Motor Gasoline Research Articles

Design of Chopping Machine Tools with Two Types of Knife Blade using a Gasoline Motor Drive

The aim of the research is to produce a chopper that has two types of blades with a gasoline motor drive to chop animal feed or raw materials for making compost. This study used an experimental method by making and testing a chopper with two blades. The materials used in testing the tool were water spinach, water hyacinth, elephant grass, and banana stems. The calculations performed were a comparison of the pulley rotation speed, v-belt speed, and the effective capacity of the tool, while the test was carried out on 4 types of materials, each of which was repeated 3 times. The results showed that the counter machine with a gasoline motor drive had specifications: overall height 155 cm, front width 44 cm, width right 60 cm width left 60 cm, width of the side inlet funnel 15 cm, width of the upper intake funnel 38 cm, width of the front of the engine mount 34 cm wide side and 60 cm engine holder. The chopper's blade consists of 2 cutting blades and 16 crushing blades which can chop ingredients maximally. The distance between the blades ranges from 5-4 cm where the crushing blades are arranged alternately so that all the crushing blades can all work. The length of the cutting blade is 25 cm while the length of the crushing knife is 22 cm which is driven by a driving machine through a shaft connected by a pulley and a v-belt. The pulley rotation speed is 900 rpm, the V-belt speed is 14.5 m/s. The effective capacity of the tool for counting water spinach (109.8 kg/hour), water hyacinth (123.6 kg/hour), elephant grass (97.8 kg/hour), banana stem (171.6 kg/hour).

Modernization of the Material and Technical Resources in Agriculture of Russia

The development of agriculture depends on the provision of material resources and technical means. The pursued state agrarian policy contributed to the strengthening of the material and technical resources of the industry but did not allow solving completely the problem of its modernization. The purpose of the present research is to assess the current status of the material and technical resources of agriculture in Russia and to substantiate the main courses of its modernization. The research was carried out using statistical-economic, computational-constructive, and monographic methods. Agricultural organizations are insufficiently provided with technical means and material resources that hinder using modern technologies. The available capacities for the production of agricultural machinery are not used fully, thus, 15.2% of available capacities are used for the production of tractors, 37.3% – for grain harvesters, 31.5% – for seeders, and 55.1% – for plows. A significant part of the material and technical resources is formed by imports. For some crops (vegetables, corn, sunflower, sugar beet, etc.), the share of imported seeds and hybrids ranges from 50 to 98%, crosses in the production of broilers amount to 95%, machinery – more than 40%. Purchasing material and technical resources are constrained by the increase of their purchase prices. Over 2014-2020, the average price of motor gasoline increased by 35.2%, diesel fuel – by 45.6%, insecticides – by 76.7%, combine harvesters – by 2.4 times, and milking machines and apparatuses – by 2.1 times. Modernization of the material and technical resources of agriculture depends on factors, such as the development of industries producing means of production for the agro-industrial complex, the solvency of the agricultural sector, prices, import and export of material and technical resources, as well as state support.

STUDY ON DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE UNLEADED GASOLINE SPECIFICATION FOR INDONESIA (2000-2010)

Automotive fuels are significant sources of air pollution in most metropolitan areas. Motor gasoline is responsible for emission of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) which all have adverse impacts on the environment and public health. In line with the implementation of Blue Sky Program, revision of the current gasoline specification needs be taken to improve the quality of Indonesia's gasoline to meet vehicle engine technology and environmental requirement with the global fuel specification harmonization as formulated in the World Wide Fuel Charter as reference. This study on developing of appropriate unleaded gasoline specification in Indonesia consists of examination of the key properties that influence the emissions, status and trend of current gasoline specification, comparison of Indonesia's gasoline specification with other countries and recommendation of the new unleaded gasoline specification options that match the implementation of Blue Sky Program in Indonesia and the scenario for its implementation.

PRODUCTION OF GASOLINE COMPONENTS IN ASEAN REFINERIES AND EFFECTS OF THE STRICTER FUEL QUALITY REQUIREMENT

Intensive implementation of the blue sky program in many countries imposed the use of reformulated gasoline with a very sophisticated specification. Motor gasoline is essentially a complex mixture of hydrocarbons distilled between 40 and 220 C, which consist of distillate fraction of crude oils and the conversion products of crude oil fractions. Small amounts of additives are also used to enhance various aspects of the performance of gasoline. In ASEAN refineries, over 740 MBPSD of feed- stock is processed which produce about 512 MBPSD of gasoline components. About 96 percent of the amount is processed in 39 units of the heterogeneous catalytic processes: i.e. cracking. reforming and isomerization, and the other 4 percent in 4 units of homogeneous catalytic processes: L.e. alkylation and polymerization. Volatility, octane number, hydroegtys4 com: position and impurity content are the most determinant criteria of the gasoline. In most spark-ignition internal combustion engines, the fuel is metered in liquid form through the carburettor or fuel injector, and is mixed with air and partially vaporized before entering the cylinders of the engine. Consequently. volatility, is and extremely important characteristic with respect to starting, driveability, vapor lock, dilution of engine oil fuel economy, and carburettor icing. To increase the octane level of gasoline an anti knock agent such as tetraethyl lead (TEL) or tetramethyl lead (TML) can also be used. Pres- sures to reduce atmospheric pollution are tending towards the reduction or elimination of lead from gasoline. Lead itself is known to be a poison and its presence in the exhaust gas is undesirable. Leudacts as a catalyst poison of catalytic converter installed to reduce carbon monaxide and hydrocarbon emission. Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) is one of the alternative to replace lead alkyls, and has been used as antiknock. Unleaded gasoline (ULG) has been introduced since 1990 in ASEAN Countries: The actual penetration of ULG utilization in the first half of 1998 are as follows : Brunei Darussalam 48.9 , Indonesia 0.6 %. Malaysia 80 %, Philippines 17.7 %, Singapore 81 %. and Thailand 100%. The passage of the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 in the USA has forced American refiners to install new facilities to comply with stricter specifications for fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil. Various terms in the models address quality of the gasoline blended, sulfur content, and total aromatics and olefins contents, RVP, the Tof distillation range, sulfur content, and oxygenated content. Specifications for the reformulated gasoline and the ASEAN commecial gasoline are presented. Driveability index (DI) has been standardized by ASTM D-4814-98a and in the near future this DI could be recommended in the specification for the reformulated gasoline. Reformu- lated gasoline can be blended from the high quality gasoline components. Volatitity (RVP. T T T and driveability index), octane number (RON, MON and octane distribution), and hydrocarbon compositions of the gasoline components, as well as the refinery configuration to improve the quality of the gasoline components, and the compositions of these improved gasoline components of reformulated gasoline production are briefly discussed in this paper.

INFLUENCE OF THIOPENE ON THE CONVERSION OF METHYL-CYCLOPENTANE AND N.HEXANE TO BENZENE USING MONO-AND BI-METALLIC REFORMING CATALYSTS

Parrafin and naphthene hydrocarbons are usually the major component in the naptha reforming feedstock. Thus the conversion of these hydrocarbon to high octane motor gasoline and aromatic hydrocarbon is one of the important reactions of the catalytic reforming process, (Montamal., 1965). And aromatization reaction is guided by both metal and acid sites of bi-functional reforming catalyst (Hobson 1973).

DRIVEABILITY INDEX OF COMMERCIAL GASOLINE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES

Motor gasoline is essentialy a complex mixture of hydrocarbons distilling between about 40°C and 225°C and consisting of compounds generaly in the range C5 to C12. Small amounts of additives are also used to exchange various aspects of the performance of the fuel. Gasoline produced from different refin[1]eries can vary widely in compositions, even at the same octane level.The primary requirement of a gasoline is that should burn smoothly without exploding, under the conditions existing in the combustion chamber of the spark-ignition, so that themaximum amount of useful energy is liberated[1].The volatility of a gasoline has a vital influence on the both performance of a car emission. It affects the way car starts, the time it takes to warm up, the exten to which ice will form in the carburator, causing stalling and other problems; it influences vapour lock in the fuel system and indirectly it determines overall fuel economy. Volatility is a measure of the ability of a fuel to pass from the liquid to the vapour state under varying conditions.In cold weather, cars can take a very significant time to warm-up i.e., be capable of smooth, non-hesitating accelerations without the use of the choke. The fuel parameter that is found to have the grestest influence on warm-up is the mid-boiling range volatility as characterized by for example; the 50 per cent distillation temperature. Even after the car has warmed up, fuel volatility can still have an influence on acceleration time. Low volatility fuels obviously give leaner mixture and as mixtures leaner, acceleration performance can fall off quite rapidly.The fraction of the fuel that influences acceleration behaviour to the greatest extent is in the mid and to a lesser extent the higher boiling range. Thus, the 50% distillation temperature, sometimes together with the 90% distillation, must be controlled to ensure optimum acceleration behaviour. The factors which influence vapour lock is the volatility characteristics of the fuel. The degree to which a fuel is liable to give vapour lock depends mainly on its front end volatility. A number of different front-end volatility parameters have been used to define the vapour locking tendency of a fuel, such as RVP, percentage evaporated at 70°C, the 10 and 15% slope of the distillation curve, the vapour/liquid ratio at a given temperature and pressure. These distillation characteristics affect the following performance characteristics: starting, vapour lock and driveability.ASTM D4814-98a the standard specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel has included Driveability Index as an item of performance requirement of the fuel. The inclusion of the parameter is to provide control of distillation parameters that influence cold start and warm up driveabilities.

Emissions of greenhouse gases from energy use in agriculture, forestry and fisheries: 1970–2019

Abstract. Fossil-fuel-based energy use in agriculture leads to CO2 and non-CO2 emissions. We focus on emissions generated within the farm gate and from fisheries, providing information relative to the period 1970–2019, for both energy use, as input activity data and the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Country-level information is generated from United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) and International Energy Agency (IEA) data on energy in agriculture (including forestry and fisheries), relative to use of gas/diesel oil, motor gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, fuel oil and coal. Electricity used within the farm gate is also quantified, while recognizing that the associated emissions are generated elsewhere. We find that, in 2019, annual emissions from energy use in agriculture were about 523 million tonnes (Mt CO2eq yr−1​​​​​​​), while when including electricity they were 1029 Mt CO2eq yr−1, having increased 7 % from 1990. The largest emission increase from on-farm fuel combustion was from LPG (32 %), whereas significant decreases were observed for coal (−55 %), natural gas (−50 %), motor gasoline (−42 %) and fuel oil (−37 %). Conversely, the use of electricity and the associated indirect emissions increased 3-fold over the 1990–2019 period, thus becoming the largest emission source from energy use in agriculture since 2005. Overall, the global trends were a result of counterbalancing effects: marked decreases in developed countries in 2019 compared to 1990 (−273 Mt CO2eq yr−1) were masked by slightly larger increases in developing and emerging economies (+339 Mt CO2eq yr−1). The information used in this work is available as open data at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5153241 (Tubiello and Pan, 2021). The relevant Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) (FAO, 2021b) on emissions is maintained and updated annually by FAO.

The integrated reforming and isomerization of gasoline fractions for the production of eco-friendly motor gasolines

The paper reports data on the development and investigation of the advanced catalysts for reforming and isomerization of gasoline fractions, which were performed at the Center of New Chemical Technologies BIC SB RAS, particularly the commercial operation of the reforming catalyst PR-81. A new catalyst with an increased acidity, which provides a decrease in the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in reformate by 3–5 wt.%, was developed for the reforming of gasoline fractions. A new sulfated zirconia catalyst supported on the porous alumina matrix was devised for isomerization of the fraction of C5–C6 hydrocarbons. An efficient tungstated zirconia catalyst was suggested for isomerization of the fraction of C7 hydrocarbons. The indicated catalysts are employed in the proposed scheme of integrated reforming and isomerization processes, which ensures the production of motor gasolines Euro-5 and 6, as well as the promising gasolines with a decreased content of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Social and Environmental Events Raise Motor Gasoline Prices Beyond Market Fundamentals

Social and Environmental Events Raise Motor Gasoline Prices Beyond Market Fundamentals

Застосування 1,3-дифенілтріазена як антидетонаційної присадки до автомобільних бензинів.

The article presents an overview of the chemical principle of anti-detonation additives, which are now widely used in gasolines. The most probable reactions that occur with hydrocarbons in the fuel-air mixture when it enters the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine are considered. These reactions are mainly represented by cracking with the formation of active radicals, which in turn enter into the oxidation reaction with oxygen. Formed in this way, hydroperoxides take part in chain oxidation reactions, which contributes to the effect of detonation combustion of the fuel-air mixture. In view of this reaction, it is proposed to use 1,3-diphenyltriazene, which belongs to the class of diazocompounds, as an anti-detonation additive for motor gasolines. The principle of anti-detonation effect of this substance is, first of all, the possibility of its thermal decomposition in the temperature range 130-160 °C. In this case, nitrogen, phenyl and aniline radicals will be formed. The phenyl radical, which is one of the most unstable particles, due to its increased reactivity reacts instantly with the most active fuel radicals: atomic hydrogen; methyl and hydroxyl radicals. At the same time, there is a high probability of formation of molecular hydrogen, toluene and phenol among the products of such interactions. These are stable compounds that are not able to continue and maintain the chain oxidation reactions that occur during the combustion of the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber of the engine. Thus, in the reaction zone with the direct participation of phenyl radicals there is a decrease in the concentration of radicals initiating chain oxidative reactions, which leads to chain breakage. Also, a very positive aspect of the use of 1,3-diphenyltriazene is that it can be used in compositions with alcohols or with methyl tert-butyl ether in straight-run gasoline fractions of oil, their mixtures with the fractions of the catalytic cracking and of the riforming. The using of the proposed additive in the composition of gasoline fully meets the requirements of the environmental safety standard Euro-5. Key words: gasoline, detonation resistance, additives, 1,3-diphenyltriazene, cracking, oxidation, radicals, internal combustion engine Corresponding author A. B. Grigorov, e-mail:grigorovandrey@ukr.net

Pengaruh laju aliran biogas dan waktu penyalaan Terhadap kinerja motor bakar menggunakan sistem dual fuel pertamax-biogas

Fuels such as oil, coal and gas are non-renewable energy sources. For this reason, renewable energy sources are needed to replace these non-renewable energy sources. The use of biogas as a renewable energy source for gasoline motor fuel can be done using a dual fuel system (pertamax-biogas). Combustion on a gasoline engine with a dual fuel system will affect the resulting performance. The combustion process in the combustion engine is influenced by several factors including the biogas flow rate and ignition time. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biogas flow rate and ignition timing on the performance of a motorcycle engine with a dual fuel system. The method used in this study is an experimental study by testing the performance of a motorcycle engine using a dual fuel system with variations in the flow rate of biogas fuel 1 lpm, 2 lpm and 3 lpm and variations in ignition time of 11°, 13° and 15°. before TDC. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the biogas flow rate and ignition timing affect the performance of the motor. The highest power was obtained by varying the biogas flow rate of 2 lpm and ignition time of 15° before TDC, while the best specific fuel consumption was obtained at variation of the biogas flow rate of 3 lpm and ignition time of 15° before TDC.

Desain dan Analisa Mesin Pencacah Nilam Dengan Kapasitas 200 Kg/Jam

The Southeast Sulawesi region, which is the East Kolaka area, especially the AERE sub- district, AERE village is an area whose livelihood is in agriculture. One of them is patchouli farming. In processing patchouli, most still use traditional methods. This makes the patchouli processing process less efficient, so researchers want to create a tool that can make patchouli processing to save costs. Patchouli chopping machine is an important tool in improving the observation of patchouli farming. The working principle of this machine utilizes the power of a gasoline motor. Through the Puly mechanism and the V- belt produced by the gasoline motor, it will be transferred to the shaft which is connected to the blade. The stages of design and calculation on the patchouli chopping machine consist of calculating the design power, calculating the shaft, calculating the shear stress, torsional moment of the plan, designing the blade by taking into account the characteristic data of patchouli, the average patchouli volume and patchouli mass (ms). . Based on the results of the calculation of the characteristics of the patchouli plant with an average height of patchouli 150 cm, diameter of the main stem 12.79 mm and density of 0.112 g cm, it can be concluded that the power of the gasoline motor used is 6.5 hp with a shaft rotation of n1 3600 rpm , the design power obtained on the shaft design of the patchouli chopping machine is 9.554 (kw), the shear stress on the shaft is 1.646 kg/mm², the compressive strength of the slicing knife is 36.2044512 N, with a shear stress of 0.1153008 N/mm².Keywords: Design, analysis, crusher machine,patchouli

Novel promising octane hyperboosting using isoolefinic gasoline additives and its application on fuzzy modeling

Recently, there has been a simultaneous rise in requirements for the quality of gasoline and an increase in the demand. To meet these requirements, it is necessary to develop new high-octane motor gasoline fuel additives and blends that present improved characteristics. This research article proposes new insights into discovering a novel promising octane hyperboosting phenomenon based on isoolefinic hydrocarbons as gasoline additives, including isooctene and isohexene and its application on Fuzzy modeling. Additionally, the current work characterizes the first documented study of an influence characterized as octane hyperboosting by isooctene and isohexene as described by the MON of a blend surpassing the MON of both the pure mixing agent and the blendstock. Antiknock properties, in respect of motor octane number (MON) for these blends examined. The results reported that there was a nonlinear MON alter phenomenon where an ultimate MON of 50% isooctene and isohexene were higher than that of neat isooctene and isohexene. The current influence could be defined as octane hyperboosting. This promising finding to considerably raise the motor fuel engine performance is to raise the compression ratio, which will be allowed by employing fuels with grater antiknocking characteristics. Finally, it can suggest novel passages to high antiknocking characteristics. Their antiknock efficiency can be categorized consecutively as isooctene < isohexene < PRF-70 by motor octane number.

New insights on introducing modern multifunctional additives into motor gasoline

Multifunctional additives should be added into motor gasoline to raise the life of engine parts, increase the engine power, as well as reduce the exhaust emission and fuel consumption. This research article proposes new insights to produce modern multifunctional motor gasoline additives. The main components of these additives are detergents, corrosion inhibitors, and friction modifier. Additionally, original methods for assessing the effectiveness of detergent and tribological properties were studied. The test method for the interfacial surface tension is unsuitable for the primary assessment of the effectiveness of the detergent component of the additive package. However, it can well be used to control the quality of individual batches of multifunctional additives directly in production, if further comparison is made with the data obtained during the current control in production. For the initial assessment of detergent properties, the bench method can be modified by accelerating the formation of deposits on engine parts by running for 20 h on gasoline containing 3% wt of N-methylaniline (NMA). The results presented that the relative decrease in mechanical power losses when using the additive package correlates with the indicator of reducing the diameter of the wear scar. Moreover, new technical solutions were proposed to increase the availability of experimental evaluation of multifunctional additives into gasoline. Finally, these make it possible to achieve significant savings in time and money in the development and modification of multifunctional additives compositions into motor gasoline.

The effect of bioethanol mixture of raw coconut roomie (Cocos nucifera) with Pertamax (RON 92) and Pertalite (RON 90) fuels on the performance of a gasoline motor

Bioethanol is ethanol produced from glucose fermentation followed by the distillation process. The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of gasoline-fueled motors using bioethanol fuel mixed with pertamax (RON 90) and pertalite (RON92) fuels with a mixed percentage of B0%, B5%, B10%, B15%, and B20%. In this research, bioethanol is made from basic ingredients of coconut roomie (Cocos nucifera), which is fermented then continued with the distillation process to obtain bioethanol with a purity level of 80%. Bioetahnol is used as a fuel mixture using a gasoline fuel motor. The results of testing the mixture of bioethanol B20% and pertamax (RON 90) fuel with the highest torque is 11.94 Nm at rotation 2600 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and pertalite (RON 92) fuel with the highest torque is 11.79 Nm at rotation 2600 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and pertamax (RON 90) fuel the highest initial power is 4.58 hp at rotation 2900 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and pertalite (RON 92) fuel’s the highest power is 4.52 hp at rotation 2900 rpm. Bioethanol B20% and Pertamax (RON 90) fuel shows that the lowest specific fuel consumption is 0.28 kg/hp.h. Bioethanol B20% and pertalite (RON 92) fuel the lowest specific fuel consumption pertalite is 0.29 kg/hp.h. The greater the percentage of in pertamax (RON 90) fuel and pertalite (RON 92) fuel, the specific fuel consumption will be more efficient. In the mixture of pertamax (RON 90) fuel and bioethanol B20% is the largest value torque and power, but specific fuel consumption is the lowest.

Modification of gas condensate gasoline by single atomic alcohols with the use of cavitation

The process of modification of gas condensate gasolines with monohydric alcohols with subsequent cavitation treatment of these mixtures has been investigated. The expediency of using alcohol additives in fuels and the relevance of introducing into gasoline production such chemical technologies that use cavitation processing of raw materials and selective energy supply to the reaction zone have been substantiated. The expediency of the production of high-octane gasolines on the basis of a combination of the processes of mechanical mixing of hydrocarbon gasolines with alcohols and the processes of cavitation treatment of alcohol-gasoline mixtures is also substantiated. The description of the laboratory setup and the experimental methodology is given. The influence of the intensity of cavitation treatment on the increase in the octane number is studied and it is proved that there is some optimal intensity at which a constant value of the octane number of the mixture is achieved. With an increase in the content of bioethanol in the mixture, the number of cavitation cycles (intensity) required to achieve the steady-state value of the octane number decreases from 8 cycles of gas condensate without bioethanol to 4 cycles with a bioethanol content of 3% and more. To achieve the octane number of the mixture corresponding to gasoline A-92 and A-95, it is necessary to add 2% and 5% bioethanol, respectively. It is shown that the use of cavitation can increase the octane number up to 2.6 points in comparison with simple mechanical mixing of alcohol and gasoline. A comparison is made of the efficiency of using bioethanol and isobutanol for modifying gas condensate gasoline in a cavitation field. The effect of cavitation on the octane number was studied with a change in the concentration of alcohol in the mixture. A new way of modifying low-octane motor gasolines with bio-ethanol and other mixtures of alcohols of biochemical origin, which contain water impurities, is shown

Modelling oil product prices with due regard to proliferation of alternative fuels and tightening of technical standards

PurposeThis paper aims to clarify the relationship between oil product prices and factors describing the most crucial emerging trends in fuel consumption. The work is aimed to test the hypothesis that the proliferation of alternative fuel cars is a significant factor in determining the level of motor fuel prices. The influence of technical standards of oil products on the model parameters is also analysed.Design/methodology/approachThe hypothesis testing is carried out on the basis of an econometric analysis of information regarding the North-West European commodity market and the data on the registration of alternative fuel passenger vehicles. Time series are analysed for the presence of a structural shift in the parameters of the model as a result of changes in the requirements of technical regulations for fuel.FindingsThe results suggest a different nature of the influence of the proliferation of alternative fuel passenger vehicles – it has little effect on diesel prices, whilst the indicators under study have a negative effect on the prices of motor gasoline. The construction of oil product price models has confirmed the impact of tightening the technical requirements for the parameters of dependence equations.Practical implicationsThe obtained results can be used in forecasting price indicators in oil refining for strategic and investment purposes.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils an identified need to take into account the emerging global trends in fuel consumption to obtain reliable parameters for oil product price modelling.

Mapping technique for oil refining processes and products

The technique is proposed for visualizing the product compositions and the refractodenses (trajectories) of oil refinery processes, based on measuring the refractive index and density of the liquid product flows of operating procedures, computing the specific refraction and refraction intercept, and constructing a Kurtz-Lorentz identification map, the center of which is the “polymethylene center”. Trajectories-refractodenses of the processes of atmospheric-vacuum distillation of oil, catalytic reforming, hydrocracking of vacuum and heavy gas oil, products of secondary oil refining (motor gasoline, diesel fuel, catalytic cracking gasoline, light catalytic cracking gas oil) and their fractional distillation have been constructed. An express method is also proposed for evaluating the group hydrocarbon compositions of straight-run oil fractions, upon which we propose a three-digit composition marking of straight-run fractions. It is shown that the logarithms of isomeric alkanes contents in straight-run oil fractions are linearly correlated with their molar enthalpies of vaporization.

Bottlenecks in the Development of Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Resources for the Circular Economy in Taiwan

Strategies and actions for mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants in the transportation sector are becoming more important and urgent due to concerns related to public health and climate change. As a result, the Taiwanese government has promulgated a number of regulatory measures and promotion plans (or programs) on bioethanol use, novel fermentation research projects and domestic production since the mid-2000s. The main aim of this paper was to present a trend analysis of the motor gasoline supply/consumption and bioethanol supply, and the regulatory system relevant to bioethanol production and gasohol use since 2007 based on the official database and the statistics. The motor gasoline supply has shown a decreasing trend in the last five years (2016–2020), especially in 2020, corresponding to the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Although the government provided a subsidy of NT$ 1.0–2.0 dollars per liter for refueling E3 gasohol based on the price of 95-unleaded gasoline, the bioethanol supply has shown decreasing demand since 2012. In addition, the plans for domestic bioethanol production from lignocellulosic residues or energy crops were ceased in 2011 due to non-profitability. To examine the obstacles to bioethanol promotion in Taiwan, the bottlenecks to bioethanol production and gasohol use were addressed from the perspectives of the producer (domestic enterprise), the seller (gas station) and the consumer (end user).

Forecasting the Demand of Oil in Ghana: A Statistical Approach

Oil plays a vital role in the economic growth and sustainability of industries and their corporations. The current study sought to forecast oil demand in Ghana for the next decade. The variables analyzed in this study were Petroleum and other liquids, motor gasoline, distillate fuel, and liquefied petroleum gases (LPG). The study utilized three univariate models; thus, linear regression, exponential regression, and exponential smoothing for forecasting various oil components. The linear regression model was deemed a better fit for the analysis of most of the variables. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the LPG growth rate is faster and requires less time to double in numbers than the other energy sources. Also, the exponential smoothing model was ineffective and inefficient. Overall, the demand for oil components analyzed will follow an increasing pattern from 2017 to 2027.