Motor Development In Children Research Articles

Does the Risk of Exposure to Marijuana Outweigh the Benefits of Breastfeeding? A Systematic Review

Little is known about the risks associated with marijuana use by mothers during the breastfeeding period. A search of CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, ProQuest Nursing, and PubMed was conducted using a variety of text words and database MeSH terms, including cannabis, medical marijuana, lactation, breastfeeding, marijuana abuse, and marijuana smoking. Articles included both human and animal studies, and there were no language or date restrictions. Hand search and reference lists were also used to access grey literature or any other important articles. Six articles met the inclusion criteria (n = 3 human studies and n = 3 animal studies). In four of the six studies meeting our inclusion criteria, maternal marijuana exposure was associated with detrimental effects, most notably decreased motor development of children at one year of age and lasting neurodevelopmental changes in rats. Breastfeeding mothers should be advised to reduce or cease their marijuana use completely. This article has been peer reviewed.

Prenatal Vitamin B12 and Children's Brain Development and Cognitive, Language and Motor Outcomes: A Scoping Review.

Adequate maternal nutrient intake of vitamin B12 is critical to fetal brain development and subsequent neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a scoping review to map the current state of knowledge from human epidemiological studies on the associations between maternal vitamin B12 during pregnancy and children's brain, cognitive, language, and motor development to identify gaps in the literature and suggest directions for future research. PubMed and OVID MEDLINE were searched. Search terms were vitamin B12, prenatal or maternal, neurodevelopment or cognitive development or brain. Animal studies were excluded. In total, 148 publications were identified, of which 19 met our inclusion criteria: (1) maternal vitamin B12 assessed via a measure of status, dietary intake, supplementation, or deficiency; and (2) an outcome related to brain development or cognitive, language, or motor development in children less than 18 years of age was assessed. This scoping review suggests that evidence supporting a relationship between maternal vitamin B12 during pregnancy and children's neurodevelopmental outcomes is inconclusive. Further longitudinal research is needed to clarify the effects of maternal vitamin B12 supplementation, status, and intake on children's brain development and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Positive effects of a 9-week programme on fundamental movement skills of rural school children

Background: Motor development of many children in rural areas of South Africa is compromised because of various socio-economic factors, hence, the need to address these developmental needs.Aim: To examine the immediate and sustainable effects of a 9-week movement programme on fundamental movement skills (FMS) of school children.Setting: Seven to eight years old school children in Raymond Mhlaba Municipality, Eastern Cape province.Methods: A two-group, pre-post-re-test research design was used. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) proficiency was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition (TGMD-3) at pre-test, post-test and re-test after 6 months. Ninety-three school children (intervention group [IG] = 57) and (control group = 36), with a mean age of 7.12 (± 0.71) participated in the study. The twice-a-week FMS programme of 30 min was conducted during school hours. Statistical analysis included an ANOVA type of hierarchical linear model (HLM) (mixed models) procedure to test for intervention effects with school, time, sex and group as covariants. Cohen’s effect size was calculated to assess the practical significance of changes.Results: Immediate and sustainable effects were found on locomotor (p 0.05; d 1.7, p 0.05; d 2.0), ball skills (p 0.05; d 0.7, p 0.05; d 1.5) and the gross motor index (GMI) of the IG (p 0.05; d 1.0, p 0.05; d 2.0).Conclusions: A short-duration FMS intervention significantly improve locomotor, ball skills, and GMI of school children in rural areas.Contributions: Interventions of this nature are encouraged to improve the FMS development of school children, especially in rural areas, as it can enhance the building blocks required in the future development of these children.

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU IBU DENGAN STIMULASI PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK ANAK USIA PRASEKOLAH DI PAUD MUTIARA HATI SIDODADI DUSUN IV RAHAYU DESA SIDODADI KECAMATAN BIRU-BIRU TAHUN 2022

The attitudes that mothers adopt when caring, directing, and advising their children have an impact on them. Children are people who fall inside a specific developmental range, which includes newborns and teenagers. Three to six years old is the preschool age group. The preschool years, often known as the golden or critical periods, are extremely sensitive to their surroundings, are fleeting, and cannot be recreated. There will be a phase in the child's psychosocial development between initiative and guilt. Preschoolers initially study the fundamentals of psychosocial development in order to get ready for a greater social life that is required for adaptation or adjustment. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how preschoolers at PAUD Mutiara Hati Sidodadi Dusun IV Rahayu, Sidodadi Village, District, were stimulated in their motor development in relation to their mothers' conduct. 2022 will see Biru-Biru. This kind of study employs a cross-sectional research design and quantitative analysis. 35 PAUD Mutiara Hati students and a sample of 35 individuals made up the research population. The Total Sampling approach was used for sampling in this study. A chi-square test was employed to analyze the data. The study's findings indicate that 35 respondents (100%), or 14 individuals (40.0%) in the good group, 13 individuals (37.1%) in the pretty good category, and 8 individuals in the not good category, made up the frequency distribution of the duration of maternal conduct. (22.9%). The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between preschoolers' motor development stimulation and mother conduct. The chi-square test findings revealed a p-value of 0.00 for the association between the length of a mother's behavior and the stimulation of her child's motor development. Thus, it can be inferred from the study's findings that preschool-aged children at PAUD Mutiara Hati Sidodadi Dusun IV Rahayu, Sidodadi Village, District, benefit from stimulation of their motor development when it comes to the length of their mothers' conduct. 2022 will see Blue-Blue.

The Effect of Fundamental Motor Skill Training by “Teaching Game for Understanding” Approach on Motor and Cognitive Skills in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background and Aims Fundamental motor skills and attentional difficulties are observed in a large proportion of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 4-week training fundamental movement with the approach of teaching games for understanding (TGfU) on motor and cognitive skills in children with ADHD. Methods The study was quasi-experimental, using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. A total of 18 students between the ages of 7 and 10 years (mean age: 8.05±1.10 y) were selected as the sample. In the pretest stage, participants performed the third edition of the test of gross motor development and attention networks test. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The training process consisted of 4 weeks (2 sessions of 60 minutes per week) with the approach of TGfU. After the intervention process, a posttest was taken. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and independent t test. Results The results of data analysis showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in motor skills (P=0.001), including locomotor (P<0.001), hub skills (P=0.019), and cognitive skills (P<0.001). Conclusion In general, it can be said that a 4-week training of fundamental skills with the TGfU approach can improve motor and cognitive development in ADHD children.

Assessment of Fine Motor Development in Early Childhood at TKIT Ar-Rahmah

This study aims to analyze, describe an assessment or assessment of fine motor development in early childhood at IT Ar-Rahmah Kindergarten, Bener Meriah Regency. The subjects in this study were 15 B grade children, 2 teachers and 1 school principal. The research technique uses descriptive qualitative, while the data analysis technique uses observation and interviews, data collection techniques in the form of anecdotal notes, work and portfolios. In research at the IT Ar-Rahmah Kindergarten, the three assessment techniques were used to describe aspects of child development which were arranged in the form of documents and portfolios, teachers also used cameras to photograph and print children's work, and used videos for anecdotal notes. The work done by the child may be brought home to be shown to the parents, then apart from the teacher, the parents can also evaluate the child's fine motor development with the work that is brought. For the final results of the semester, the teacher prepares three forms of assessment, but in TK IT Ar-Rahmah the teacher tends to prefer the assessment in the form of a checklist, namely BB, MB, BSH, BSB as well as giving an assessment in the form of a star symbol. In addition to the three techniques above, the researcher describes several assessment techniques that can be used by teachers such as test and non-test instruments.

PENGARUH SENAM OTAK TERHADAP MOTORIK HALUS PADA ANAK USIA DINI DI TK MUSLIMAT NU 27 MALANG

A person in their early years is going through a crucial developmental stage that will affect them in the future. The aim of this study was to ascertain how early infancy fine motor abilities are affected by brain snam.Pre-experiment with a single group pre-posttest design was used in this study. 22 young children made up the study's population. Using the purposive sampling approach, a sample of eighteen respondents was collected. An observation sheet in the KPSP format was the instrument utilized in this investigation. SPSS16 was used to process the study data that were collected. The study's interpretation of the impact of brain gymnastics on enhancing children's fine motor development is supported by the Wilcoxon Test data, which indicate that the p value ? ? (0.05) is 0.000 <0.05, indicating that H1 is accepted and H0 is rejected. This study's findings indicate that brain gymnastics at TK Muslimat NU 27 Malang, both before and after the intervention, has an impact on young children's fine motor development.

Effect of a physical education program in early childhood education on the performance of fundamental movement skills based on teaching styles: divergent discovery and practical

Background and Study Aim. Various proposals suggest that Physical Education classes (PE) should prioritize the development of fundamental movement skills (FMS), particularly in preschool children. Despite the crucial nature of mastering FMS, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the impact of PE classes on FMS development. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a physical education program on the performance of preschool students with varying levels of development in fundamental movement skills, employing divergent discovery and practical teaching styles. Material and Methods. Seventy-seven children (35 boys), aged between 4.5 and 6 years were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG) with 25 participants, Divergent Discovery Group (DDG) with 24 participants, and Practice Group (PG) with 28 participants. The intervention program spanned six months, with two 50-minute classes per week for the experimental groups. Conversely, the control group participated in the Classroom Program proposal. All three groups underwent the TGMD-3 motor test. Performance measurement involved the sum of the raw score in the locomotor and object control classes. Results. The findings revealed that the Control Group, Divergent Discovery Group, and Practice Group exhibited improved FMS performance from pre to post. Concerning intergroup differences, no significant disparities were observed in the pre-test. However, post-intervention results indicated that both the Divergent Discovery Group and Practice Group demonstrated superior FMS performance compared to the Control Group. Conclusions. Physical Education classes for Early Childhood Education play a crucial role in fostering significant effects on children's motor development when offered in an appropriate context and through a systematically structured intervention.

Screening for Developmental Coordination Disorder in Elementary School Children Aged 6 – 8 Years During Covid-19 Pandemic in Cirebon City: A Comparative Study with Stunted and Normal-Height Children

Introduction: Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children characterized by deficit in gross and fine motor skills. The majority of stunted children often experience various neurodevelopmental problems. In Indonesia, there are limited studies about DCD, specifically in stunted and normal-height children. This research aims to describe DCD in stunted children and its comparison with normal-height children. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 172 elementary school children in Cirebon City. Sampling was done by consecutive sampling method. DCDQ 2007 and DCDDaily-Q was used to determine DCD in children and had been validated in Indonesian. Statistical analysis is conducted using IBM SPSS Ver 22. Results: The proportion of DCD based on DCDQ 2007 and DCDDaily-Q was 11.0%. The incidence of DCD in stunted children was found to be higher than in normal-height children (14.1% vs 8.9%). Analysis test showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the mean quality score of the performance (p = 0.040) and learning activity daily living (ADL) (p = 0.035) on subjects with DCD, Conclusion: DCD were more commonly found in stunted children, especially deficits in performance and learning ADL. Early detection for children's motor development is very necessary, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Pengembangan Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Berbasis Permainan Tradisional Lompat Tali pada Usia 4-5 tahun

Gross motor refers to the ability of large movements or motor skills that involve the use of large muscles in the body to perform physical activities. One way to develop gross motor skills is through traditional games. Traditional games refer to games that have existed and are played by the community from generation to generation. These games reflect the cultural heritage of each region. One of the heritage games in Java is Jump rope. This research aims to help children's gross motor development based on traditional jump rope games. At the age of 4-5 years, children make significant progress in their gross motor development. It is important to note that each child has a unique development and is different from one another, hence the need for a response from the environment to help optimize children's growth and development. The research method used in this study is classroom action research with 20 children. From the results of the research that has been carried out, gross motor development based on traditional jump rope games is proven to optimize the motor development of children aged 4-5 years, it can be seen by an increase in the percentage which initially only 7% increased to 25% in cycle 1, and 80% in cycle 2.

Pengaruh Media Busy Board terhadap Perkembangan Motorik Halus Anak di TK Iqra’ Tunggul Hitam Padang

Fine motor skills are acquired through practice and education. Defined as precision movements that use small muscles or specific body parts. From observations made at Iqra' Kindergarten, it can be seen that children's fine motor development is still lacking. The aim of this research is to evaluate the extent to which busy board media can help kindergarten students at TK Iqra' ANGKAL Hitam Padang in developing their fine motor skills. This research stands out for its emphasis on quantitative elements and using an experimental research approach. The researchers used word and action assessments to collect data. To test the data, homogeneity and normality checks were carried out. The average score of the experimental class was 14.17, while the control group's score was 12.75, based on research findings before and after the test. The significance level of 0.05 is somewhat exceeded by the two-sided p value of 0.009. As a result, we can say that the difference between the experimental group and the control group is statistically significant. As a result, there were striking differences between the experimental group and the control group. Thus, it can be concluded that the null hypothesis (Ho) is refuted and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is validated. The results showed that there were significant differences in the fine motor skills of experimental and control group children aged 5-6 years. This shows that the Media Busy Board is an effective way to help teenagers in this age range improve their fine motor skills.

Analysis of Gross Motor Development of Children Aged 4-5 Years through the Implementation of the Smart Basket Game

To control body movements, the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, and large muscles are all involved in gross motor development in early childhood. The development of children's gross motor skills is greatly influenced by both genetic factors and environmental stimuli. This study, therefore, employed qualitative research methods to examine how the Smart Basket game affected the gross motor development of children between the ages of 4 and 5 at the Play Group of Jelita Krapyak. This game was designed for the introduction of numbers to sports. Documentation, interviews, and observation were some of the data collection methods used. The primary findings revealed that the Smart Basket game research successfully improved children's gross motor development. This suggests that children's gross motor development can benefit from an approach that combines physical activity with number recognition. Hence, it can be deduced that the implementation of this game holds promise for enhancing early childhood individuals' gross motor skills, social skills, and understanding of numerical concepts in early childhood. This game also has easy procedures for implementing and maintaining the properties. The significance of incorporating physical activity and the acquisition of numerical concepts within the context of early childhood education is the implication of this study.

The Relationship between Stunting and Motor Development in Children Aged 2-5 Years in the Tamalate Community Health Center Working Area

Stunting is a chronic nutritional condition resulting from a lack of nutritional intake from food that is not in accordance with nutritional needs based on the body length index for age, which results in less than optimal motor development. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between stunting and the motor development of children aged 2-5 years at the Tamalate Community Health Center. The type of research is descriptive analytical research with a cross sectional research design. The sampling technique for the non-probability sampling method is Accidental Sampling. This study used 34 respondents as samples who met the inclusion criteria. This research instrument uses a microtoise stature meter for the stunting variable and the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) for the motor development variable. The results of the study showed that the majority of respondents who experienced stunting were aged 24-36 months, with the same number of males and females, while non-stunted respondents were aged 37-48 months with the majority being male. The majority of stunting figures are short stature, 79.4% of children aged 2-5 years in the working area of the Tamalate Community Health Center. The description of motor development shows that the majority of respondents have normal motor function, however, 13.23% of stunted children are found to be suspected of having motor disorders, while only 4.41% of non-stunting children are found. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between stunting and the motor development of children aged 2-5 years in the working area of the Tamalate Community Health Center.

How Does a 12-Week Physical Exercise Program Affect the Motor Proficiency and Cognitive Abilities of Overweight and Normal-Weight Preschool Children?

The objective of this research was to examine a 12-week exercise program and its impact on the motor proficiency and cognitive abilities of preschool children with overweight and normal weight. The study involved a total of 71 participants who were preschool children enrolled in a longitudinal study. Body mass index (BMI) was determined by measuring body height and weight, and the nutritional status of the children was assessed using the World Health Organization's (WHO) criteria. Motor proficiency encompasses both motor abilities and motor skills, and the assessment of motor abilities was conducted using subtests from the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2). These subtests measured fine motor integration, manual dexterity, balance, and bilateral coordination. The evaluation of motor skills involved the utilization of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2), which examines both locomotor skills and manipulative skills. Cognitive abilities were assessed using the School Maturity Test (TZS). All participants, regardless of weight status, took part in a 12-week physical exercise program. According to the World Health Organization's criteria, 52 children (73.2%) were categorized as having a normal weight, while 19 children (26.8%) were classified as overweight. These findings indicate that every fourth child in the study was overweight. Using a statistical analysis called SPANOVA (2 × 2, group × time), differences were observed in three out of eleven variables. Specifically, there were significant differences in two motor skill variables: manipulative skills (p = 0.006) and total movement skills (p = 0.014). Additionally, there was a significant difference in one cognitive ability variable: visual memory (p = 0.010). No significant differences were found in the remaining variables. The findings of this study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the potential benefits of regular exercise on motor and cognitive development in preschool children, specifically examining the differences between overweight and normal-weight children. By investigating these effects, the study could provide valuable insights for educators, parents, and health professionals involved in promoting the overall well-being of preschool-aged children. Regular physical exercise has been found to have positive effects on motor and cognitive abilities in both overweight and normal-weight preschool children.

Postural control before and after transitional locomotor tasks in children on the autism spectrum: A case-control study

BackgroundInstrumented measurements of postural control provide a more accurate insight into the motor development of children with autism. This study aimed to identify postural control deficits in autistic children during quiet standing before and after transient locomotor task. It was hypothesized that the parameters that characterize the trajectory of center of foot pressure (COP) displacement would be higher in autistic children compared to typically developing children. MethodsSixteen autistic children aged 6–10 but without a comorbidity diagnosis, were enrolled in the study group. The control group comprised 16 typically developing peers.The assessment of the transitional task comprised four different conditions: unperturbed and perturbed transition, stepping up, and stepping down tasks. Analysis of the COP signal was carried out for three distinct phases, i.e., phase 1 – quiet standing before step initiation, phase 2 – transit, and phase 3 - quiet standing until measurement completion. FindingsThe two-way ANOVA with a 2 × 4 factorial design (group × testing condition) revealed a group effect on all posturographic variables in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions of phase 1 and in the antero-posterior direction of phase 3. The Bonferroni post-hoc test showed the means of all those variables were significantly higher for the autistic than for typically developing children. Group allocation also had an effect on the time of transit and step length, which turned out to be significantly longer in autistic children compared to healthy peers. InterpretationAutistic children show increased postural sway before and after transitional locomotor tasks compared to typically developing children.The trial was prospectively registered in the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (no. ACTRN12621001113842; date registered: 23.08.2021).

Features of Physical and Motor Development of Children with Congenital Heart Diseases

INTRODUCTION: Children with congenital heart diseases (CHD) have certain peculiarities of development determined by the pathology of the cardiovascular system. The type, severity of CHD, the age of correction of the disorder and a number of other factors have a direct impact on the severity of its non-cardiologic complications, such as disorders in physical and motor development attributable to specific conditions of formation of the nervous system in children with CHD.
 AIM: To systematize the currently available data on the peculiarities of physical and motor development of children with CHD and their underlying factors, to justify the importance of a more in-depth examination of children at all stages of their development and of the need to correct the identified disorders starting from the moment of their diagnosis.
 The review presents the data on the incidence and peculiarities of deviations in motor development of children with CHD at different age periods; describes factors predisposing to their development, as well as the possibilities of diagnosis and correction of such disorders. Besides, information is provided on the development of the balance function that is also impaired in this cohort of patients. Since the physical and motor development of children are closely interrelated and related to the development of the nervous and muscular systems, and the muscle strength and balance are integral components of some motor skills, each of these parameters is considered in a separate section of the article. Acyanotic heart diseases are more commonly associated with disorders in the weight gain, and cyanotic ones — with retardation of children in growth and body mass. Another manifestation of retardation of physical development of children with CHD is deficit of muscle mass development reflected in the research-confirmed reduction of muscle strength in this category of patients. Disorders in fine and/or large motor skills are noted in one to two thirds of children with CHD from an early age to adulthood. Disorders in the motor sphere in childhood entail physical inactivity, psychological and cognitive problems, difficulties in socialization significantly reducing the quality of life.
 CONCLUSION: Children with CHD are characterized by peculiarities of the physical and motor development, which have a significant impact on the child’s life. Therefore, currently of paramount importance is not only examination of the cardiovascular system of children with CHD, but also their physical and motor development, as well as timely identification of deviations in the physical and motor development and their targeted rehabilitation.

Permainan Tradisional terhadap Perkembangan Motorik Kasar Anak pada Disibilitas Tuna Grahita

This research aims to evaluate the positive impact of traditional games on the gross motor development of children with intellectual disabilities through a literature review. The method employed was a literature study, analyzing relevant journals and theoretical references. The research findings indicate that traditional games play a crucial role in enhancing gross motor skills in children with intellectual disabilities, including balance, coordination, body movements, muscle strength, and other gross motor abilities. Traditional games provide varied movement stimuli, involving body coordination, and increasing children's participation in physical activities. Through traditional games, children with intellectual disabilities can improve their gross motor abilities, gain better self-confidence, and enhance social interaction with peers. Therefore, traditional games significantly contribute to the development of gross motor skills in children with intellectual disabilities. It is important to pay attention to and implement traditional games in the education and rehabilitation of children with intellectual disabilities. The implementation of traditional games can help improve the quality of life for these children by enhancing their gross motor skills and facilitating participation in physical activities. Thus, traditional games have the potential to be a valuable component in intervention programs for children with intellectual disabilities. Keywords: Intellectual Disabilities, Gross Motor Development, Literature Review, Traditional Games.

Neuroelectric indices of pre-motor planning and adiposity are selectively related to balance in children

BackgroundMotor function and weight status are components of physical fitness that have been implicated in childhood motor and cognitive development. The lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an index of motor planning and action, can provide context surrounding relationships between fitness and brain activity underlying cognitive and motor functions. This study evaluated the relationship between the LRP and motor skills, as well as associations between weight status and neural and behavioral motor functions. MethodsChildren aged 7–13 (n = 35) participated in a cross-sectional study, using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition (MABC-2) to assess balance, manual dexterity, and aiming/catching. The stimulus- (LRP-S) and response-locked (LRP-R) LRPs were elicited from a modified flanker task. Stepwise regressions tested the association between LRPs and MABC-2 components. Linear regressions were conducted to examine BMI and %Fat in relation to LRPs and MABC-2 components. ResultsAnalyses revealed that LRP-S mean amplitude difference (β = 0.401, P = 0.042) and reaction time interference scores (β = 0.545, P = 0.004) were positively associated with balance, after adjusting for covariates. The LRP-S and interference scores did not predict other MABC-2 outcomes and LRP-R did not predict any MABC-2 components. Further, %Fat (β = −0.439, P = 0.044), not BMI (β = −0.364, P = 0.082), only predicted balance. ConclusionWe found that changes in the LRP-S amplitude were positively associated with balance, and %Fat was negatively related to balance. This evidence is that fitness components such as weight status and coordination are related to neural markers of motor function which may be useful in intervention designs aimed to improve brain function via improvements in physical fitness and health behaviors.

MOVEMENT REINFORCEMENT FACTORS RELATED TO CHILDREN'S MOTOR SKILLS: A REVIEW STUDY IN SPORTS EDUCATION

Background and Study Aim. Children's motor development is one of the important aspects in shaping children's health and quality of life. Good motor skills not only enable children to participate in various physical activities, but also play a role in their social, emotional and cognitive development. Therefore, it is important for sports educators to understand the factors that influence children's motor development. This study aims to present a comprehensive review of the factors that reinforce children's motor development in the context of sport education. Materials and Methods. This study used a literature review design following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The data used in this study were published articles published in national and international journals. The search for publication articles was carried out using several journal database websites such as ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Through the literature review, these articles identified key factors related to improving children's motor skills. After the exclusion criteria, only 4 articles were categorized. Results. These factors include physical, psychological and environmental aspects that influence children's motor development. In this study, we investigated the relationship between factors such as physical exercise, children's psychological understanding of movement, the role of teachers in providing appropriate guidance, a supportive learning environment, and external factors such as healthy diet and lifestyle. The findings from this review highlight the importance of a holistic approach in supporting children's motor development. Conclusions. Through a better understanding of the factors that influence children's motor movements, sport educators can design more effective and sustainable programs to improve motor skills as well as overall health at important developmental stages in children's lives.

Development and validation of a hip hop intervention programme for pre-school children: Crescer+ (Grow+)

Physical inactivity and obesity in children are public health problems that can be fought through the practice of rhythmic activities such as hip hop. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Crescer+ hip hop physical exercise programme, designed to promote increased physical activity and improved physical-motor skills in children aged 3 to 5 years old. The exercise programme was designed and validated by physical fitness and motor development specialists, following the Revised Guidelines for Reporting Criteria on the Development and Evaluation of Complex Health Interventions (CReDECI2), and the Consensus Guidelines on Physical Exercise Programme Reporting Model (CERT), and went through three phases: development, piloting and evaluation. This study presents an intervention proposal based on children's motor development, emphasizing foundational motor skills and drawn on hip hop's identity motor skills, as well as its exploration of various coordinative abilities. The Crescer+ programme proposal presents suggestions for adapting to the target population and choreographies that can be replicated by physical fitness professionals. Keywords: motor development, second childhood, foundational motor skills, complex intervention, fitness