Motocross Racers Research Articles

Psychological Aspects of Motocross Racing Considering Expected, Perceived, and Actual Performance.

Motocross racing is a seldom-researched popular extreme sport. This field research aimed to investigate feeling states, perceived arousal, anxiety, and negative and positive affect in the anticipatory and recovery race periods and their relationship to expected and perceived performance. Twenty Motocross racers completed psychometric scales before and after a national championship race. Results revealed that objective performance was unrelated to psychological measures. Arousal, anxiety, and positive affect were lower after the race. Expected performance was unrelated to postrace measures. Still, perceived performance correlated significantly with the feeling state, anxiety, and positive affect after the race and the feeling state before the race. Furthermore, racers who performed as expected or better showed improved feeling states after the race compared with those who did worse than expected. The core affect of the latter group declined. This research on psychological states during Motocross races could motivate new initiatives for future studies.

Post-Exertional MRI Is Useful as a Tool for Diagnosis and Treatment Evaluation for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of Forearms.

Background: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a rare condition, which generally occurs in athletes. Few tools are available for diagnosis and treatment evaluation. We examined pre- and post- exertional forearm magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after fasciotomy since 2013. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pre- and post-exertional MRI before and after fasciotomy. Methods: We treated 8 forearms of 5 patients diagnosed with CECS of the forearms since 2013, including 6 forearms of 3 motocross racers, 1 forearm of 1 baseball pitcher, 1 forearm of 1 manual laborer with a history of muscle contusion. We obtained pre- and post-exertional MRI before and after fasciotomy in all cases. Pre-exertional MRI was obtained when the patient was at rest without any symptom. Post-exertional MRI was obtained after the patients repeated "grip and release" using a hand gripper with maximum effort for approximately 10 minutes until symptoms occurred. We compared MRI findings before and after fasciotomy and evaluated the correlation with clinical outcome. Results: Symptoms disappeared completely in all 3 motocross racers after fasciotomy. MRI at rest showed no abnormal high signals in all cases both before and after fasciotomy. On post-exertional MRI, T2 high area presented mainly in flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and brachioradialis (BR) and disappeared completely after surgery. Symptoms persisted in the pitcher and the laborer after fasciotomy. T2 high area presented mainly in FDP on post-exertional MRI before fasciotomy and remained on post-exertional MRI after fasciotomy in these two patients. These intensity changes correlated strongly with their symptoms. Conclusions: We performed pre- and post-exertional MRI before and after fasciotomy. The intensity change in T2-weighted images on post-exertional MRI correlated strongly with their symptoms. Post-exertional MRI is useful for diagnosis and treatment evaluation in CECS.

Incidencia de lesiones en la práctica deportiva del motocross

Background: To study the incidence of injuries involving professional Motocross athletes from different categories in state, national and international racing levels and to evaluate the most common injuries within Motocross athletes and the most frequently affected areas by the sport’s practice. Methods: The study included a questionnaire answered by 45 athletes aged between 16 and 46 years old, male and female, of different nationalities and places of birth, racing for the Brazilian Motocross Championship. Results: Fractures are the most common injuries among Motocross racers (17.55%), followed by dislocations (13.05%). The shoulders and knees are the most affected anatomical sites. The chi- square tests showed that the diagnosis has significant relevance over the influence and definition of the injuries’ treatment (p=0.001).The diagnosis had statistical significance in relation to the racers’ return to sports with the same physical level prior to the injury (p=0.001). Conclusion: The shoulders were the most affected by injuries and the fractures the most common lesion in Motocross practice and because of its high impact nature, Motocross has a high rate of injuries.

Assessment of the Impact of Marine Dietary Biocorrectors on the Parameters of Motor Activity of Motocross Racers

This paper is aimed to describe the results of the study in assessing the efficiency of using biologically active dietary supplements (Molluskam, Maristim, Tinrostim, Krusmarin, DNK-algin) in the ration of motocross racers. Studying and enhancing the use of natural dietary biocorrectors in sportspersons’ ration seeking to improve and accelerate the recovery of energy and reconstructive resources in their bodies is a rather urgent issue of sports training theory and practice. Multifacetedness of the dietary issue and its interrelation with the health, mental and physical working performance of a human are continuously attracting attention causing various theories, diets, and recommendations to emerge. However, not all of them may be successfully applied in sports practice, despite the positive role of certain provisions. Taking biocorrectors ensures high level of working performance of motocross racers acknowledged by sport techniques and physical training at the background of immunomodulation effect. The biocorrectors specified in the article have antidoping certificates confirming their safety in the sports practice.

Prevalence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo among motocross racers: a case-control study

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) among motocross racers after cross-country up and downhill activities. This case-control study included 40 motocross racers (39 males, 1 female; mean age 26 years; range 21 to 43 years) and 40 healthy controls (30 males, 10 females; mean age 28 years; range 22 to 43 years) who had no hearing or balance problems. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver was applied to confirm the diagnosis of BPPV. Patients with BPPV were administered the Epley maneuver every week for one month and followed-up for treatment response assessment. Motocross and control groups were similar in terms of demographic and laboratory parameters. While BPPV was detected in four motocross racers (10%) according to Dix-Hallpike maneuver outcome and clinical findings, there was no BPPV in the control group. Of the motocross racers with BPPV, three had unilateral, one had bilateral disease. Of these patients, Epley maneuver was applied two times in two patients and three times in the other two patients. There was no vertigo or nystagmus in any of the patients with BPPV in one month. Intensive motocross activity is a cause of post-traumatic BPPV developing without head trauma. Large-scale, randomized controlled studies are needed to establish the post-traumatic etiology of BPPV in motocross racers.

Endoscopic decompression for chronic compartment syndrome of the forearm in motocross racers

Sporting activities that involve repetitive stress to muscle compartments can elicit chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Its occurrence in the lower leg muscle compartments is most common, but other locations are less well known and the pathophysiology is not completely understood. In motocross racers, chronic exertional compartment syndrome can occur in the muscles of the lower arm. Currently, the only accepted treatment of correctly diagnosed chronic exertional compartment syndrome is surgical release of the fascia, which successfully relieves pain and allows patients to return to full activity. Open decompression is considered as the gold standard of treatment. This clinical paper describes our new endoscopic technique and investigates the functional outcome after surgery. We report on a series of 154 chronic exertional compartment syndromes afflicted motocross racers treated with an endoscopic release of the lower arm muscles. An MRI scan before and after strenuous exercise of the hand flexors (repetitive grip until exhaustion for 15 min) was performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis of chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Symptom severity before and after surgery was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Preoperative symptom severity scores were 1.1 ± 0.3 before exercise and 7.4 ± 1.5 after exercise. Post-operatively, these were 1.0 ± 0.2 and 1.7 ± 0.9. The pre- versus post-operative symptom scores after exercise were significantly different (p < 0.0001). No perioperative complications occurred, and at 6 weeks, all of the racers resumed their sportive activities. It can be concluded that endoscopic release of the superficial compartment of the forearms of motocross racers diagnosed with chronic exertional compartment syndrome is a valuable treatment option, with mild post-operative pain and fast recovery.

Long-term Results of Surgical Decompression of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in Motocross Racers

Background: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is occasionally observed in the forearm flexor muscles of motocross racers. Long-term results of fasciectomy and fasciotomy for this syndrome are scarce. Purpose: To study the long-term effects of 2 surgical techniques for forearm flexor CECS. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A database of patients with forearm CECS who underwent surgery was analyzed. Long-term pain reduction (visual analog scale [VAS], 0-100) and efficacy were evaluated using a questionnaire. Results: Data of 24 motocross racers were available for analysis. Intracompartmental pressures during rest, during provocation, and after 1 and 5 minutes of provocation were 15 ± 4, 78 ± 24, 29 ± 10, and 25 ± 7 mm Hg, respectively. Painful sensations in the forearm were reduced from 53 to 7 (median VAS; P < .001). Both fasciectomy (n = 14) and fasciotomy (n = 10) were equally effective. More than 95% (23/24) of the patients were satisfied with the postoperative result after 5 ± 2 years’ follow-up. Conclusion: Surgical fasciotomy and fasciectomy of the forearm flexor compartment are equally successful in motocross racers suffering from forearm CECS.

Kahnbeinfrakturen bei Motocrossfahrern

Motocross racing is a demanding motorcycling discipline with significant physiological and psychological demands. Upper extremity injuries are frequently encountered. Interestingly, motocross riders present with a significantly stronger left arm, even if the left hand is not dominant. This difference is attributed to the use of the clutch lever with the left hand, which is more frequent in motocross than in Enduro or desert rally. The wrist has been reported to be involved especially among motocross racers in contrast to road racing. Besides wrist fractures, scaphoid fractures have been previously without a detailed analysis of the injury mechanism. We report on three patients suffering scaphoid fractures caused by extreme hyperextension of the wrist during landing after a motocross jump. Two patients presented late three months following the initial trauma (both Herbert type C fractures), while one motocross athlete with a B 2-type scaphoid fracture was admitted to wrist surgery within a week. The B 2-type fracture was treated with open reduction and Herbert-screw fixation, while the C-type fractures were treated by Herbert-screw fixation in addition to a cortico-cancellous bone graft. Within ten weeks after the surgery the patients were back in sport at their given preoperative level. Hyperextension rather than wrist flexion appears as the predominant mechanism of wrist injuries in motocross riders. A more axial impact on the wrist is more likely to produce a radial fracture during the landing phase. Preventive strategies are internal muscular wrist stabilisation using eccentric training and external stabilisation by rigid gloves allowing only limited hyperextension.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm in motocross racers: findings on MRI

The purpose of this prospective study was to demonstrate the findings of MRI in motocross racers with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the forearm. Racers with proven CECS and without CECS and male individuals not involved in strenuous activities with the forearm were included. Signal intensity (SI) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained before and after exercise were compared (D-SNR). Magnetic resonance imaging after exercise showed an increase in SI and SNR in the muscles on T2-WI. The SI increase was obvious in the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and profundus (FDP) in all CECS patients. In addition, a minor SI and SNR increase in the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) was noted. In the non-symptomatic group of motocross racers, there was only a minor increase in SI and the SNR, which was similar in the FDP and ECRL muscles. In the untrained individuals a remarkable increase in the SI and SNR of the FDS/FDP-ECRL was noted. This increased SI and SNR was not present in the majority of non-symptomatic racers. Post-exertional MRI produces significant findings in CECS of the forearm. The motocross racers without post-exertional oedema in the FDP/FDS had no CECS.

Power Capabilities Of Elite Bicycle Motocross (BMX) Racers During Field Testing In Preparation For 2008 Olympics.

Power Capabilities Of Elite Bicycle Motocross (BMX) Racers During Field Testing In Preparation For 2008 Olympics.

Doing It in the Dirt: High sensation seeking motocross racers

Determining the psychological characteristics of long‐term participants in a high‐risk sport is relevant to understanding their persistence with the chosen sport. Studies have shown that participants in high‐risk sports such as skydiving, big wave surfing and mountain climbing have higher scores on Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale than people in the general population. This study sets out to investigate whether motocross racers in Central Queensland, Australia, have high sensation seeking scores. Sensation seeking was measured using Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Form V and motocross racers were found to be high sensation seekers. In addition, sensation seeking was compared to the generation of the participant (Millennnial, Generation X or Baby Boomer) as a new avenue of research. Central Queensland motocross racers have very high Disinhibition subscale scores related to partying, drinking, willingness to undertake new experiences and enjoying ‘sexy’ scenes in movies, and have a preference for alcohol over illicit drugs. Previous research suggested that scores on two subscales of sensation seeking (Thrill and Adventure Seeking, and Experience Seeking) decline with age at faster rates than the scores on the other two subscales (Disinhibition and Boredom Susceptibility), but this study provides contrary results. Thrill and Adventure Seeking did decline quickly with generation of the participant but Experience Seeking scores actually increased from the Millennials to the Baby Boomers. Disinhibition scores did decrease at a slower rate than Thrill and Adventure Seeking. However, riders younger than 23 (the Millennials) and 44 years of age or older (Baby Boomers) had higher Boredom Susceptibility scores than those aged 23 to 43 years (Generation X).

Injuries in elite motorcycle racing in Japan

Objectives: To investigate the incidence and pattern of injuries, relative risks, and factors affecting incidence among elite motorcycle competitors in Japan. Methods: A total of 117 elite motorcycle competitors including...

Research of trauma in international class motocross racers in Japan

Research of trauma in international class motocross racers in Japan

Interseason Training and Aerobic Fitness of Motocross Racers.

In brief: The excellent endurance capacities of ten members of the Finnish motocross team, studied before and after a three-month program stressing endurance and strength, showed further improvement with intense training. Before the program they had 12.2% body fat and maximal oxygen consumption of 64.7 ml· kg(-1)· min(-1) during bicycle ergometry. After the program, fat decreased 7.7%, weight decreased insignificantly, VO2 max increased 12.4%, and anaerobic thresholds (AT) increased 21%, averaging 37.3 ml· kg(-1)· min(-1) (56.1% of VO(2) max). Heart rates at the AT increased 11.7%. Most physiological variables improved more at the AT than at maximum.