, preliminary phytochemical screening and finger printing using thin layer chromatography were undertaken. Promising antidepressant-like activity was detected with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05) of the butanol and chloroform fractions in the FST and TST. The doses did not, however, produce significant effect on spontaneous motor activity when assessed in OFT. The aqueous fraction was devoid any activity. The findings indicate that the higher doses of chloroform and butanol fractions possess antidepressant-like activity as evidenced by significant decrease in the duration of immobility in the two paradigms. These effects of fractions were displayed without significant effect on locomotor activity, suggesting that the antidepressant-like activity observed is not caused by a non-specific motor stimulation. In addition, the preliminary phytochemical screening indicated that the fractions contained different secondary metabolites previously reported to have antidepressant-like effects.Keywords: Hypericum revolutum, anti-depressant activity, solvent fractions, forced swimming test, tail suspension test

PB16. Prefrontal bipolar versus multichannel tDCS: Impact on working memory performance

Introduction Recent studies show that tDCS applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) can successfully affect working memory (WM) performance ( Coffman et al., 2014 ). The present study investigates the influences of a classical bipolar and more focal multichannel tDCS over the lDLPFC on WM performance (2-back task) and continuous performance task (CPT) as non target task as well as on resting-state EEG oscillations and ERPs. Methods The study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the Faculty of Medicine Christian-Albrechts University Kiel. Eighteen healthy young adults (18–30 years) participated in the study. Participants were stimulated 3 times (bipolar, multichannel, sham stimulation in randomized order) over the lDLPFC for 20 min, minimum period between sessions was 7 days. For bipolar stimulation 1 mA was applied by two circular saline-soaked surface sponge electrodes (25 cm2), with anode positioned over F3 and reference over FP2. For multichannel tDCS we used five 3.14 cm2 circular PiStim electrodes (Neuroelectrics, Barcelona, Spain), positioned at AF3 (897 uA), AF7 (284 uA), F3 (819 uA), FP2 (−1000 uA) and T7 (−1000 uA). After stimulation EEG at rest (2 min eyes closed, 2 min eyes open) and during 2-back and CPT performance was recorded. Results Behavioral results show significant improvement of accuracy in the 2-back task after multichannel and bipolar tDCS compared to sham stimulation but not for CPT performance. Incidence and intensity of aversive side effects did not differ between multichannel, bipolar or sham tDCS. Conclusion Our results show that multichannel and bipolar tDCS over the lDLPFC have the potential of modulating WM performance, with multifocal stimulation not eliciting greater effects, which is in contrary to results of motor cortex area stimulation ( Fischer et al., 2017 ). Since WM performance but not non target-task performance was affected, our results suggest that the area of interest has been successfully stimulated. Our results on aversive side effect underline the tolerability of multichannel tDCS and bipolar tDCS. Additionally, participants were not able to discriminate real and sham stimulation effectively. However, future analyses, especially of obtained EEG data, will give further insight on the efficacy and tolerability of multichannel tDCS versus bipolar tDCS. This study was conducted as part of the STIPED program. STIPED has received funding from European Union’s Horizon2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 731827 .