Motor Ambulation Research Articles

Sensory Motor Function Disturbances in Mice Prenatally Exposed to Low Dose of Ethanol: A Neurobehavioral Study in Postnatal and Adult Stages

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) refers to fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy through placental barrier transfer from maternal blood. The postnatal outcomes of PAE differ among exposed individuals and range from overt (serious) alcohol-related behavioral and neurophysiological impairments to covert (silenced) symptoms. The aims of the present investigation were to assess the postnatal neurobehavioral disturbances, particularly, motor coordination and sensory-motor function in mice with PAE. Female mice with positive vaginal plugs were divided into three groups: group 1: Et + Pyr: received two i.p injections of ethanol (1 g/kg) followed by pyrazole (100 mg/kg). Group 2: Pyr: received an i.p injection of pyrazole (100 mg/kg). Group 3: C: of saline controls received, in equal volume, saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). After birth, mice pups were weighed and subjected to behavioral tests for motor function screening using the motor ambulation test, cliff aversion, surface righting, and negative geotaxis, while at the adult stage, mice were subjected to the open field, rotarod, parallel bars, and static rods tests. Our data show an obvious decrement of body weight from the first post-natal day (P1) and continues over the adult stage. This was accompanied by an obvious impaired sensory-motor function which was maintained even at the adult stage with alteration of the locomotor and coordination abilities. The current data demonstrate the powerful neurotoxic effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on the sensory-motor and coordination functions, leading to suppose possible structural and/or functional neuronal disturbances, particularly the locomotor network.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Motor Ambulances in Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services Compared to Ambulances in Tehran City, Iran

Background: Pre-hospital emergency medical services are one of the vital parts of the health system, which was created to timely diagnose and treat patients injured in life-threatening conditions. The use of motorcycles has increased in recent years to reach the golden time standard and overcome traffic in some countries, especially Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a motor ambulance compared to an ambulance in Tehran City, Iran. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical type. The time to reach the patient’s bedside, death at the scene, and physiological parameters of the patient at the time of delivery to the hospital were studied as effectiveness indicators in this model. Since the primary data on the effectiveness of these two interventions is mortality, according to previous studies, the mortality data should be converted into the form of prevented mortality and enter the analysis phase. In this study, since the mortality index is expressed as a percentage, the difference in the mortality index from 100 was estimated as the prevented mortality index and entered into the analysis. Results: The results showed that the chance of death in the motor ambulance group with an ambulance in severe level patients is 44.8% and 66.9% in the ambulance group. In the motorcycle and ambulance group, the probability of death for patients with mild and moderate injuries was estimated at 0.02% in ambulance missions and 0.7% in motorcycle and ambulance missions (P=0.05). Conclusion: According to the desired outcome (reduction of death), the use of motor ambulance with ambulance was effective in severe group patients. Of course, this outcome alone cannot be an accurate basis for judgment, and outcomes such as survival, disability-adjusted life years, and quality-adjusted life years seem necessary for a more accurate evaluation.

Insulin-like growth factor-2 does not improve behavioral deficits in mouse and rat models of Angelman Syndrome

BackgroundAngelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder for which there is currently no cure or effective therapeutic. Since the genetic cause of AS is known to be dysfunctional expression of the maternal allele of ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A), several genetic animal models of AS have been developed. Both the Ube3a maternal deletion mouse and rat models of AS reliably demonstrate behavioral phenotypes of relevance to AS and therefore offer suitable in vivo systems in which to test potential therapeutics. One promising candidate treatment is insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), which has recently been shown to ameliorate behavioral deficits in the mouse model of AS and improve cognitive abilities across model systems.MethodsWe used both the Ube3a maternal deletion mouse and rat models of AS to evaluate the ability of IGF-2 to improve electrophysiological and behavioral outcomes.ResultsAcute systemic administration of IGF-2 had an effect on electrophysiological activity in the brain and on a metric of motor ability; however the effects were not enduring or extensive. Additional metrics of motor behavior, learning, ambulation, and coordination were unaffected and IGF-2 did not improve social communication, seizure threshold, or cognition.LimitationsThe generalizability of these results to humans is difficult to predict and it remains possible that dosing schemes (i.e., chronic or subchronic dosing), routes, and/or post-treatment intervals other than that used herein may show more efficacy.ConclusionsDespite a few observed effects of IGF-2, our results taken together indicate that IGF-2 treatment does not profoundly improve behavioral deficits in mouse or rat models of AS. These findings shed cautionary light on the potential utility of acute systemic IGF-2 administration in the treatment of AS.

Comparison of motor proficiency and functional ambulation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy with healthy peers

Aims The study was aimed to investigate the difference between boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and healthy peers in terms of gross and fine motor proficiency, and determine the relationship between motor proficiency and ambulation. Methods A total of 24 boys with DMD and 22 healthy peers were evaluated. Demographics and physical characteristics were recorded. The Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form (BOTMP-SF) was administered to evaluate gross and fine motor proficiency in both groups. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed to evaluate functional walking capacity and North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) was used to determine ambulatory status of boys with DMD. Results The gross motor proficiency score was significantly lower in boys with DMD (p = 0.001). No difference was found between the groups in terms of fine motor proficiency (p = 0.962). The gross motor function of BOTMP-SF was significantly related to 6MWT distance (r = 0.696, p = 0.001) and NSAA (r = 0.738, p = 0.001). No relationship was found between BOTMP-SF fine motor proficiency and 6MWT distance (r = 0.210, p = 0.361), and NSAA (r = –0.020, p = 0.928). There were significant correlations between running speed and agility with 6MWT distance (r = 0.585, p = 0.005) and NSAA (r = 0.650, p = 0.056). Conclusions Boys with DMD were more affected in aspects of gross motor proficiency than healthy peers, while fine motor proficiency were found same. The gross motor proficiency was found more related to the level of ambulation.

Innovation in the use of motor ambulance for prehospital emergency care.

BACKGROUND:Prehospital emergency care system is one of the important parts of the health system. Heavy traffic, increasing urban population, and growing demands for prehospital emergency services are challenges faced by this section of the health system. One of the approaches to deal with this issue is using motor ambulances.AIMS:This study aims to investigate the missions of motor ambulances, ambulances, and the effects of motor ambulance services on response time and ambulance missions.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This applied research has been designed as a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Overall, 267,836 missions carried out by ambulances and motor ambulances of Tehran emergency medical service (EMS) Center in the years 2014 and 2015 were investigated. The data were gathered personally by visiting Tehran EMS Center. The data were analyzed by Excel (2013) software.RESULTS:The average response time for ambulances and motor ambulances were 16 min and 14 min and 13 s, respectively. Most of the ambulance and motor ambulance missions were reportedly due to weakness (20%) and heart problems (16%). In 57% of ambulance missions and 71.5% of motor ambulance missions, the patients refused to being transferred to the hospital. Most of the transport missions to hospital (24%) were caused by traffic accidents.CONCLUSIONS:According to the results, the response time was higher than the national standards. Locating motor ambulances on the streets and outside emergency stations during peak traffic times decreased the response time by 2 min and by providing the necessary services in the scene and transferring fewer patients to the hospital, it is possible to provide further services by assigning ambulances to more urgent missions. Thus, it is recommended to employ more seasoned staff, multiply motor ambulances, and locate motor ambulances precisely to decrease response time and also at a lower cost more citizens are provided with prehospital care.

Using community-driven solutions to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in rural northern Ghana: the PREMAND Project

Abstract Background Community interventions are often created by researchers, non-profit organisations, or other community outsiders and launched in communities with minimal input from the community members themselves. In addition, these are often blanket interventions, or generic programming offered across varied communities that do not take into account the unique needs of each community. The PREventing Maternal And Neonatal Death (PREMAND) project in rural northern Ghana hypothesised that the root causes of maternal and neonatal deaths and near-misses would vary based on each community's unique geographic, social, and cultural factors, and that interventions to address these issues should be driven by the community members and tailored to their specific needs. Methods PREMAND is a three-phase project beginning with sociocultural audits of near-misses and verbal and social autopsies of deaths of mothers and babies in four districts in Ghana. Semi-structured qualitative interviews about each event are also conducted and transcribed. Data are then mapped to demonstrate where clusters of events are located and to determine which five communities are experiencing the highest numbers of deaths and near-deaths. Lastly, data and maps generated by PREMAND are presented to community leaders and elders through large community meetings. Communities are provided with small seed grants (US$2000) to generate their own solutions based on the data presented and their own experiences as experts on their own communities. Findings The community intervention stage is still underway, but preliminary results indicate that all five identified communities have planned unique interventions, and two of the communities have completed their interventions. One community plumbed water to a local health facility where deliveries occur, and another purchased and retrofitted a motor ambulance for emergency transport. All of the communities have committed to putting forth their own funds so that they can undertake bigger projects than seed money will allow. Interpretation Preliminary results from the community intervention phase demonstrate that, when provided with basic information about the problem and a small amount of resources to develop their own solutions, community members are motivated to enact change, develop unique solutions specific to their own needs, and even contribute their own time and funds to improve their communities. Funding USAID Ghana.

Cell Transplantation: A Novel Therapeutic Modality for Cerebral Palsy with Co-Morbid Intellectual Disability

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive disorder. The global incidence of neonatal CP is 1-5 per 1000 live births where 45% of children with CP have a comorbid intellectual disability (ID). This affects the quality of life and reduces life expectancy of affected individuals. Methods and findings: With an aim to study the efficacy and safety of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) transplantation in CP with ID, we administered a 17-year-old boy with BMMNCs along with neurorehabilitation. On follow up after 6 months, clinical improvements were recorded in speech, fine motor skills, ambulation, oromotor skills, social awareness, cognitive skills, memory and attention. Comparative Positron Emission Tomography- Computer Tomography scan of brain before and six months after cell transplantation revealed improved metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex, left caudate head, thalamus, medial temporal cortex, cerebellum. Intelligent Quotient improved from 21 to 29. Social age according to the Vineland Social Maturity Scale was increased by 1 year. Functional Independence Measure and Gross Motor Functional Measure increased from 22 to 26 and 74.65 to 76 respectively. On Gross Motor Functional Classification System, he improved from IV to III. Conclusion: These changes suggest that BMMNCs transplantation along with neurorehabilitation was effective for this child suffering from CP with ID. Keywords Cerebral palsy; Intellectual disability; Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells; Cell transplantation; Positron emission tomography-computer tomography

Avaliação psicofarmacológica do óleo essencial de Piper amplum

Espécies do gênero Piper são utilizadas na medicina popular e carecem de validação farmacológica. Estudos científicos com a espécie Piper amplum são concentrados principalmente nos efeitos antimicrobianos e pouco se sabe sobre suas ações sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC), apesar da planta ser utilizada de forma etnofarmacológica em processos neurológicos. Portanto, para avaliar os efeitos sobre o SNC, o óleo essencial obtido de Piper amplum (OEPA) (50, 100 150 mg/kg, v.o.) foi administrado em camundongos fêmeas Swiss (25-30 g/ n=8-10 animais e 60 minutos após os mesmos foram submetidos a testes de: depressão (teste do nado forçado, TNF), deambulação motora (campo aberto, TCA e Rotarod), convulsão e hipnose. Grupos controle-positivo (fármacos usados na terapêutica) e negativo (veículo no qual o OEPA foi dissolvido) foram utilizados nas mesmas condições experimentais. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com OEPA não afetou a deambulação e atividade exploratória dos animais no TCA, assim como não afetou o sistema motor no Rotarod. Não foram detectados efeitos anticonvulsivante, hipnótico e ansiolítico do OEPA; entretanto, verificou-se atividade antidepressiva no TNF nas doses testadas. Diante dos efeitos do OEPA sobre o SNC, pode-se considerar o mesmo como alvo potencial para maiores estudos relacionados a atividade antidepressiva

THE PRICE OF FANATICISM: THE CASUALTIES OF THE BULHOEK MASSACRE

The Bulhoek massacre is a well-known event in popular memory of many black South Africans and a standard feature in accounts of South African history. Despite this fact historians have not yet established the exact number of Israelites who were killed as a result of their attack on the Police on 24 May 1921. It is the purpose of this article to establish a reliable number of Israelites who were killed during the Bulhoek massacre. The Union Defence medical personnel that accompanied the Police force to Bulhoek consisted of Major M. Welsh (in charge), Sergeant Major W. Richardson, Sergeant S. Allan, Sergeant Wallace, Private Kriel and Driver Valentine with one motor ambulance and field equipment. En route from Pretoria to Queenstown, the team was joined by Private Sutton from Tempe hospital in Bloemfontein. On their arrival at Queenstown the medical personnel accompanied Colonel Truter to an interview with the senior Magistrate of Queenstown E.C.A. Welsh. The latter stressed the seriousness of the situation and warned that the Police would not be able to carry out the Government's instructions without bloodshed. The medical personnel became convinced that bloodshed was unavoidable. They decided to ascertain the exact number of available accommodation at the Frontier Hospital in Queenstown. They found that only about 25 Europeans and up to 40 Africans could be accommodated. After checking available accommodation at Frontier Hospital, they erected a tent hospital at the show grounds of Queenstown.

Ambulation in Labor and Delivery Mode: A Randomized Controlled Trial of High-dose Versus Mobile Epidural Analgesia

In the comparative obstetric mobile epidural trial (COMET), the rate of instrumental vaginal delivery (IVD) was reduced among nulliparous women with 2 mobile epidural analgesic techniques, combined spinal epidural (CSE) or low-dose infusion (LDI), in comparison with the high-dose epidural technique. There was no loss of efficacy in pain relief with either mobile procedure. It is unclear whether maternal ambulation (women walking or adopting upright postures) during labor is causally related to a reduction in IVD or an increased likelihood of spontaneous vaginal delivery. The few randomized controlled trials have examined the effect of continuous epidural pain relief on maternal mobility in labor and not necessarily on labor outcome. This randomized trial investigated the effect of 2 mobile epidural techniques, CSE and LDI, on maternal motor power and ambulation as a predefined secondary outcome of the COMET trial in nulliparous women during labor. The 1054 study subjects were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. The control group (n = 353) received high-dose epidural analgesia and was compared with the CSE group (n = 351) and the LDI group (n = 350). The mode of delivery (spontaneous vaginal delivery, IVD, or cesarean section) was the predefined study outcome. To determine the level of ambulation achieved by the study subjects after epidural insertion during first and second stages of labor, motor function was assessed hourly using modified Breen's Bromage power scores, until delivery. Compared to the control group, normal leg power was maintained throughout labor in significantly more women in the CSA and LDI groups (P < 0.01 for each hour). A greater proportion of women in the CSA group than in the LDI group maintained normal leg power during labor (P < 0.01 for each hour). However, there was no association between the level of ambulation and the delivery method. These findings do not support the assertion that a greater level of ambulation after epidural insertion during labor has a beneficial effect on the mode of delivery.

Ambulation in Labor and Delivery Mode: A Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Dose Versus Mobile Epidural Analgesia

In the comparative obstetric mobile epidural trial (COMET), the rate of instrumental vaginal delivery (IVD) was reduced among nulliparous women with 2 mobile epidural analgesic techniques, combined spinal epidural (CSE) or low-dose infusion (LDI), in comparison with the high-dose epidural technique. There was no loss of efficacy in pain relief with either mobile procedure. It is unclear whether maternal ambulation (women walking or adopting upright postures) during labor is causally related to a reduction in IVD or an increased likelihood of spontaneous vaginal delivery. The few randomized controlled trials have examined the effect of continuous epidural pain relief on maternal mobility in labor and not necessarily on labor outcome. This randomized trial investigated the effect of 2 mobile epidural techniques, CSE and LDI, on maternal motor power and ambulation as a predefined secondary outcome of the COMET trial in nulliparous women during labor. The 1054 study subjects were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. The control group (n = 353) received high-dose epidural analgesia and was compared with the CSE group (n = 351) and the LDI group (n = 350). The mode of delivery (spontaneous vaginal delivery, IVD, or cesarean section) was the predefined study outcome. To determine the level of ambulation achieved by the study subjects after epidural insertion during first and second stages of labor, motor function was assessed hourly using modified Breen's Bromage power scores, until delivery. Compared to the control group, normal leg power was maintained throughout labor in significantly more women in the CSA and LDI groups (P < 0.01 for each hour). A greater proportion of women in the CSA group than in the LDI group maintained normal leg power during labor (P < 0.01 for each hour). However, there was no association between the level of ambulation and the delivery method. These findings do not support the assertion that a greater level of ambulation after epidural insertion during labor has a beneficial effect on the mode of delivery.

Newborn Presentation of Connective Tissue Disorders

Connective tissue disorders are a relatively common group of disorders that should be considered in any baby who has hypermobility or related multisystem involvement. Early diagnosis can decrease morbidity and improve many features of connective tissue disorders, including gross motor development, ambulation, and vision and hearing outcomes. Early echocardiography can identify congenital defects that need to be addressed surgically, treated prophylactically, or followed over time. Timely orthopedic management can address serious issues such as scoliosis, hip dysplasia, or fractures that must be treated to assure the best outcome possible. A genetic specialist often can aid in the initial recognition of signs and symptoms, guide molecular or protein analysis, explain information regarding recurrence risk and prognosis, and provide coordination of care throughout life.

Military Radiology

A great opportunity and a duty confront American radiologists at this time when a tremendous change menaces the political and economic face of the earth. At last the United States has awakened to the need of preparing for national defense, and as a specialist group whose services will be required in a large and definite way, it is our privilege to foresee, aided by the experience of the last great war, the widening field of military roentgenology, both in preparation for defense and in view of possible need for offensive warfare. The problems are alike. The radiological specialists of this country can look back with some pride on their participation in the World War years of 1917 and 1918. Before that time the regular Army medical department had foreseen the need of special equipment for field service and in 1914 had begun to expand the already existing Army x-ray service (similar in most respects to that of civil hospitals) to include training of a few radiologists, several of whom have become well known and front-rank members of our national radiological societies. However, with the entrance of the United States into the war in 1917, it was at once apparent that both the Army and Navy were starting practically from scratch in the enormous task of providing equipment and personnel for the radiological service of a nation at war. How well this was done is a matter of history. Under the wise and able guidance of Colonel Arthur C. Christie who had already established an excellent standing as a radiologist while serving as an officer in the regular Army, the Surgeon-General promptly set up a Division of Roentgenology in the Army medical organization, which made a survey of manufacturing facilities for the equipment of a vast radiological service: existing hospitals of the regular Army posts, Army training camp hospitals, and Red Cross hospitals. Various types of equipment were supplied—base hospital stationary types and transportable types. Further aid by Dr. Coolidge and Prof. J. S. Shearer resulted in the development of a highly efficient portable apparatus, self-rectifying, deriving its power from an air-cooled gasoline engine modified to produce alternating current. Adaptation of this instrument to a motor ambulance rendered it easy to assemble a complete radiological equipment in a single conveyance. A further development was the U. S. Army x-ray table with a removable top interchangeable with a stretcher. It seems that little change would be needed in these instruments to-day to make them perfectly suitable for modern military roentgenology. The localization methods in use twenty-three years ago have changed only in the direction of simplicity. The triangulation method of Strohl, the parallax method, and the nearest point method all proved to be useful, reliable, and rapid, all capable of use with the fluoroscope without the necessity of films.

The Organization and Uses of a Motor Ambulance Convoy

The Organization and Uses of a Motor Ambulance Convoy

Conversion of Lorries into Motor Ambulance Cars

Conversion of Lorries into Motor Ambulance Cars

Method of Emergency Conversion of Lorries into Motor Ambulance Cars

Method of Emergency Conversion of Lorries into Motor Ambulance Cars

A Suspended Stretcher Designed for the Carriage of Badly Wounded and Fracture Cases by Motor Ambulance

A Suspended Stretcher Designed for the Carriage of Badly Wounded and Fracture Cases by Motor Ambulance

Improvements in Motor Ambulance Construction

Improvements in Motor Ambulance Construction

BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AUSTRALIA) MILITARY MOTOR AMBULANCE FUND

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 7 p. 156-156 British Medical Association News BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AUSTRALIA) MILITARY MOTOR AMBULANCE FUND First published: 01 February 1915 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1915.tb22383.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume1, Issue7February 1915Pages 156-156 RelatedInformation

BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AUSTRALIA) MILITARY MOTOR AMBULANCE FUND

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 3 p. 64-64 British Medical Association News BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (AUSTRALIA) MILITARY MOTOR AMBULANCE FUND First published: 01 January 1915 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1915.tb52147.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume1, Issue3January 1915Pages 64-64 RelatedInformation