Motives Of Perpetrators Research Articles

A Three-Dimensional Model for Perpetrators of Genocide

Over the seven decades since the passing of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNGC), our understanding of both genocide as a crime and perpetrator motivation has evolved. The definition of genocide as a punishable crime and the typologies of its perpetrators have become increasingly varied and complicated; as such, scholars have provided a number of new approaches for categorizing these individuals. However, these rigid typologies do not account for the nuances of human nature and social involvement. This paper argues that the understanding of perpetrator motivation must consider organizational, political, and social contexts by taking a closer look at the applicability of existing perpetrator typologies to international crimes, such as genocide, and by examining where specific types of perpetrators have been overlooked. With the UNGC’s legal power and an increasing focus on both past and present crimes, it is pertinent that perpetrator typologies continue to be refined and their applicability improved.

Microaggression: Conceptual and scientific issues

AbstractScientists, philosophers, and policymakers disagree about how to define microaggression. Here, we offer a taxonomy of existing definitions, clustering around (a) the psychological motives of perpetrators, (b) the experience of victims, and (c) the functional role of microaggression in oppressive social structures. We consider conceptual and epistemic challenges to each and suggest that progress may come from developing novel hybrid accounts of microaggression, combining empirically tractable features with sensitivity to the testimony of victims.

Putting coercive actions in context: Reconceptualizing motives for intimate partner violence perpetration

Abstract Despite a growing number of studies exploring perpetrator's motives for intimate partner violence (IPV), methodological and conceptual issues evident in current research continue to limit our understanding of such motives. In an effort to address these issues, Flynn and Graham (2010) developed a conceptual model of perceived reasons for IPV; however, this model presents several limitations. Drawing on the social interactionist theory of coercive actions (Tedeschi & Felson, 1994) and the event process model of family violence (Stairmand, Polaschek, & Dixon, 2019), we propose an alternative conceptual framework for motives for physical and psychological IPV. The proposed conceptual framework addresses existing limitations of motives research and conceptual models by differentiating motives from the contextual factors that may influence their selection, and by providing a temporal framework from which to better understand the dynamic nature of IPV events. This paper provides an overview of the proposed conceptual framework and discusses its implications for research and clinical practice. Further research is required to determine the utility of the framework for understanding motives for sexual IPV and non-IPV forms of family violence (e.g., child-maltreatment).

The impact of proximity on attributions of stalking and motivation

Research has demonstrated a range of biases in attributions of stalking, some of which appear to place potential victims at greater risk of physical harm. As yet the issue of physical proximity of a potential stalker to a potential victim has not been examined. Two hundred and ten participants responded to a vignette study depicting different levels of physical proximity of a perpetrator and were asked to provide ratings concerning the level of risk and blame that they attributed to the situation, along with their attribution of perpetrator motivation. The results indicate that proximity influences attributions of risk, whereby closer proximity is identified as more risky. However, proximity does not influence attributions of victim blame nor the identified motivation of the perpetrator. Attributions of risk in relation to proximity appear to correspond with clinical data, where greater proximity is more risky. The findings suggest that it is important to consider how proximity may interact with other aspects of stalking, such as previous relationship, to gain a broader understanding of the nature of attributions of risk.

Introducing the Human Rights Violations Dataset for the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey, 1990–2018

Abstract This study introduces a new event dataset on the human rights violations in the Kurdish conflict in Turkey perpetrated by both the State and the armed rebel group, the PKK (the Kurdistan Workers Party), from 1990 to 2018. The dataset codes human rights violation events that victimize civilians, including women and children, identifying the perpetrator, type of victim, type of human right violation, and the place of the violation. The categories of human rights violations include the physical and political rights drawn from the laws and treaties adopted by the U.N., such as killings or deaths of civilians, illegal detention and arrests, and freedom of peaceful assembly. The dataset is useful in examining the trends and motives of perpetrators in committing these violations and for seeking to understand the extent to which state and non-state rebel groups abide by international norms in armed conflicts. The framework of this dataset, although developed for the Kurdish conflict, is applicable and can be extended to other armed conflict cases, facilitating cross-conflict research on a more comparative basis.

Confronting Wartime Sexual Violence: Public Support for Survivors in Bosnia

Existing research on conflict-related sexual violence focuses on the motivations of perpetrators and effects on survivors. What remains less clear is how postconflict societies respond to the hardships survivors face. In survey experiments in Bosnia, we examine public support for financial aid, legal aid, and public recognition for survivors. First, we find a persistent ethnocentric view of sexual violence, where respondents are less supportive when the perpetrator is identified as co-ethnic and survivors are perceived as out-groups. Second, respondents are less supportive of male survivors than female survivors, which we attribute to social stigmas surrounding same-gender sexual activity. Consistent with our argument, those who are intolerant of homosexuality are especially averse to providing aid to male survivors. This study points to the long-term challenges survivors face due to ethnic divisions and social stigmatization from sexual violence.

Higher self-control predicts engagement in undesirable moralistic aggression

Lack of self-control is considered to be a key factor in generating aggression and violence. However, across two studies, aggression was associated with greater self-control when participants felt that violence was undesirable but morally required. Using a within-subjects retrospective method, in Study 1 (N = 95) participants recalled having greater self-control when they themselves engaged in aggression as a perpetrator that they felt was automatically aversive but morally right compared to when they avoided such aggression. The opposite pattern was found for aggression that participants felt was automatically desirable but morally wrong, replicating prior results. Using a between-subjects vignette-based method, in Study 2 (N = 213), it was found that higher trait levels of self-control predicted greater willingness to fight when participants saw aggression as undesirable but morally right in a hypothetical scenario. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of how perpetrator motivation determines the role of self-control in aggression.

Terrorism Situations and its Challenges to European Union: A Longitudinal Statistical Analysis

Terrorism is increasingly threatening world peace and stability, not least during the post-9/11 era. In particular, viewed from Europe’s geographical proximity to areas of conflicts, terrorism is a greater menace to European continental peace, security and stability. As a natural consequence, terrorism becomes a top concern of the European Union (EU). In practice, it comes to be not merely necessary but also important to have a better and clearer idea about terrorist landscapes in Europe so that future counterterrorism will be well grounded in a faithful representation of reality. The authors, drawing upon data selected from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), have categorised the terrorist incidents according to the different scales of casualties, provided a longitudinal overview of completed terrorism attacks from 1970 to 2015 with a special focus on the most terrorism-stricken Member States (MSs), and statistically analysed the terrorist situation within the EU and counterterrorism challenges. In doing so, authors have intention to find the ins and outs of terrorist incidents, to probe the motivations of perpetrators, and to clarify the faulty generalisations about terrorism. The article concludes that an increasingly stronger sense of nationalism is emerging, Islamic terrorism is not rising at a dramatic speed but in a more destructive way, and more importantly civilians are becoming the dominant target group of terror attacks. It is further argued that these three factors are not only the tough challenges but also top concerns of counterterrorism.

Can Honor Killings Be Explained With the Concept of Social Death? Reinterpreting Social Psychological Evidence

This article uses the concept of social death to explore the experiences and motivations of perpetrators of honor killings in light of social psychological evidence. This analysis then seeks an explanation for some honor killing cases where ostracism or extreme social exclusion of the perpetrator has preceded the murder. I argue that in some honor killing cases, extreme rejection and exclusion may lead the individual to feel that he or she has no choice but to seek validation or approval through killing to be re-included and recognized by the community and family.

A Pilot Study of Motive Control to Reduce Vengeance Cravings.

Violence is a serious public health problem in the United States, and a common risk factor for many forms of violence is the perpetrator's motivation to achieve personal justice for past wrongs and injustices. Using a fictional transgression scenario to stimulate revenge feelings, we studied the preliminary efficacy of an intervention designed to mitigate revenge desires among victims of perceived injustice. The intervention consisted of a guided role-play of key figures in the justice system (e.g., victim, prosecutor, defendant, judge, etc.) in an imaginary mock trial of the offender. Study participants' revenge desires toward the perpetrator decreased significantly immediately after the intervention and at a 2-week follow-up interview. Benevolence toward the offender increased immediately postintervention and at a 2-week follow-up interview. These results suggest that the intervention has promise to decrease revenge desires in people who have been victimized, and it potentially opens the door to behavioral health motive control approaches to violence prevention. Findings on the roles of vengeance and the desire for retaliation in relation to violent acts, as well as neuroscience research that suggests a connection between retaliatory aggression and the neural circuitry of anticipated reward and cravings, are discussed. Limitations of this pilot study are also discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided.

It Takes Two to Tango: Victims, Perpetrators, and the Dynamics of Victimization

As researchers who have advanced victim precipitation arguments in our own work on victimization and job performance (Jensen, Patel, & Raver, 2014), we agree fully with this statement made by Cortina, Rabelo, and Holland (2018): “A victim's traits or behaviors might help us understand why the instigator chose that particular person for abuse, but we must always emphasize that it was the instigator, not the victim, who did the choosing and abusing” (p. 93). An overemphasis on victim characteristics does deflect attention away from wrongdoers, and theory that encourages us to consider perpetrator motivation and the social environment is needed.

Rumors and gossip as tools of social undermining and social dominance in workplace bullying and mobbing practices: A closer look at perceived perpetrator motives

ABSTRACTThe impact of ‘bully bosses’ on organizations is well studied and research has established a number of antecedents, correlates, moderators and mediators of workplace bullying and mobbing as well as the impact of the practices on the targets, bystanders, perpetrators and the employing organizations. The current study focuses on rumors and gossip as ‘tools’ used by perpetrators of workplace bullying and mobbing. This study is important because while researchers have generally agreed that rumors and gossip can contribute to a better understanding of different areas of interest to organizational behaviorists and researchers; the role played by the two social processes (i.e., rumors and gossip) have not been adequately interrogated by scholars or practitioners studying organizations. To address this gap in research, the main objective of the current study was to use collaborative and analytic autoethnography (CAAE) in exploring and presenting qualitative empirical inquiry on the dynamics of workplace bullying as perpetrated by ‘bully bosses’ and as characterized by rumors and gossip. The findings and extant literature suggests that depending on: contents, functions, and the situational and motivational contexts, perpetrators of bullying and mobbing may use rumors and gossip: 1) for maintenance of oppression and social dominance; 2) as an expression of envy and social undermining; 3) as a weapon to humiliate subordinates by corporate/organizational psychopaths; and/or 4) as a psychological attempt to close or widen the power gap.

Lethal school violence in Scandinavia: development of an incident typology and suggestions for prevention

In this paper, we address the question of lethal school violence and suggest some preventive strategies. Previous studies in the field have been dominated of cases from the U.S. or Germany, but in this paper we instead focus on lethal violence which has occurred in Scandinavia. Previous research of lethal violence and prevention against it often stresses the complexity and limitations in research. Mainly since the impossibility to profile perpetrators or make lists of warnings signs. In addition, since lethal violence are rare events, there are methodologic challenges related to studies of the phenomena. In the study, the included cases are different acts of lethal violence, occurred 1961–2016 (n = 12). In the first analysis, the aim is to construct a typology, and in the second analysis the typology is used for analysing suitable prevention strategies. The study emphasizes the relation between perpetrator, victim, school and traceable motive in the typology, and the result concludes three different types of lethal violence. The first is based on interpersonal revenge, the second institutional revenge and the third societal revenge. Two prevention strategies seem suitable: one aiming at schools organizational structure and the second to architectural decisions in the design process.

Can Understanding Phenomenology and Human Capabilities Help Us Address Acid Violence?

ABSTRACTWe draw on scholarly literature on the phenomenology of power and disability to understand both the impact of acid violence upon survivors’ lives and the motivations of perpetrators. We employ a human capabilities approach, espoused by prominent development theorists such as Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, to propose policy responses and support systems based not solely on the provision of financial and material resources, but also on improving the social position of acid violence survivors. We show how engaging simultaneously with these frameworks will help move the political and philosophical discourse on acid violence forward and also enable us to frame more responsive and enabling policies to support survivors.

Terrorist Use of the Internet by the Numbers

Research SummaryPublic interest and policy debates surrounding the role of the Internet in terrorist activities is increasing. Criminology has said very little on the matter. By using a unique data set of 223 convicted United Kingdom–based terrorists, this article focuses on how they used the Internet in the commission of their crimes. As most samples of terrorist offenders vary in terms of capabilities (lone‐actor vs. group offenders) and criminal sophistication (improvised explosive devices vs. stabbings), we tested whether the affordances they sought from the Internet significantly differed. The results suggest that extreme‐right‐wing individuals, those who planned an attack (as opposed to merely providing material support), conducted a lethal attack, committed an improvised explosive device (IED) attack, committed an armed assault, acted within a cell, attempted to recruit others, and engaged in nonvirtual network activities and nonvirtual place interactions were significantly more likely to learn online compared with those who did not engage in these behaviors. Those undertaking unarmed assaults were significantly less likely to display online learning. The results also suggested that extreme‐right‐wing individuals who perpetrated an IED attack, associated with a wider network, attempted to recruit others, and engaged in nonvirtual network activities and nonvirtual place interactions were significantly more likely to communicate online with co‐ideologues.Policy ImplicationsCollectively the results provide insight into violent radicalization as a whole and not just into violent online radicalization. The results also largely confirm the results found in von Behr, Reding, Edwards, and Gribbon (2013) and in Gill and Corner (2015). The current study and the two previous studies have tackled these questions by using numerous methodological approaches and data sources and have arrived at similar conclusions. The Internet is largely a facilitative tool that affords greater opportunities for violent radicalization and attack planning. Nevertheless, radicalization and attack planning are not dependent on the Internet, and policy needs to look at behavior, intentions, and capabilities and not just at beliefs. From a risk assessment perspective, the study also highlights the fact that there is no easy offline versus online violent radicalization dichotomy to be drawn. It may be a false dichotomy. Plotters regularly engage in activities in both domains. Often their behaviors are compartmentalized across these two domains. Threat management policies would do well to understand the individuals’ breadth of interactions rather than relying on a dichotomous understanding of offline versus online, which represent two extremes of a spectrum that regularly provide prototypical examples in reality. A preoccupation with only checking online behaviors may lead an intelligence analyst to miss crucial face‐to‐face components of a plot's technical development or a perpetrator's motivation. Policy and practice may benefit from adopting insights from emerging research arguing in favor of disaggregating our conception of the “terrorist” into discrete groups (e.g., foreign fighters vs. homegrown fighters, bomb‐makers vs. bomb‐planters, and group‐actors vs. lone‐actors; Gill and Corner, 2013; LaFree, 2013) rather than disaggregating the radicalization process into discrete groups (e.g., online radicalization and prison radicalization). We need to understand the drives, needs, and forms of behavior that led to the radicalization and attack planning and why the offender chose that environment rather than purely looking at the affordances the environment produced. By looking at the Internet as an affordance opportunity that some forms of terrorist or terrorist violence require more than others do, the focus is shifted from the radicalization process toward an understanding of how crimes are committed. In other words, we are looking at crime events rather than at the underlying dispositions behind the criminality.

The Holocaust and the Revival of Psychological History by Judith M. Hughes

Reviewed by: The Holocaust and the Revival of Psychological History by Judith M. Hughes Russell A. Spinney The Holocaust and the Revival of Psychological History. By Judith M. Hughes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Pp. xi + 188. Paper $22.49. ISBN 978-1107690448. Judith M. Hughes's book explores the uses of psychology and psychiatry in some landmark works in Nazi and Holocaust studies. Her selection criteria involved consideration of prominent figures, key debates, accessibility in English, and the authors' attention to sorting out how they acquired their understanding of their historical protagonists. For instance, she examines the psychology of leadership through the early portrait of Hitler by Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Last Days of Hitler (1947), and the more recent, comprehensive work by Ian Kershaw, Hitler: Hubris [End Page 450] (1999). Then Hughes concentrates on perpetrator motives through the works of Christopher Browning, Ordinary Men (1993), Daniel J. Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996), Saul Friedländer, The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939 (1997) and The Years of Extermination (2007), and Jan T. Gross, Neighbors (2002) and Fear (2006). Finally, she looks at conscience among the perpetrators including Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem (2006), Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness (1983), and Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth (1996). Hughes urges scholars to revisit their own assumptions about the historical agents they study. Based on her training as a psychoanalyst and a long career of studying its history, she asks us to reconsider how psychology, psychiatry, and, one might add, the growing use of neuroscience or any other science, can inform future scholarship. At the heart of the matter, to paraphrase Hughes, is the question of how to develop scholarly interpretations that are more sensitive to the current research in psychology. Rejecting stories of demonic figures ruling over a helplessly enthralled populace, she wishes to bring out of the shadows the psychologically complex individuals who were motivated by their moral passions and convictions (179–182). She forewarns the reader that she will exclude from her examination of each author's work any exaggerated assertions of adult beliefs and childhood behaviors. Similarly, she means to avoid any notion of internalization or the projection of impulses, desires, or feelings that the subject refuses to recognize in him- or herself. Many of these concepts have become commonplace in the scholarship, perhaps even heuristic tropes akin to the emotions themselves, but they often stand in for something left further unexplored by the scholar. All of these misunderstandings, Hughes contends, show the shakiness of the historical subject's grasp on reality, the dynamic interaction between a person's internal world and the external world, and the problematic reliance of historians on what she calls a psychoanalytically inflected "commonsense" psychology (5). The purpose of Hughes's book is thus to provide a set of case studies for those considering the strengths and limitations in the use of psychoanalysis and psychology in history; the real task for the historian, she claims, is to tease apart the actual thinking and fantasies of the historical agents, in order to better understand those historical agents' actions they study. Hughes devotes as much space as possible for a biography of each author, an account of the evolution of their work, and a description of their involvement in key debates. This narrative approach contextualizes the studies for anyone coming to these topics for the first time; and for more informed readers, it may provide a fuller portrait of familiar authors and their contributions. It is not always as clear, however, what psychological or psychoanalytical concepts Hughes would advocate. In fact, when analyzing how historians have used psychology to investigate the protagonists, many of the concepts that she views as outdated are exactly the ones she finds them using. In Hughes's estimation, some of the best uses of psychology and [End Page 451] psychiatry in Holocaust historiography, like Kershaw's study of Hitler, ultimately fall back on these popular understandings of psychology while still bringing important psychoanalytic themes into discussion—including the German people's widespread belief in the power of the leader's wishes and Hitler's sense of being driven by a mission and feeling buoyed up by adulation...

‘The realities of power’: David Stoll and the story of the 1982 Guatemalan genocide

ABSTRACTIn a short opinion piece published in late 2013, anthropologist David Stoll claimed that genocide did not occur in Guatemala under the military dictatorship of José Efraín Ríos Montt (1982–83), that the charges against the former general and his subsequent conviction were unsubstantiated, and that human rights conditions for the country’s Indigenous peoples, including the Ixil population of northern Quiché department, actually improved under his government. By looking at the definition of protected groups under the United Nations Genocide Convention, and such basic notions as perpetrator motives and intent in international humanitarian law, this article will address Stoll’s latest contribution to a ‘counter-narrative by Guatemalans who perceive that their side of the story [was] left out’ of the 2013 genocide trial.

The Holocaust and the Revival of Psychological History. By Judith M. Hughes (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2015) 188 pp. $67.50 cloth $24.00 paper

Hughes, a historian and a psychiatrist, makes an eloquent argument in this book for historians’ existing “reliance on a psychoanalytically inflected commonsense psychology” (11). She argues that many, or even most, historians working on both sides of the turn of the twenty-first century have used such an approach in “recognizing agency” on the part of human beings in their times and places (5, 179). In this claim, Hughes is certainly correct, particularly since the discipline of history has become more interested than ever in documenting in rich detail the experience of human beings as revealed in the many sources that they have left behind. This experience, for Hughes, is filled with deep, complex motives and actions that demonstrate the central role played by fantasy as well as fact. As a case study, Hughes analyzes several works about the history of the Holocaust that engage, with varying degrees of success in her view, this search for agency and motive in history.The great strength of this book is its clear and detailed comparative analysis of these texts. Hughes spends a great deal of time following the narrative of each work that she analyzes for the sake of the general-interest audience that she targets. Historians and graduate students will find these narratives too long and too full of direct quotations, especially in the case of Hugh Trevor-Roper’s The Last Days of Hitler (New York, 1947). Most of the analysis of the relative poverty of psychodynamic insight in Trevor-Roper’s portrait of Hitler—compared with Ian Kershaw’s full-length Hitler: A Biography (New York, 2010)—is confined to a couple of pages at the end of the first chapter. This organizational imbalance is less evident in the comparison between Daniel Goldhagen’s Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York, 1996) and Saul Friedländer’s two-volume Nazi Germany and the Jews (1997, 2007). For Hughes, Goldhagen’s account, in contrast to Friedländer’s, lacks psychoanalytical sophistication as well as attention to historical detail in its “unnuanced and tendentious treatment of German anti-Semitism” (47). Hughes could have stressed that Goldhagen is a political scientist and not a historian. His tendency, therefore, is toward the type of categorical and causal thinking that can preempt idiographic concern with the multiple and overdetermined conditions affecting an individual in history.In this regard, Hughes would have done well to discuss Christopher Browning’s disagreement with Goldhagen in the afterword to the second edition of Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1993) about the motives of perpetrators. Hughes mentions the afterword in a footnote but does not exploit it in her well-founded criticism of Goldhagen for transforming “his subjects into automata” (180). Likewise, Hughes cites Deborah Lipstadt’s The Eichmann Trial (New York, 2011) but does not mention Lipstadt’s argument concerning Eichmann’s deep antisemitism, which has been recently documented by other historians of the Holocaust. This theme would also have helped to further an argument in her book—criticism of Hannah Arendt’s view of Eichmann as a man without any psychological depths in Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York, 1963).Hughes’ pronouncement that “assertions about the childhood origins of adult beliefs and behaviors” should be omitted is too strict (4). Documenting the childhood of a historical figure may well be difficult, with the attendant danger of reductionism, but it is hardly impossible. This stricture is also at odds with Hughes’ reliance on Sigmund Freud as a source of psychoanalytical insight for historians. But this apparent contradiction aside, why does Hughes ignore later neo-Freudian and even post-Freudian psychoanalysis? Some mention of Heinz Kohut or Nancy Chodorow would only strengthen her clear, compelling, and essential argument for the utility, indispensability, and inevitability of depth psychology in examining and understanding the past.

Dissecting Disbelief: Possible Reasons for the Denial of the Existence of Ritual Abuse in the United Kingdom

When allegations of ritual abuse first came to light in the UK, they were met primarily with a ‘discourse of disbelief’ that left little room for the possibility accounts could be based in genuine experience. Despite convictions, recent criminological, sociological and psychological literature appears fixed on debunking ritual abuse’s existence through highly debated concepts such as ‘false memory’. This paper proposes three broad ‘reasons’ for the creation and maintenance of disbelief around ritual abuse, highlighting the importance of key cases in shaping press coverage of the issue during the 1980s and 1990s, and the role survivor advocates have played in distancing ritual abuse from established knowledge within both psychology and child protection. I argue that the tangibility of death and abject horror within survivor accounts, as well as the perceived religious motivations of perpetrators, make ritual abuse both experientially and conceptually alien to most members of late-modern societies.

Injustice and Persecution: Forced Migration of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan

Sufism, secularism, pluralism, and religious tolerance are few for the unique features Sindh had always been known for around the globe. When the rest of Pakistan was devastated by sectarian genocide and targeted persecution, there was much to be learned from Sindh. People of Sindh have always been pluralistic and tolerant, but state sponsored seminaries house ethnic Punjabi or Pashtun Mullahs from Punjab and KPK provinces who target, harass and persecute Sindhi Hindus. The continued incidences of violence against the largest religious minority group Sindhi Hindus have created a sense of insecurity among them. They are subjected to kidnapping for ransom, forced abductions and conversions of their women. These trends forcing the indigenous dwellers to abandon their motherland. The aim of this study is to highlight the targeted discrimination and persecution of Sindhi Hindus which force them to abandon their own homeland Sindh. It also evaluates the underlying causes behind criminal activities and what are the possible motives of perpetrators. This study concluded that state sponsored religious seminaries that house ethnic Punjabi or Pashtun Mullahs from Punjab and KPK provinces are involved in the persecution of Sindhi Hindus. This is a conspiracy against indigenous people of Sindh to convert them into minority on their own homeland. By altering the demography of Sindh, they can undermine the political strength of Sindhis and make them defenseless to protect their natural resources, culture, language and their real and historical identity. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s5p11