Neurodegenerative disorders, such as deficits in cognition and motor coordination, are associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). It is believed that Corticosterone (CORT) has a role in behavioral functions. Exercise is beneficial on neurobehavioral impairment in DM; however, the debate about the value of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) has been long-lasting. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of HIIT and MICT on cognitive performance, motor coordination, and serum CORT level using streptozotocin (STZ)–induced diabetes mice. We used STZ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) for five consecutive days to induce diabetes, followed by treatment with MICT and HIIT for 8 weeks. STZ-induced chronic diabetes significantly induced cognitive deficiency and motor coordination impairment in mice (p < 0.001). In addition, chronic diabetes significantly up-regulated CORT compared to controlled mice (p < 0.001). Chronic treatment with MICT and HIIT significantly reversed the diabetes-mediated motor coordination impairment and cognitive deficiency (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001 vs. STZ, respectively) by the adjustment of serum CORT level in diabetes mice (p = 0.037 and p = 0.001 vs. STZ, respectively). Also, it was found that HIIT significantly improved motor coordination compared to MICT (p = 0.043). There was also a significant negative correlation between serum CORT level and inhibitory avoidance (p = 0.012( and rotarod (p = 0.037) tests. Diabetes-mediated neurobehavioral impairment and the up-regulation of CORT substantially attenuated following MICT and HIIT treatment. However, HIIT might be more effective in diabetes-induced neurobehavioral impairment.