Motor Car Research Articles

Вплив світових тенденцій екологізації на відновлення та розвиток автомобільної індустрії в Україні.

In the article the process of ecologization motor car industry in the world is considered. It is defined, that extrass of exhaust-gass of cars are principal reason of exceeding maximum of possible concentrations of toxic substances and carcinogens in the atmosphere of large cities, formation of smogs that are frequent reason of poisoning. Ecological standards that operate in the countries of EU for adjusting of content of harmful substances in exhaust gass are analysed. Motor car industry is an eventual step of productive pyramid and determines the level of technological development of country. Therefore the construction of the developed motor car industry requires the self-weighted public policy. It is well-proven that it is expedient to change the existent format of motor car industry Ukraine and take a referencepoint on development of electric vehicles, stimulating not only a market but also input of own production. It will help in the nearest prospect to result in the speed-up bringing in of frontrank technologies and increase of economy.

Some Aspects of the Structure of Planar Mechanisms

The machine is a technical system made up of distinct kinematic component parts (called kinematic elements) which, following the imprinting of movements imposed on an element or elements (considered as leading elements), cause movements to all other kinematic elements in order to execute a useful mechanical thing, or transforming some form of energy into mechanical energy. It follows from the previous definition, three essential characteristics of the machine: the machine is a technical system; its kinematic elements have determined (desmodromic) movements; either to perform either a useful mechanical thing, calling it a lucrative machine, or transforming some form of energy into mechanical energy, bearing the name of a motor car. The lucrative machines are cars, locomotives, motor wagons, presses, machine tools, pumps, compressors, agricultural machines, lifting and transporting machines, etc. The motor vehicles are external combustion (Stirling, Watt) or internal combustion engines (Lenoir, Otto, Diesel, Wankel, star), turbines, hydraulic motors, reaction engines, pneumatic motors, electromagnetic), ionic engines, energy beam or LASER motors, etc. The most used mechanisms in machine building were and still maintain those that operate in a plane or in parallel planes. For this reason, new analytical methods have been developed and developed to determine all the essential aspects of these mechanisms in order to improve the design of machine components. For this reason, it is necessary to present a general presentation of the mechanism of the design of the mechanisms, the present paper dealing only with the first aspect, namely the structure of the planar mechanisms. The most common mechanisms are planar, with bars, toothed, with cams, with a mortar cross, with chains, with belts, with tracks, with bolts, with liquids (hydraulic or sonic), with air (pneumatic). However, spacecraft with universal cardan shaft (universal joint) and cardanic transmission, with hyperboloidal gears (with cross axles), with pivots (spherical couplings), especially steering and suspension mechanisms, tripod mechanisms, mechanisms with space cams, screw and nut mechanisms, robots, serial and parallel systems, steppers, etc. The mechanism, as we have already shown, is composed of kinematic elements connected by kinematic joints (or couplings).

Pattern and Outcomes of Head Injuries in Egypt: A Study of the Egyptian Revolution

Like many other traumas, head injuries is a growing health problem and is attributed to deaths among the young and productive population. The intention of this study was to compare the difference in the pattern and outcome of head injuries between year 2010 versus 2011. A retrospective comparative study carried out based upon data collected from medical records of patient with head injuries admitted to emergency room, El-Demerdash, Ain Shams University Hospitals starting from January 2010 to December 2011. Socio-demographic, full history, clinical examination and criteria of severity were collected from the sheets for the study. During the study period, the total number of head injured cases received by EL-Demerdash hospital was 1020; 407 in 2010 and 613 in 2011. Due to in-completed sheets 206 of the head injured patients were discarded from the study, 72 in 2010 and 134 in 2011, out of the 134 cases 69 were head gunshots. So the actual numbers of cases subjected to this study were 335 cases in 2010 and 479 in 2011. The male percentage was higher than female in both years. In 2011, the mean age was 24.63 ± 19.19. In 2010, Post-concussion state was in 82.4% of patients, while poly-trauma were present in only 17.6% and no cases of head gunshot were present. In 2011, poly-trauma were 53.03%, while post-concussion were present in 34.86% and head gunshots in 12.11% of cases. In 2010, fall 37.6% followed by motor car accidents (28.4%).

도시철도 선형조건을 고려한 유지관리용 특수차량의 성능에 관한 연구

In the design of urban railway lines, several factors are considered to determine the optimal route. In addition, it is also considered whether the existing trains can be operated in the case of line extended. However, the review does not include consideration of the performance of special vehicles (motor car, locomotive train, and tunnel cleaning car) for railway maintenance. It is stated that the gradient of railroad can be constructed up to 35 ‰ in urban railway construction rule of the Ministry of Land Transportation. However, there is no regulation on the length of gradient railroad. Therefore, in order to determine whether the special vehicle can be operated when in long distance and big gradient line condition, the field test is conducted on the actual urban railway line to examine whether the special vehicle

STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF EARTHWORMS IN BIOREMEDIATION OF MOTOR OIL

This study focuses on the bioremediation of soil contaminated with motor oil. Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine the ability of macro-organism's (i.e., earthworms) survival in soil contaminated with motor oil, and the role of macro-organisms in the contaminated soil (i.e., exposure to high toxicity in the soil). The soil was contaminated with two types of car motor oil, one with used motor oil from cars and the second was the pure car motor oil (i.e. was not used prior) in different concentrations [0% (i.e. control), 1 %, 3 %, 5 % and 10 % by weight contamination]. The soil parameters such as soil moisture %, carbon %, nitrogen %, pH, E h , organic matter (OM) % and C/N ratio, were measured before and after contamination. Water content was maintained during incubation by making additions as determined from reweighed containers. Four worms ( Lumbricus terrestris) were inoculated in each jar of the experiments. The length of the experiments was 30 days. The data of earthworms’ survivability were measured each day. Motor oil content between 1-5 % was not harmful to the survival of earthworms for 30 days but oil concentration of 10 %, increased mortality rate by 75 % in pure motor oil and 45 % in used motor oil. Further, there was a significant difference in survivability of earthworms in used and pure motor oil. Used motor oil can support the survivability of earthworms better than pure (i.e. unused motor oil) motor oil. The properties of the soil at the end of the experiment showed an average reduction of 5 % carbon content, which indicated that the earthworms could consume the organic carbon with the support of micro-organisms in their digestive system. It was concluded that macro-organisms could be used for soil cleanup and restoration but that, Soil contamination of motor oil above 5 % might not allow for a similar process.

Impact of electric vehicles and synthetic gaseous fuels on final energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Germany based on long-term vehicle fleet modelling

Abstract Based on a prospective scenario analysis, possible vehicle fleet developments for the individual motor car traffic (vehicle categories N1 and M1) are investigated for Germany in order to determine the long-term vehicle fleet structure, final energy demand, and related carbon dioxide emissions until the year 2050. In this framework, a vehicle fleet model was developed which combines a bottom-up consumer demand model with a dynamic stock-flow approach. Special emphasis is thereby given to different electric power-trains and synthetic gaseous fuels based on the power-to-gas technology. In detail, two different main scenarios are developed and, in addition, the impact of different carbon dioxide taxation levels of fossil fuels on the vehicle fleet structure are analysed. The scenario results reveal a broad range of possible future vehicle fleet structures. In the short to medium timeframe, the internal combustion engine dominates the fleet as a result of efficiency improvements and an increased use of natural gas as automotive fuel. The development of electric power-trains is initially marked by hybrid vehicles, whereas battery electric vehicles dominate the fleet structure in the long-term. Under favourable conditions, also synthetic gaseous fuels are competitive which can reduce carbon dioxide emissions even further.

Percutaneous screw fixation of isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity of the humerus

Background: The unacceptable treatment outcome of the isolated greater tuberosity fracture of the humerus mainly due to missed diagnosis, ignorance, or when be trivialized. Patients and Methods: Twelve patients with isolated, displaced fracture of the greater tuberosity of the humerus were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation using one or two screws. The indication for surgery was 3 - 5 mm of displacement in any plane in a mean fragment without comminution. The cause of injury was sports in three patients, motor car accidents in five patients, and hyper abduction-external rotation of the shoulder during a fall in four patients. Results: Radiographic union of the tuberosity was seen in all fractures. There was no heterotopic bone formation in any patient. Functional results were excellent in 8 patients (Constant score: 90.5%), good in 2 patients (Constant score: 81.5%) and satisfactory in 2 patients (Constant score: 70 %). All patients were satisfied with the outcome and the overall mean Constant score was 85.5%. Conclusion: Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation of large displaced fragment greater tuberosity fracture of the proximal humerus is a good technique providing stable fixation and less or no soft tissue complications as infection, muscle weakness, and adhesions. The technique should be done by experienced surgeon with intra-operative fluoroscopy. The screw is better used with washer for not to damage the fragment during compression.

차량과 승강장 간격의 자동조절이 가능한 안전발판에 대한 연구

차량과 승강장 간격의 자동조절이 가능한 안전발판에 대한 연구

Verkehrs-, umwelt- und raumbezogene Aspekte der Elektromobilität aus der Sicht des Nutzerverhaltens

For the individual acceptance and social dissemination of technological innovations like e‑Mobility in an appropriate manner the decision behaviour of potential users should be taken into account. In consideration of this the paper provides an overview of relevant determinants of individual willingness to substitute between conventional propulsion technologies and electrical drive engineering in the field of individual motor car traffic in terms of subjective opportunity costs and other important behaviouristic effects. Based on these insights some significant implications of e‑Mobility regarding future trends in traffic, important environmental effects as well as the spread of e‑Mobility in urban and rural areas will be derived.

Experimental analysis of the mechanism of high-order polygonal wear of wheels of a high-speed train

This paper presents a detailed investigation, via field experiment, into the mechanism of high-order polygonal wear of wheels of a new type of high-speed train. The investigation was carried out during the performance acceptance test of the train and its initial commercial operation. The investigation covered the performance acceptance test of 150 000 km and the commercial operation of about 150 000 km. In the performance acceptance test of the first stage of about 70 000 km, at 200–250 km/h with full loading and sometimes overloading by 30%, the serious polygonal wear of 23-order took place on all the wheels of the train, and was measured and analyzed in detail. All the polygonized wheels were re-profiled because the polygonal wear had caused strong vibration and damage to the train parts. After re-profiling, the vibration of the train and track and the wear status of the wheels were measured and analyzed at different test mileages according to the polygonal wear situation of the wheels. The measured vibration of the train includes the accelerations at different positions of a motor car and a trail car. The vibration modes of the key parts of the bogies of the two cars were calculated. Meanwhile, the track resonant frequencies were investigated at the site. The purpose of the above tests and analysis is try to find the frequency of work mode matching the passing frequency of the high-order wheel polygon. The present investigation shows that one of the working models causes the formation and development of the high-order wheel polygonal wear. The growth of this wear was effectively reduced through the frequent changing of the running speed of the train operating on the way back and forth every day.

Size and Weight Reduction of an In-Wheel Axial-Gap Motor Using Ferrite Permanent Magnets for Electric Commuter Cars

In-wheel type permanent-magnet synchronous motors for electric commuter cars are required to be compact and light to use limited wheel space effectively and reduce unspringing weight. Therefore, our previous papers presented a low-cost in-wheel axial-gap motor that uses ferrite permanent magnets. This motor adopted an open slot structure to reduce production costs. However, to achieve further size and weight reduction, we examine here in detail the adoption of a semiclosed slot structure instead of an open slot structure. Experimental results show that the semiclosed slot structure is effective in realizing size and weight reduction.

DETERMINASI MOTIVASI BERPRESTASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA BENGKEL AUTOTAMA MOBIL MOTOR DI KARANGASEM

This study will examine the determination of achievement motivation onemployee performance Autotama Car Motor Karangasem. Statistical analysis wasused to test the hypothesis with a simple linear regression. The stages of the analysisconducted in this study is a description of the data. Qualification data descriptionachievement motivation and performance of employees, also using univariantanalysis. This analysis is based on the average score of the ideal (Mi) and the idealstandard deviation (SDI). As well as this analysis also includes testing requirementsanalysis and hypothesis testing. The analysis showed that there was a significantcorrelation between the Achievement Motivation Employee Performance throughthe equation of the line y = -36.800 + 0.632 X with Freg = 43.015 (p <0.05). In thepresent study found a significant correlation between the Achievement MotivationEmployee Performance at 0.691 with p <0.05. These findings indicate thatachievement motivation has an important role in improving employee performance.Normatively found that achievement motivation is very good in the category meansan employee has shown excellent achievement motivation in carrying out his job.From the correlation analysis it is evident that significant determination between theAchievement Motivation Employee Performance. It needs to be maintained to keepemployees comfortable and satisfied in performing everyday tasks so that corporateobjectives will be achieved.

Algorithms for Determining the Parameters of Static Converters

Qualitative needs, ever higher, automatic control systems, correlated with the development of power electronics, microprocessors, programming techniques, development of unconventional energy production, resulting in bringing to the fore the three-phase power converters. Using asynchronous motor, the simplest and robust electric car, often can not meet the quality conditions of the machine working. AC machines can not achieve a wide range of speeds and a hub can not cover 250-300% overload.Widespread use in electric drive systems that we obtained semiconductor electronic control methods with techniques for high efficiency and precision control very good. Static converters have become easy to use and virtually through them obtain any desired mechanical characteristic for any type of electric machine.

DETERMINASI MOTIVASI BERPRESTASI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA AUTOTAMA MOBIL MOTOR DI KARANGASEM

<p>Achievement motivation is an encouragement in a person to do a particular task or activity or task as well as possible in order to achieve a commendable achievement with honors. Seeing these indications, the performance of employees in the Motor Car Autotama Karangasem is influenced by several variables. One of them is the achievement motivation, but how much the relationship or the determination of achievement motivation on employee performance Autotama Motor Cars is not certain. Therefore, this study will examine the determination of achievement motivation on employee performance Autotama Car Motor Karangasem Data achievement motivation and performance of employees that have been collected tabulated the mean, median, mode, the range, scale and standard deviation of data concerning achievement motivation and performance of employees. Statistical analysis was used to test the hypothesis with a simple linear regression. The stages of the analysis conducted in this study is a description of the data. Qualification data description achievement motivation and performance of employees, also using univariant analysis. This analysis is based on the average score of the ideal (Mi) and the ideal standard deviation (SDi). As well as this analysis also includes testing requirements analysis and hypothesis testing. The analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the Achievement Motivation Employee Performance through the equation of the line y = -36.800 + 0.632 X with Freg = 43.015 (p <0.05). In the present study found a significant correlation between the achievement motivation employee performance at 0.691 with p <0.05. This means that the better the achievement motivation of employees, the better the performance of the employee. Achievement motivation variables could explain the higher performance of employees amounted to 47.8%. These findings indicate that achievement motivation has an important role in improving employee performance. Normatively found that achievement motivation as very good in the category means an employee has shown excellent achievement motivation in carrying out his job. From the correlation analysis it is evident that significant determination between the achievement motivation employee performance. It needs to be maintained to keep employees comfortable and satisfied in performing everyday tasks so that corporate objectives will be achieved.<br />Key Words: achievement motivation, employee performance, Autotama Motor Cars, corporate objective</p>

Product-Line Strategy at Porsche: The Effect of New Models on the Porsche Brand and the 911

The Porsche 911 has long been the face of the company's product line. Over the years, Porsche has added models priced either above or below the 911, but only the lower-priced models have sold well. Porsche seems to struggle between what an executive calls the pull of the market and the tug of brand equity. This case provides an opportunity for students to analyze the optimal breadth of a product line that will balance sales, profitability, dealer satisfaction, and long-term brand health and customer satisfaction. Excerpt UVA-M-0695 Rev. Jun. 30, 2011 Product-Line Strategy at Porsche: THE EFFECT OF NEW MODELS ON THE PORSCHE BRAND AND THE 911 The 911 is the most universally recognized car on the planet. From the very first bathtub 356 to the modern 911, the formula for a successful Porsche has never deviated. Put the engine in the rear, outrageous fender flares at each wheel (but especially in the rear), and make sure, damn sure, that the styling is predicated on styling cues established 40 years ago. Along the way, Porsche has tried to deviate from this simple formula—the 914, the 928 and, of course, the 944, none of which have been successful, despite the fact that all (and I include the 914 in that category because the 914/6 version was a great car) were exemplary motor cars that outshone their contemporaries. . . .

An Assessment of Public Transport Facility in Johor Bahru: a case study in Taman Ungku Tun Aminah Area, Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah, Malaysia

Provision of public transport infrastructure is important to increase the ridership and at the same time decrease the use of private transport. Like the other Malaysian cities, Johor Bahru is mostly dependent on private vehicles such as motor cars and motor cycles. The ridership on public transport especially public bus is getting lower over the years. In this situation the sustainability in transportation and land use cannot be ensured. This paper aims to assess the public transport facility in Taman Ungku Tun Aminah in Johor Bahru which is very old and traditional residential area with some major extent of commercial and educational land uses. The actual scenario of public transport service and underlying problems that impeded the residents to use public bus service is observed in this paper. The possible options for the improvement of the bus service and turning it into an effective short and medium length inter town travel media are also discussed as well. Both the primary and secondary information are collected for the purpose of study. Various descriptive statistical data analysis are done in order to get the expected outcome from the collected data. According to this study only 26.7% of the respondents use public bus for their daily travel. The opinion of the respondents is taken for the underlying causes of their reluctance on using public bus service and also the effective measures for the enhancement of this service to the users like them. Finally some recommendations and strategic actions and policy frameworks are also suggested in this paper.

The Czechoslovak automotive industry and the launch of a new model: The Škoda factory in Mladá Boleslav, in the 1970s and 1980s

From 1945 to 1989, the Automobilové závody, n.p. (Automotive Plant, a national enterprise), in Mladá Boleslav, manufactured one of the best-known brands of motor car in the Eastern Bloc, the Škoda. This article focuses on the process of planning and manufacturing a change in models in the Czechoslovak automotive industry between 1968 and 1990. It is widely known how the launch of a new model of car represents a key step for every car manufacturer in most parts of the globe. In Czechoslovakia under Communist rule, however, passing from one model to another entailed grotesque, almost insuperable, difficulties, and it can therefore be seen as a textbook example of the complications of the innovation process in a centrally planned economy. The article draws not only on documentation available in company archives but also on the records of the Czechoslovak secret police, the State Security services.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР РАЗВИТИЯ КОНСТРУКЦИИ КОРОБОК ПЕРЕМЕНЫ ПЕРЕДАЧ ЛЕГКОВЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ

The paper reports the review in the development of motor car gearbox design. The main task consists in the detection of the reasons for changes in gearbox design for the definition of the field for gearbox substantiated application in motor car design.
 In the main part the advantages and shortcomings of manual, automated, infinitely variable and automatic gearboxes are under consideration. There are shown and analyzed functional diagrams of gearbox designs considered.
 In the conclusion it is pointed out that the most promising design of a gearbox is a robot gearbox with two clutches allowing the assurance of the absence of power flow break; the smoothness of gear shifts and smoothness of motion; comfort of control; high fuel efficiency; high tractiondynamic characteristics.

Estimation of dynamic performances of the safe operation of high-speed electric train

The process of implementation of new developments, in particular, new generation rolling stock holds a prominent place among the range of measures for organization of high-speed passenger rail transportation in Ukraine. The example of permission for use and the initial phase of work with interregional NRCS2 dual-mode electric trains produced by Hyundai-Rotem Corporation is the illustrative one in this context. Due to the detection of macro-cracks in bolster beams of the car body frames of these electric trains, namely in the areas of mounting of anti-yaw dampers, these trains were taken out of service until the completion of the modernization of problematic nodes. The comprehensive study on the determination of the safety parameters of electric trains was conducted to determine the causes of destruction of bolster beams. At the same time, bolster beams loading was estimated depending on the characteristics of anti-yaw dampers by means of computer simulation of the dynamics of motion of trailing and motor cars. The feasibility of selection of parameters for anti-yaw dampers mounted on electric train cars was assessed. The results of work will improve the safe operation of high-speed trains and increase the efficiency of estimates regarding the loading of bearing structures of underframes of the of rolling stock.

Optimization of Nanocomposite Materials for Permanent Magnets: Micromagnetic Simulations of the Effects of Intergrain Exchange and the Shapes of Hard Grains

Making the strongest magnets from the cheapest, most readily available materials is of keen interest in producing electric motors for cars, for example. In this study, advanced simulations illustrate the potential for $a$ $p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i$ optimization of nanocomposite materials for permanent magnets. In particular, these simulations reveal that---in contrast to common belief---either perfect exchange coupling between magnetically soft and hard phases, or an elongated shape for hard grains, can seriously $r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}d\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e$ the performance of the resulting magnets.