Behavior Motivation Research Articles

From individual motivation to substance use initiation: A longitudinal cohort study assessing the associations between reward sensitivity and subsequent risk of substance use initiation among US adolescents

BackgroundSubstance use in youth remains a pressing problem in the United States. Existing studies have shown the importance of neuropathways responsible for affective response and reward motivation in adolescents’ substance use initiation and maintenance. However, limited observational studies have explored the relationship between aspects of behavioral motivation traits and the likelihood of substance use initiation in adolescents. In this prospective cohort study, we assessed the associations between behavioral motivation traits based on the Behavioral Inhibition and Approach Systems (BIS-BAS) Scale and substance use initiation using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. MethodIn the 9216 eligible sample population, we assessed the associations between mean Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) / Behavioral Approach System (BAS) scores measured at year 2 of the ABCD study and substance use initiation at year 3 of the ABCD study using multivariable logistic regressions adjusting for ABCD study site, sampling weights, as well as sociodemographic characteristics. ResultsWe found that higher BIS mean score was associated with higher odds of initiating substance use at year 3 (AOR=1.20, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.40). Out of three BAS measure categories, only BAS Fun-seeking mean score was positively associated with higher odds of initiating substance use at year 3 (AOR=1.23, 95 % CI: 1.07, 1.43). ConclusionOur study showed that inhibitory and fun-seeking behavioral tendencies are associated with an increased likelihood of substance use initiation in adolescents. Our findings suggest a potential pathway linking emotional traits to early substance initiation in adolescents.

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR (OCB) RUMAH SAKIT PERTAMINA CIREBON

This research aims to determine the influence of autocratic leadership style and work motivation on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) at Pertamina Hospital Cirebon Distribution.Respondents in this study were employees of Pertamina Hospital Cirebon Distribution using multiple linear regression methods and SPSS analysis tools.The results of this research show that autocratic leadership style influences Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and work motivation also influences Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB).

A Qualitative Analysis of Shared Values and Motivation for Change Expressed by Sexual Minority Men in Relationships: Use of the Personal Values Card Sort Activity During Motivational Interviewing Sessions Addressing Drug Use and Sexual Health.

The development of tailored interventions that address drug use and sexual risk taking among sexual minority men (SMM) in relationships has garnered increasing interest over the past 20years. Motivational interviewing (MI) has demonstrated promise in both individual and couples-based applications. The Personal Values Card Sort activity is commonly employed in these interventions; however, relatively little is known about the content of client responses evoked by this intervention task. This study examined how SMM in relationships characterize their values; how their relationship partners influence value attainment; and how they situated drug use and sexual risk taking in the context of their values and primary relationships. A qualitative analysis of intervention transcripts from sessions with 47 SMM aged 18 to 34 was conducted. All respondents were HIV negative and indicated recent (past 30days) drug use and sexual risk behavior. Participants' high priority values reflected a focus on clarifying personal identity and interpersonal relationships. Values manifested as realized, aspirational, or transformed. Participants described their partners as supporting goal attainment and as a companion with whom they cope with goal-related stressors. Consistent with interdependence theory, participants' responses indicated consideration of their partner and relationship when these aligned with and supported goal-attainment. Conversely, when partners were described as a barrier to realizing their values, participants characterized their relationship as being of lower quality. Implications of this content for the activation of motivation for health behavior are discussed with specific emphasis on applications with SMM in relationships.

Pathways Linking Maternal Anxious Rearing Behavior, Self-Efficacy, and Moral Motivation to Cyberbullying Outsider and Defender Behavior Among Adolescents

Objectives: The term “outsider behavior” refers to the practice of not responding to cyberbullying, while the term “defender behavior” involves reacting to the perpetrator’s actions and seeking assistance from friends to support the victims. This study examined behavior mechanisms in the context of cyberbullying, focusing on the role of maternal anxious rearing behavior and the mediating roles of adolescents’ self-efficacy and moral motivation.Methods: The study participants were 234 adolescents (Mage = 13.92, SD = .96) who witnessed cyberbullying while attending middle schools in South Korea. Adolescents’ perceived maternal anxious rearing behavior, self-efficacy, moral motivation, and cyberbullying outsider and defender behavior were measured using self-reported questionnaires. Data analyses were conducted to examine descriptive statistics using SPSS and a structural equation model using AMOS.Results: The results indicated that while maternal anxious rearing behavior is not directly associated with cyberbullying outsider behavior, it is significantly associated with lower levels of cyberbullying defender behavior. Higher levels of maternal anxious rearing behavior are associated with lower levels of self-efficacy in adolescents, leading to lower moral motivation, which, in turn, is associated with an increase in cyberbullying outsider behavior. In contrast, moral motivation is not significantly associated with cyberbullying defender behavior.Conclusion: Adopting an integrated perspective, our findings underscore pathways to shaping different cyberbullying behavior in adolescents linked with their perceived maternal anxious rearing behavior, self-efficacy, and moral motivation. These findings highlight the crucial role of maternal anxious rearing behavior in practical implications, suggesting the need for effective interventions when adolescents witness cyberbullying.

FGF21 acts in the brain to drive macronutrient-specific changes in behavioral motivation and brain reward signaling.

Dietary protein restriction induces adaptive changes in food preference, increasing protein consumption over carbohydrates or fat. We investigated whether motivation and reward signaling underpin these preferences. In an operant task, protein-restricted male mice responded more for liquid protein rewards, but not carbohydrate, fat, or sweet rewards compared to non-restricted mice. The protein restriction-induced increase in operant responding for protein was absent in Fgf21-KO mice and mice with neuron-specific deletion of the FGF21 co-receptor beta-Klotho (Klb Cam2ka ) mice. Fiber photometry recording of VTA dopamine neurons revealed that oral delivery of maltodextrin triggered a larger activation as compared to casein in control-fed mice, whereas casein triggered a larger activation in protein-restricted mice. This restriction-induced shift in nutrient-specific VTA dopamine signaling was lost in Fgf21-KO mice. These data strongly suggest that the increased FGF21 during protein restriction acts in the brain to induce a protein-specific appetite by specifically enhancing the reward value of protein-containing foods and the motivation to consume them.

Peran Mediasi Motivasi Kerja dalam Pengaruh Perceived Organizational Support dan Employee Engagement terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

This study aims to examine The Role of Work Motivation Mediation in the Influence of Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Engagement on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour in employees of the Pusat Jasa Kearsipan, Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia. The employee population at the Pusat Jasa Kearsipan, Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia is 55 people. The sample used in this study is using a saturated sample. Data was collected through a questionnaire with a likert scale processed using Microsoft Excel 2013 software and Smart PLS 4.1 version. The research method used is SEM PLS. The results of this study show that the variable perceived organizational support has a not significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, employee engagement has a not significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior and work motivation has a significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior. The results of the study also showed that there was a significant influence of perceived organizational support on work motivation, and a significant effect of employee engagement on work motivation. This study also results that work motivation is stated to be able to mediate perceived organizational support for organizational citizenship behaviour, and work motivation is also able to mediate employee engagement towards organizational citizenship behaviour at the Pusat Jasa Kearsipan, Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia.

Relationship between Social Behaviour and Academic Motivation among Undergraduate Students of Faculty of Education Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State

Relationship between Social Behaviour and Academic Motivation among Undergraduate Students of Faculty of Education Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State

Study on the Behavioral Motives of Algorithmic Avoidance in Intelligent Recommendation Systems

Through an exploration of the underlying mechanisms driving users' algorithmic avoidance in intelligent recommendation systems, this study aims to facilitate a positive interaction between users and technology, providing theoretical guidance for the efficient operations of enterprises using intelligent recommendation systems. The research integrates the theories of information ecology and psychological resistance, establishing a model of influencing factors on users' algorithmic avoidance in intelligent recommendation systems. Utilizing a structural equation model, the study conducts analysis and validation on data collected from 506 questionnaires. The findings reveal that algorithmic transparency and perceived manipulation significantly impact the users' algorithmic avoidance in intelligent recommendation systems. The sense of being manipulated emerges as a crucial psychological factor leading to algorithmic avoidance, playing a complete mediating role in the influence of information quality, homogeneous recommendation, and algorithmic transparency on algorithmic avoidance.

The roles of anthropomorphism, spirituality, and gratitude in pro-environmental attitudes

ABSTRACT Emotions can be a powerful motivator of pro-environmental behavior, but less is known about how religious factors shape these emotional responses. Two studies investigated how spiritual views of nature—as an anthropomorphic being, that provides positive self-transcendent emotional experiences and spiritual resources—are associated with gratitude to the natural environment. Feeling gratitude was a robust unique predictor of pro-environmental attitudes, including a desire to preserve and protect nature, moral disapproval of environment degradation, and pro-environmental civic engagement. We documented the association between spiritual views of nature, gratitude, and pro-environmental attitudes in Singapore (n = 1375) and the United States (n = 745) and across diverse religious groups. Furthermore, the association between gratitude to nature and pro-environmentalism was not moderated by perceived overlap between God and the natural environment, indicating that spiritually-grounded feelings of gratitude to nature have direct associations with environmental attitudes that extend across religious and cultural boundaries.

Examining the psychosocial drivers of handwashing behaviour among school children

ABSTRACT Aim Handwashing with soap remains the single most cost-effective strategy for reducing the spread of infectious diseases. From our scoping search, no study was identified which examined the predictors of children’s handwashing behaviour within the context of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) combined. This paper contributes to bridging this gap in literature. We sought to examine variables emanating from the HBM and TPB which could potentially predict handwashing behaviour; determine whether behavioural intention will potentially predict behaviour; and identify school children’s motivation for proper handwashing behaviour. Subject and Methods Data were collected from 717 school children recruited from four basic schools. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analysed using multi-variable linear regression models. Results Participants’ knowledge of hand hygiene failed to predict behavioural intention and handwashing behaviour. As regards participants’ perception of severity, there was an association with behavioural intention in a crude model, but this was not so in an adjusted model. Also, perception of severity was not associated with handwashing behaviour. Attitude to handwashing (β = 0.120, 95% CI [0.00, 0.24] p = 0.046), possession of handwashing skills (β = 0.037, 95% CI [0.01, 0.07] p = 0.008), and subjective norms (β = 0.263, 95% CI [0.20, 0.33] p < 0.001) were among the psychosocial variables that showed potential for predicting both behavioural intention and behaviour. The TPB’s intention-behaviour relationship was corroborated by our results. Among others, motivation for adherence to proper handwashing behaviour included the desire to make hands smell better. Conclusion Interventions targeting the handwashing behaviour of school children should consider strategies that move beyond mere knowledge improvement, but rather target attitude and skill enhancement strategies implemented in partnership with ‘significant others’ such as teachers, and adult peers.

Study on the motivation of enterprise greenwashing behavior based on the perspective of environmental commitment implementation

With the rapid economic growth, the issue of ecological environmental protection has been widely concerned by the public, and has triggered diversified discussions. As the main participants in social and economic activities, enterprises play a pivotal role in this issue, not only bearing social responsibility, but also playing a decisive role in environmental protection practices. In the context of consciously undertaking social responsibilities and responding to institutional requirements, enterprises often express their firm position and commitment to environmental protection and compliance with laws and regulations through information disclosure. In practice, some enterprises run counter to their environmental protection commitments, choosing to "low investment, high return" as the goal of greenwashing behavior. Taking Hegang as the research object, this paper summarizes the process of implementing environmental commitment as the result of the joint action of two factors: implementation ability and implementation motivation. Then, the paper analyzes the major environmental pollution cases of Hesteel, analyzes the motivation of Hesteel's greenwashing behavior from the perspective of the implementation ability and implementation motivation of environmental commitment, and finally puts forward corresponding suggestions for the shortcomings of the enterprise itself and external regulatory departments in preventing greenwashing behavior, in order to optimize the governance mechanism and improve regulatory efficiency.

Quantification of attentional capacity and motivation in sign-tracking and goal-tracking behavior.

Quantification of attentional capacity and motivation in sign-tracking and goal-tracking behavior.

“The Nurse Told Her to Get Checked More Regularly Because She is Having Sex with Black Men”: An Exploration of the Sexual Health Experiences of Black Heterosexual Men in London

ABSTRACT Drivers of poor sexual health outcomes among Black heterosexual man are poorly understood. Previous research has identified a need to understand Black men’s behavioral experiences and motivators in the UK. This study aimed to address this gap through a phenomenological exploration of the sexual health experiences and motivators of Black heterosexual men with experience of higher-risk sexual behaviors living in London. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants (18–58 years) recruited through barbershops. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Five themes were generated. For relevance, three themes are discussed in this paper: 1) The Black Man’s Battle; 2) Sexual Socialization; and 3) Sexual Behaviors, Relationships, and Health. Race and gender combined to shape experience of sexual socialization. Exposure to explicit media content from a young age promoted multiple sexual partners. Racist sexual stereotypes exposed participants to fetishization and created pressure to meet sexual expectations. Condom use motivators were complex and multifaceted. Experience of institutional racism created a lack of trust in services. However, actual experiences with sexual health services were positive and counteracted the mistrust created by racism. Sexual health services should better tailor their work to Black heterosexual men and diversify their offer. Services should collaborate with Black community organizations to deliver services outside clinical settings.

Ransomware attack awareness: analyzing college student awareness for effective defense

There are growing concerns about security as the usage of computers in academic settings continues to increase. This research aims to investigate the level of awareness among university students regarding security threats associated with ransomware. This study examines students' behaviour and preventive motivation for ransomware attacks, along with the measures taken to mitigate these security threats. The study model combines the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and preventive motivation theory (PMT) with additional threat awareness (TA) variables. The research findings indicate a high level of awareness regarding the dangers. TA has a positive influence on other factors, as indicated by the significant t-values (perceived severity (PS)=4.479, perceived vulnerability (PV)=3.251, response efficacy (RE)=14.344, and self-efficacy (SE)=8.034). This research also demonstrates that subjective norm (SN) and affective responses (AR) have a key impact on behavioural intention (BI). Moreover, two of the preventive motivation factors, PS and PV, significantly contribute to BI, while the other two (RE and SE) did not show a significant contribution to BI.

Study of Mentor Guidance Behavior and Learning Motivation on Master's Students' Innovation Capability

Innovation capability is a crucial indicator for assessing the quality of graduate education, with mentor guidance behavior and learning motivation playing pivotal roles in its enhancement. Based on survey data from 221 graduate students, this study employs correlation and regression analyses, combined with the AMO theory, to investigate comprehensively the effects of mentor guidance behavior and learning motivation on the development of graduate students' innovation capability, as well as the mediating role of learning engagement. The results indicate that both mentor guidance behavior and learning motivation significantly promote graduate students' innovation capability. Particularly, learning engagement serves as a critical mediator between mentor guidance behavior and learning motivation. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the mechanisms behind graduate students' innovation capability but also provide theoretical support and practical guidance for improving the quality of higher education teaching.

Determinanten für ein günstiges Sitzund Bewegungsverhalten in der Präsenzarbeit im Büro und im Homeoffice

Determinants of favourable sitting and movement behaviour when working in the office and at home – results of an interview study (SITFLEX-2) Objective: Office workers spend about 70 % of their working time seated. Sitting for more than 8h per day is associated with health problems such as hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus. This study aims to reveal what office workers, in interview, consider to be the facilitators and barriers to breaking up sitting time in the office and when working remotely, and to make recommendations based on their insights. Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 employees performing sedentary work in an international company. The analysis was carried out using Mayring’s content analysis on the basis of the COM-B model of behaviour (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour). The modified model of possible determinants of sedentary behaviour in the work context was used to identify preliminary guidance for enabling healthier sedentary behaviour at work. Results: The interviews indicate that awareness of the importance of sitting breaks and movement, and their association with health, was a prerequisite for promoting healthy behaviour. In addition to spatial and social incentives, work task organisation that allows employees to take a break from sitting is perceived as beneficial. Spatial and social incentives are often particularly lacking when working from home. Regardless of the working environment, a work culture that supports and encourages sitting breaks and movement is important. There are several barriers to this. Sitting at a desk for long periods of time, for instance, is perceived to be associated with higher productivity, while time pressure masks physical sensations so that sitting breaks are often forgotten. Conclusions: Due to the increasing prevalence of working from home, there is a clear need for appropriate procedures and a working culture that promote breaks from sitting and movement during remote work. Keywords: sedentary behaviour – sitting interruptions – movement promotion – qualitative research – interviews

The Good Death: The Interplay Between Group Dynamics, End of Life Decision Making, and Creative Consumption

Background Although death is a primary motivator of behavior, it is not widely studied in marketing. Focus of the Article Through case analysis, integration of literature, and in-depth interviews of terminally ill patients, we explore the factors that change the consumption of medical treatment and the social issues that arise between themselves and other key stakeholders. Research Question What variables impact the decision-making process of terminally ill patients who choose to use an illegal treatment option? Program Design/Approach We explore the factors influencing consumption practices at the end of life through case analysis, literature integration, and in-depth interviews of terminally ill patients. Importance to Social Marketing Field This research gives social marketers a rare glimpse into the mind of the consumer at a pivotal moment of consumption end-of-life. Our exploration shows that when the conventional medical system fails, medical consumers engage in creative consumption patterns. Understanding these patterns allows social marketers to better understand and engage with terminally or chronically ill consumers. Methods This is a qualitative study using in-depth interviews. Results This study found that having an intimate relationship with mortality eliminates or weakens the constraints of cultural institutions and social groups as a part of the decision-making process.

Exploring the impact of goals and motivation on young consumers’ sustainable plastic management behavior using the Theory of Reasoned Goal Pursuit

Despite literature suggesting the importance of goals and motivation in pro-environmental behavior, its implication for predicting consumers’ sustainable plastic management behavior (SPMB) is limited. This paper adopted the Theory of Reasoned Goal Pursuit (TRGP) to predict young consumers’ SPMB, which includes plastic consumption reduction and proper disposal of plastic waste. Data was collected by surveying 336 respondents from a developing country - Bangladesh. Partial least square-based structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze data. The result shows a significant impact of active procurement and approval goals on attitude and subjective norms, respectively, that lead to the formation of motivation. Furthermore, it was found that individuals’ motivation significantly impacts their intention, eventually leading to pro-environmental behavior (i.e., SPMB). This research contributes by providing deeper insight into the underlying mechanism of how the active procurement goal (i.e., pro-environmental goals), active approval goal, and motivation interact with other factors to reshape individuals’ SPMB. In addition, this paper provides further evidence on the implication of TRGP in habitual type pro-environmental behavior context. Finally, this paper offers solid suggestions for practitioners to promote circular economy practices at the consumer level to fight against plastic pollution.

Understanding the effect of contractual complexity on regulatory focus in construction projects: the moderating role of organizational culture

How the behavioral motivation of each organization is shaped or emerges during the interorganizational transaction deserves more investigation. Drawing on regulatory focus theory, this study delves into the impact of contractual complexity and organizational culture on regulatory focus as behavioral motivation in construction projects. This study dissects contractual complexity into control, coordination, and adaptation grounded in a functional perspective, decomposes regulatory focus into prevention focus and promotion focus, and splits organizational culture into group culture, developmental culture, hierarchical culture, and rational culture. Through validating the empirical data from 411 questionnaires within Chinese construction sector, this study uncovers that contractual control and contractual coordination positively affect prevention focus, while contractual adaptation positively affects promotion focus. Four different types of organizational culture play different moderating roles in the process of stimulating regulatory focus. Organizations with high group culture have a strong driving force for the formation of both regulatory focuses. In contrast, the average level of hierarchical culture, developmental culture, or rational culture is not conducive to the formation of prevention focus or promotion focus. These findings explain how behavioral motivation is impacted by transaction characteristics such as contracts from the perspective of social psychology, confirm the spillover effect of organizational culture of one party at the interorganizational level, and provide suggestions for practitioners on how to develop interorganizational relationships and allocate resources appropriately.

A model of academic dishonesty intentions: mediating effects of machiavellianism and differential association

ABSTRACT Past studies of academic dishonesty typically have been grounded in the theory of planned behaviour. Key predictors of academic dishonesty variables under this framework generally have been attitudes towards academic dishonesty, the impact of peer pressure to engage in such acts, and individual perceptions of related acts. However, planned behaviour theory is silent about the significant impact on academic dishonesty of past academic dishonesty behaviours. The objective of the present study is to analyse, through the lens of social learning theory, the effects of past behaviours that predispose academic dishonesty: differential association, i.e., the effects of individual learning, through interaction with others, of the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for deviant behaviour, on the prediction of academic dishonesty intentions. Additionally, the study tests the effects of Machiavellianism, or dishonest and deceptive behaviours on the relationship between past academic dishonesty acts and academic dishonesty attitudes. Results of the study reveal that differential association with cheating acceptors strengthens the relationship between academic dishonesty attitudes and intentions. Additionally, Machiavellianism at higher levels intensifies the relationships between past academic dishonesty behaviours and contemporary academic dishonesty attitudes.