Motor Cycle Research Articles

Offense specialization among outlaw motorcycle gang members: Comparing specialization metrics

PurposeWe examine the extent of offense specialization among outlaw motorcycle gang affiliates across Australia using a multi-metric approach, and by doing so compare diverse measures of specialization. MethodsThe sample consisted of 19,633 offenses, committed by 2283 affiliates of outlaw motor cycle gangs (OMCGs), disaggregated into four offense categories: ongoing criminal enterprise, short-term instrumental, violence and intimidation, and other offenses against person. Six specialization metrics were employed to measure specialization among the full sample of affiliates and relevant subgroups. ResultsOf the six metrics employed to measure specialization, five suggested a high degree of versatility in offending among OMCG affiliates. Results were inconsistent across metrics when examining levels of specialization among subgroups of OMCG affiliates, and across offense categories. ConclusionsOMCGs are highly versatile in their offending, demonstrating the importance of interventions targeting organized, violent and lower-level volume crime. However, different measures of specialization yielded inconsistent results and appeared to be measuring different constructs. The suitability of metrics is dependent on the nature of the data and research question of interest. Future specialization research should employ a multi-metric approach to thoroughly explore specialization and improve the ability for cross study comparisons.

Comparison and evaluation of YOLO models for vehicle detection on bicycle paths

<p>Non-permitted vehicles have taken over bicycle lanes in various Latin American cities as an alternative escape from traffic. Still, they do not foresee the risk to which they expose users of smaller vehicles, such as cyclists. Technological advancement has made researchers use deep learning (DL) to solve various problems in a city's traffic. However, no research has been found focusing on any issue of vehicles allowed or prohibited to travel on a bicycle lane. Therefore, in this article, the you only look once (YOLO) algorithm was used, taking the lightest models from the YOLOv4 to the most recent version, YOLOv8, to detect 05 classes of vehicles that transit or interfere in a bicycle lane, such as bicycles (Bi), motorcycles (Mo), electric motorcycles (ME), electric scooters (SE) and motorcycle cabs (Mt). When testing with the test images, the YOLOv8m model in 50 epochs, using a batch size of 32 and SGD optimizer, was the most optimal, obtaining F1 results with 88.00%, mAP@0:50 of 94.80% and mAP@0.50:0.95 of 76.60%, also had a training time of 1:28h using a Nvidia T4 GPU from Google Colab.</p>

Effectiveness of improving coordination abilities after cardiac surgery: a review

INTRODUCTION. Bronchopulmonary complications remain the leading cause of postoperative morbidity and prolong the patient’s hospital stay, increasing the cost of treatment. AIM. To study the effectiveness of using coordination training of the mechanics of respiratory movements in cardiac rehabilitation programs during breathing exercises. SEARCH STRATEGY. Through a literature search in the PubMed (Medline) and RISC search engines from January 2019 to December 2023, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomized controlled studies were selected of factors influencing the development of postoperative pulmonary complications after open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, as well as methods behavioral regulation and self-breathing training in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation to assess the effectiveness of reducing the number of pulmonary complications and their severity compared to conventional methods of respiratory cardiac rehabilitation. MAIN CONTENT. Based on an analysis of the literature, it has been suggested that after cardiac surgery, patients experience a decrease in coordination interactions in the work of the inspiratory muscles of the chest, which requires improvement in coordination abilities. The features of compensatory changes in the external respiration system after correction of the coordination interactions of the respiratory muscles in the process of respiratory-cardiac rehabilitation are illustrated, namely in increasing alveolar ventilation due to the improvement of the optimal ratios of thoracic and abdominal types of breathing, optimal synchronous and multiple ratios of the number of respiratory and motor cycles, its frequency and depth, higher efficiency of the respiratory muscles. CONCLUSION. The research results indicate that after completing a course of coordination training, where they developed the skills and abilities to control their breathing, patients who underwent open heart surgery with artificial circulation had a lower severity and incidence of postoperative bronchopulmonary complications, improved blood oxygen saturation and increased tolerance to physical activity compared to traditional methods of physical therapy, while the most pronounced changes are observed under the influence of methods of behavioral regulation of breathing. The obtained results of changes in the function of external respiration make it possible to evaluate the impact of coordination training to control one’s breathing as beneficial for prevention and rehabilitation.

Incidence of Polytrauma in the Casualty Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City

Background: Polytrauma is a public health problem in every country. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the incidence of Polytrauma in the Casualty Emergency Department of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the casualty of Emergency Department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The patients who were admitted from January 2014 to December 2014 were included in this study. This study includes all the patients with polytrauma, most of whom underwent laparotomy or other types of surgery like suprapubic cystostomy, amputation, surgical toileting, chest drainage, but a small number was managed with non-operative approach. Immediately after admission, the patients were subjected to resuscitation, primary survey and history taking including pre-hospital retrieval. A tabulated sheet of questionnaire was given to all the patients and answer was taken by conversation and examination. Results: A total number of 100 patients were recruited for this study. The mean age with SD of the study population was 33.5±12.5 with the range of 3 to 67 years. The male female ratio is 7.33:1. The victims of polytrauma sustained their injury from different kinds of trauma. Out of hundred cases with polytrauma, road traffic accidents was the most common cause which included motor vehicle accident, pedestrian and motor cycle accident and resulted in a total of 63 casualty occupying 63% of the entire series. Polytrauma resulted fall from height occurred in 10 (10%) cases. Stab injury caused polytrauma in 5 (5%) cases. Conclusion: In conclusion majority of the study population is young adult with the predominance of male presented with road traffic accident. Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research, July 2023;10(2):60-64

Experimental study of motor cycle performance with exhaust manifold using torque expansion chamber

The Motorcycle performance can be improved by modifying the intake manifold and exhaust manifold. In this research, the exhaust manifold was modified using a Torque Expansion Chamber (TEC), namely adding a tube to the exhaust manifold with a certain geometry and dimensions so that the heat carried by the exhaust gas is retained and does not directly escape through the exhaust. This test aims to determine the performance of a motorbike with a modified exhaust manifold by adding 250 mm tubular TEC. TEC installation with placement at 40%, 50%, and 60% of the exhaust manifold length. Engine performance including torque, power and specific fuel consumption is measured using the Dyno Test. The research results show that the use of the Torque Expansion Chamber has an effect on motorbike performance. Highest torque with 50% TEC placement and 60% TEC placement at 5000 rpm. Highest power with 50% TEC placement and 60% TEC placement at 6000 rpm to 6500 rpm. Lowest specific fuel consumption with 50% TEC placement at 6000 rpm

Local anesthetic marcaine-bupivacaine hydrochloride and its metabolites in Forensic Samples: A case study

The local anaesthetic bupivacaine and its metabolites such as Desbutyl bupivacaine, 3-hydroxybupivacaine, and 4-hydroxybupivacaine were extracted and found in the forensic sample from postmortem samples such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and postmortem blood. To separate and detect the aforesaid substances in biological matrices, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ATR-FTIR methods were used. When a couple of husband and wife who were riding on the side of road by a motor cycle which was abruptly collided by an unknown motor cycle. The couple were injured, especially in the left leg of the lady was severe pain due to bone fracture. Both were immediately admitted in nearby a Government Hospital for treatment. Anaesthetic was injected to the lady before starting the procedure of surgery. Within a few minutes she suffered pulmonary consequence and the mortality immediately occurred. Due to a therapeutic amount of bupivacaine was given, postmortem samples CSF and blood were received at forensic laboratory and extracted using a liquid-liquid extraction method (LLE). Certain chromatographic techniques and ATR-FTIR method were used to separate and detect bupivacaine and its metabolites in a forensic sample.

Classifying safe following distance for motorcycles to prevent rear-end collisions

This study aims to classify motorcycle (MC) following distance based on trajectory traffic data and identify the risks associated with MC following distances to prevent rear-end collisions. A total of 8,223 events of a MC following a vehicle were investigated in Pathum Thani, Thailand, and 41 cases of MC rear-end crashes were analyzed between 2017 and 2021. Time headway (TH), safe stopping distance (SSD) and time to collision (TTC) were applied to the proposed concept to determine safe following distance (SFD). Speed and following distance for actual rear-end crashes were applied to validate SFD. Results showed that the proposed SFD model identified the causes of MC rear-end collision events as mostly due to longitudinal critical area (38 cases, 92.68%), implying insufficient MC rider reaction and decision time for evasive action. The longitudinal warning area had relatively few chances for rear-end collisions to occur, with only 3 cases recorded. VDO clip extracts from MC rear-end crashes illustrated 11 cases (26.83%) of rider fatality. The study findings revealed that the SFD concept can help to prevent MC rear-end collision events by developing reminder systems when the rider reached the following distances of both warning and critical areas.

Development of real fuel consumption models for motorcycle: a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam

This study aims to develop fuel consumption (FC) simulation models for motorcycles (MC) based on the known data of MC’s actual FC and driving features. These data were gathered using a data logger that was directly connected to the test MC to record data continuously with the one-second time step. The collected data was preprocessed to minimise random errors before using them to establish predicting models of FC for MC. A strong correlation between the vehicle’s FC and real-world driving features of vehicle-specific power and speed was recognised. Three FC prediction model types were developed based on the processed data for both on-peak and off-peak hours. Developed prediction models have good reliability with obtained all R2 in the range of 0.95–0.99. Total errors that appear when using the developed prediction models to estimate the average FC per kilometre of MC are from 3.2% to 18.9%. Among them, the average speed-based FC prediction model is the best, with a deviation of FC ranging from 3.2% to 5.4% for both on-peak and off-peak hours. This implies that the vehicle’s average speed could reflect its FC feature in terms of litre per kilometre rather than the vehicle’s VSP.

Analysis Of NOx, SO2, PM10, & CO Emission Loads From Motorized Vehicle at Collector’s Road Makassar City Using Tier 2 Method

The biggest factor in the global reduction in air quality in large cities is the transportation industry. This is due to the molecules that gasoline, the fuel used in the transportation sector, emits, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and CO2 (carbon dioxide), as well as hydrocarbons (HC), which are sources of carbon dioxide. of emissions of air pollutants An imbalance results from the rising motorized vehicle sales from year to year combined with poor traffic conditions. In urban locations, several collector roads—the hub of community activity—often encounter congestion, especially during rush hours. Because of the pollution these motorized vehicles produce, the congestion they induce has a negative effect on the environment. This study aims to determine the daily and yearly emission loads for the parameters of NOx, SO2, PM10, and CO produced by motor vehicles with three types of vehicles, namely motorcycles (MC), Light Vehicles (LV), which are divided into the Sedan category, Minibus, Taxi, Public Transportation, then Heavy Vehicles (HV), which are divided into Pick-up, Jeep, micro bus, big bus, 2 axles truck, and 3 axles trucks categories, on Collector Street in Makassar City utilizing the Tier 2 method and show the form for mapping the distribution of NOx, SO2, PM10, and CO emissions from motor vehicles on Collector Street in Makassar City using the Geographic Information System application. The findings indicated that Jalan Hertasning produced the highest emission load from the NOx, SO2, PM10, and CO parameters. This is because of the significant role that Hertasning Road plays in Makassar City’s urban road network, which results in a high volume of daily vehicle traffic on this road section. The CO parameter, which accounts for 104041.57 tons of the total emission load from motor vehicles on Jalan Hertasning, per year.

Vehicle emissions in a megacity of Xi'an in China: A comprehensive inventory, air quality impact, and policy recommendation

Vehicle emissions continue to have a significant impact on urban air pollution in the megacities of China due to the increasing number of vehicles and lagged control policies. This study established a 5-year vehicle emission inventory for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOX), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the megacity of Xi'an from 2014 to 2018 by using localized emission factors and annual vehicle activity data, explored the relationship between vehicle emissions and air quality using the best available data. Remote sensing and portable monitoring devices were used to detect the in-use social vehicle on-road situation. The results showed that the total 5-year emissions were 592.7 Gg of CO, 826.0 Gg of HC, 266.1 Gg of NOX, 6.9 Gg of PM2.5, and 6.3 Gg of PM10. Small-duty passenger vehicles (SDPVs) and light-duty trucks (LDTs) were the most significant contributors to CO and HC emissions, while heavy-duty trucks (HDTs) and LDTs dominant to NOX and PM2.5, and motorcycles (MCs) for part of CO (8.2%) and HC (11.9%). The study found that vehicle HC and NOX emissions exacerbate the formation of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. More reliable policies should be proposed to prevent air pollution from vehicle exhaust.

Passing distance, speed and perceived risks to the cyclist and driver in passing events

Introduction: Up to 38% of crashes between motor vehicles and cyclists involve overtaking and close passes, contributing to a fear of cycling for both current and potential riders. Consequently, most research has focused on the cyclist’s perceptions of risk in passing events; but the driver’s perceptions may be more influential determinants of passing distances and thus, objective crash risk. Method: In an online cross-sectional survey, participants viewed 24 video clips of naturalistic passing events (external view akin to being a following driver) on urban roads in Queensland, Australia and judged distance and safety for both the portrayed cyclist and the passing driver. The passing events were filmed at a low-speed site (40 km/h speed limit) and a high-speed site (70 km/h speed limit). Results: The 240 cyclist participants were more likely to rate the pass as unsafe for the portrayed cyclist than the 71 non-cyclist participants. Narrow passing distance, parked vehicles, oncoming vehicles, and higher motor vehicle speeds were significant predictors of rating the pass as unsafe for the portrayed cyclist and the passing driver. In addition, female participants were more likely to rate the pass as unsafe for the driver. Participant age, attitudes toward cyclists and frequency of passing cyclists did not significantly affect safety judgments. Discussion: Traffic and roadway characteristics largely underlie perceptions of safety for both the cyclist and the driver when passing, even after accounting for passing distance. External, objective factors are more important than attitudes toward cyclists. Practical Applications: Attempts to improve the subjective and objective safety of passing events may be more successful if their focus is on modifying traffic and roadway characteristics, rather than attempting to change drivers’ attitudes toward cyclists. Limitations on motor-vehicle passing speed should be incorporated as part of safe bicycle passing laws.

Estimating the greenhouse gas emission factor of motorcycles under real-world driving conditions in Hanoi: a case study

The lack of country-specific greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors vehicles in Vietnam makes the emissions inventory in the transport sector more difficult. This study developed the country-specific GHG emission factor in terms of CO2 equivalent for motorcycles (MCs) in Hanoi to overcome the above impediment. The real-world driving data, instantaneous speed versus time, were collected on the 30 road routes in Hanoi using a GPS device. A filtering process of nine-step was designed to repair misleading speed values and denoise signals before entering the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model. The typical GHG emission factor for the MC fleet in Hanoi was approximately 90.83 g/km. This study also found a remarkable difference in the MC’s specific power-related bins distribution between the real-world driving characteristics of the MC in Hanoi and the ones of the World Motorcycle Test Cycle. This contributes to reconfirming the necessity of developing the GHG emission factor based on the very real-world driving data of Vietnam

Analisis Kapasitas Parkir Pasar Seni Sukawati Kabupaten Gianyar

Sukawati Art Market has 3 Blocks where Blocks A and B were completed in December 2020, and Block C was completed in early 2022. As the number of merchant stalls increases, the number of tourists who come also increases. This affects the parking facilities provided. This study aims to find out the absolute need for parking spaces and the characteristics of the parking at Sukawati Art Market. The method used is a quantitative method where data is obtained by conducting a live survey on Sunday at peak hours, namely from 10:00 to 13:00. The results showed the accumulation of a maximum of 276 vehicles at 11.30-11.45 WITA and 85 vehicles at 12.30-12.45 WITA. The average motorcycle parking turnover rate reached 0.32 vehicles/hour, and cars reached 1.09 vehicles/hour. While the average length of motorcycle parking is 0.82 hours/vehicle, and for Light Vehicles (LV) 1.49 hours/per vehicle. The parking capacity for Motorcycles (MC) reaches 511.98 vehicles/(SRP/hour) while Light Vehicles (LV) reach 34.87 vehicles/(SRP/hour). Provision of Motorcycle (MC) parking spaces amounting to 1382 vehicles and for Light Vehicles (MC) 94 vehicles. The highest parking index for Motorcycles (MC) reached 0.65, which means parking needs are below the available capacity or there are no parking problems, and for Light Vehicles (MC), the highest reaches 1.63, where the capacity is insufficient or parking is experiencing problems. Parking needs are 70.38% for Motorcycles (MC) and for Light Vehicles (LV) by 29.62%.

The moderating effect of road safety and compliance training on the relationship between motor cycle accessibility to market and performance wholesale retail sector in Kenya

The use of motorcycles has increased dramatically in Africa in recent years. Motorcycles (boda boda) are often used as taxis, with riders charging a fare to carry passengers or goods by wholesalers and retailers. Motorcycle transport is certainly not without risk, including the risk of being injured in a crash. Attempts by governments to regulate the use of motorcycle taxis for safety and other reasons have largely failed, with authorities often unable to keep pace with the rapid influx of motorcycles into the continent and the high demand for their services by local populations. This study sought to establish the moderating effect of road safety and compliance training on the relationship between the motorcycle accessibility market and the performance of wholesale retail businesses in Kenya. This study was anchored on system theory. The research philosophy adopted for the study was descriptive using a quantitative approach was used. The study targeted all wholesale and retail shops in 47 counties and systematic sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select a sample size of 383 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential analysis was undertaken using SPSS software Version 28. On average, the findings noted that motorcycle accessibility to the markets had enhanced the growth of wholesaler and retailer businesses in Kenya with a score of 4.03 out of 5.0. On inferential statistics, the results indicate road safety and compliance training of motorcycle riders had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between the motorcycle accessibility market and performance wholesale retail business R squared change of 0.206 which translates to a 21.39% change in the R-square. This means road safety and compliance training of motorcycle riders’ moderate motorcycle accessibility market and performance positively and statistically significant. The findings imply that training motorcycle riders on road safety and compliance is very important in improving the wholesale and retail sector performance in Kenya. The government should formalize road safety and compliance, in this case, NTSA, should uphold and enhance official training of the commercial motorcycle delivery solution providers.

Pengaruh Proporsi Sepeda Motor terhadap Kinerja Ruas Jalan Tanpa Median

Motorcycles are a mode of transportation that is very commonly used in Indonesia. The large number of motorbikes on the road often causes congestion, because the ratio between the number of two-wheeled vehicles and four-wheeled vehicles when on the road becomes unbalanced. Passenger Car Equivalence Value for Motorcycles (MC) = 0.25 , Light Vehicles (HV) = 1.2 and Heavy Vehicles (LV) = 1.0. The influence of the Equivalence value of a motorcycle Passenger Car (emp) on the Degree of Saturation (DS) value, the smaller the Equivalence of a Passenger Car (emp), the smaller the Degree of Saturation (DS). The maximum degree of saturation (DS) occurs in the proportion of motorcycles 0.83%. And the influence of the proportion of motorcycles on Jalan Jendral Sudirman, Pasir Turtle District on Monday was 63.91%. while on Sunday the proportion of motorbikes was 65.37%.

Factors associated with ocular injuries among adult road traffic accident patients presenting at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda.

Ocular trauma is the leading cause of unilateral blindness globally. Road traffic accidents are among the top risk factors for ocular trauma. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with ocular injuries among adult road traffic accident patients at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult road traffic accident patients. History taking and ophthalmological examination were performed on consenting participants. Data was analysed using STATA version 14.0. Overall, 428 road traffic accident cases were enrolled, of which majority (84.3%) were male. Age 30-39years (aOR = 0.58, 0.36 - 0.94, p = 0.027), being male (aOR = 2.64, 1.21 - 5.13, p = 0.004) and being a passenger of motor vehicle/cycle (aOR = 3.85, 1.49 - 9.93, p = 0.005) were the factors associated with ocular injuries among the participants. Age 30-39 years, male gender and being a passenger of motor vehicle/cycle were the factors associated with ocular injuries among the adult road traffic accident patients. Ocular injuries were more common among the road users who did not use safety measures. Use of safety measure by passengers of motor vehicles and cycles is recommended.

Strategic Plan Implementation Factors and Health Conditions Promotion in Rwanda: A Case of Karongi DDP in Bwishyura Sector

The general objective of this research was to investigate the effect of strategic plan implementation on the living conditions Bwishyura Sector, Karongi District. The specific objectives was to determine effect of strategic leadership on health conditions of Bwishyura population, to establish effect of organizational structure on health conditions of Bwishyura population, and to determine effect of human resources on health conditions of Bwishyura population. The study was target 33,065 population of Bwishyura sector in which a sample size of 396 respondents determined using Slovin’s formula selected using probability and non-probability sampling methods. In this regards, in probability sampling methods, the study employed simple random sampling technique to choose project beneficiaries; and procurement officers using purposive sampling technique. The research instrument to collect data was questionnaire and interview. Using statistical product and service solution used to generate descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis) for statistical data. The Pearson correlation obtained was estimated to 0.571 indicating a positive index and a positive correlation linking the two variables. The “sig.value” indicating that the value is less than 0.05 (Note that the SPSS output always indicate a value less than 0.005 as 0.000). The p value was 0.000 (2-tailed). All of these assumption of the respondents from the population of Bwishyura sector in Karongi district were helped the research to conclude that the strategic plan implemented were contributed positively to the health condition of the population of Bwishyura sector. Therefore, we recommend other further studies to be done and concentrate on two areas: Future studies should work on the contribution of local government in improving global economy and also to find out how the influence of population increase and poor technology contribute to the delay in services and customer management in other sectors in Karongi district. Keywords: Knowledge, practice, first aid delivery, commercial motor cycle riders

Characterizing emission factors and oxidative potential of motorcycle emissions in a real-world tunnel environment

Transportation emissions significantly affect human health, air quality, and climate in urban areas. This study conducted experiments in an urban tunnel in Taipei, Taiwan, to characterize vehicle emissions under real driving conditions, providing emission factors of PM2.5, eBC, CO, and CO2. By applying multiple linear regression, it derives individual emission factors for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), light-duty vehicles (LDVs), and motorcycles (MCs). Additionally, the oxidative potential using dithiothreitol assay (OPDTT) was established to understand PM2.5 toxicity. Results showed HDVs dominated PM2.5 and eBC concentrations, while LDVs and MCs influenced CO and CO2 levels. The CO emission factor for transportation inside the tunnel was found to be higher than those in previous studies, likely owing to the increased fraction of MCs, which generally emit higher CO levels. Among the three vehicle types, HDVs exhibited the highest PM2.5 and eBC emission factors, while CO and CO2 levels were relatively higher for LDVs and MCs. The OPDTTm demonstrated that fresh traffic emissions were less toxic than aged aerosols, but higher OPDTTv indicated the impact on human health cannot be ignored. This study updates emission factors for various vehicle types, aiding in accurate assessment of transportation emissions' effects on air quality and human health, and providing a guideline for formulating mitigation strategies.

Analysis of atmospheric emissions associated with on-road and inland waterway transport in Vietnam: Past, current and future control scenarios

On-road traffic usually receives higher priority for emissions control than other transport modes. To justify the emission control priority, our study provides comprehensive analysis of annual emissions from on-road traffic and inland waterway transport in Vietnam during 2010–2019. On-road transport emissions, both running and start-up, were quantified with bottom-up approach using provincial activity data and relevant emission factors which were scrutinized to reflect actual fleet technologies in each province. Inland waterway transport emissions, estimated for the first time for the country, were calculated using fuel consumption and registered vessel data. Total emissions progressively increased during the decade. On-road transport contributed predominantly, sharing from 85% for SO2 to 99.9% for CH4 in 2019. Before enforcement of lower fuel S content being effective in 2016, inland waterway contributed more to SO2 emissions (>59%). Engine start-up emissions of the on-road traffic, which have not been previously quantified, contributed significantly, e.g., up to 53% of the total evaporative VOC of the total on-road emissions in 2019. The large motorcycle (MC) fleet shared most of gaseous emissions, while diesel fleet contributed significantly to emissions of PM, carbonaceous aerosol, NOx, and SO2. Nearly half of total 20-yr GWP from the two transport modes in 2019 was from black carbon. EuroIV scenario reduces emissions by 2–72% while that of MC-50 (cut-down 50% of MC activities) reduces by 0.2–7%. The emission inventory results provide science-based information to prioritize control efforts and are useful for air quality modeling to quantify impacts of different interventions on ambient air quality.

Helmet and Number Plate Detection and Recognition

Today, motor cycles are the most popular means of transportation. Cyclists and Passengers using helmets. This paper uses image processing techniques that motor cycles use to ride without helmets. Recognized. This project recognizes moving vehicles based on input as images or videos, Categorize motor cyclists and non-motor cyclists based on background removal and image size Recognized. If the vehicle detects that the motor cyclistis not wearing a helmet, the vehicle details the person. Vehicles and license plates are captured in the form of images. Algorithms are designed to recognized ig its A motor cyclist's signature from an image or video captured by a camera. License plate recognition has an algorithm Various steps such as vehicle classification, pre processing, ROI (Region of Interest) selection, and detection Sign the license plate using an image processing algorithm and store the image in a database. Evidence with the date and time recorded. A database is created with the evidences to redin relation to the crime Accurately identify each criminal ,arrest the suspect's vehicle and use it to fine them The system uses pure machine learning to identify different helmet types encountered minimal cost. Key Word: motorcyclists without helmet, number plate recognition, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, image processing.