Motivational Interviewing Intervention Research Articles

Interventions in the workplace to reduce risk factors for noncommunicable diseases: an umbrella review of systematic reviews of effectiveness.

Workplaces are an important setting to deliver programs to reduce risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). To help decision makers understand the most current and relevant evidence regarding effectiveness of workplace programs, we conducted an umbrella review to present a comprehensive synthesis of the large volume of literature. Systematic reviews of workplace interventions targeting primary risk factors for NCDs-unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, overweight/obesity, tobacco use, and/or excessive alcohol use-published since 2010 were sourced. For each risk factor, reviews were categorized by intervention type and quality. The most recent, high-quality review was included for each intervention type. Evidence for the effectiveness of each intervention type was then broadly classified based on the review summary findings. Twenty-one reviews were included. Most reviews focused on diet (n = 5), physical activity (n = 7), or obesity (n = 9) interventions, with fewer targeting alcohol (n = 2) or tobacco (n = 2) use. Reviews of interventions focusing on individual behavior (such as education or counseling) were most common. Across diet, obesity, physical activity, and tobacco use, multicomponent interventions were consistently likely to be classified as "likely effective." Motivational interviewing and broad health promotion interventions were identified as "promising" for alcohol use. This umbrella review identified that multicomponent workplace interventions were effective to reduce NCD risk factors. There is a gap around interventions targeting alcohol use as most syntheses lacked enough studies to draw conclusions about effectiveness. Exploring the impact of interventions that utilize policy and/or environmental strategies is a critical gap for future research.

The feasibility of motivational interviewing on adherence to care practices, emotional intelligence, and dispositional optimism among patients with permanent pacemakers.

Motivational interviewing (MI) has been recognized as highly effective for treating chronic diseases and various conditions, with encouraging results demonstrating its effectiveness in promoting health behaviour change. The current study was proposed to evaluate the feasibility of MI on adherence to care practices, emotional intelligence (EI), and dispositional optimism among patients with permanent pacemakers. This study was a parallel arm randomized controlled trial. Seventy clients with permanent pacemakers were randomly allocated to a six-session MI intervention (n = 35) or a waiting list control group (n = 35). A statistically significant improvement in the mean scores of adherence to care practices, EI, and dispositional optimism, along with a significant reduction in pessimism, was registered among the study group compared with the control group. Following the intervention for 1- and 2-month follow-up measurements, there were statistically significant improvements in self-care practice adherence. After 1 month of intervention, there were statistically significant gains in EI and dispositional optimism, but at the 2-month follow-up measurement, this improvement had somewhat lessened. The findings suggest that MI may be a feasible and practical approach for improving adherence to care practices, EI, and dispositional optimism in patients with permanent pacemakers. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05883514.

College Women's Perceptions of a Friend-Based Intervention to Prevent Alcohol-Involved Sexual Assault.

Sexual assault (SA), particularly alcohol-involved SA, remains prevalent among college women. Because SA often begins in social contexts, bystander intervention has become a popular approach to prevention. Bystander interventions train individuals to intervene on behalf of others, including strangers, despite research indicating that intervention is more likely to occur when the bystander has a relationship with the target. Shifting the focus to friends as potential bystanders capitalizes on the qualities of relationship and responsibility that facilitate intervention. College women (N = 35) participated in focus groups (N = 8) during which they viewed a video prototype of a friend-based motivational interviewing (FMI) intervention session conducted with a friend dyad and provided feedback about the relevance and feasibility of using such an approach to reduce SA among friends who drink together in social settings. Content analysis of focus group transcripts yielded three themes: a) Friends as Natural Bystanders; b) The Role of Alcohol in Intervention, and c) Receptivity to FMI intervention. Women indicated that they feel responsible for keeping their friends safe, and that this sense of responsibility facilitates helping behaviors. Women also described ways through which alcohol intoxication can affect helping behavior. Women expressed enthusiasm for the FMI intervention approach and identified its emphasis on friendship and flexible approaches to personal safety as strengths. Findings highlight the promise of FMI intervention approaches that capitalize on the strengths of women's friendship to create safety goals that align with participants' values and overcome barriers to intervention, including alcohol intoxication.

Motivational interviewing for weight management among college students during COVID-19: An exploratory randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCollege students encounter challenges in managing their weight. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated the problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention compared to online education (control) on body composition and self-determination theory constructs among college students with overweight. MethodsThis was a randomized clinical trial of 40 college students comparing an MI versus a control group. The MI group received monthly interviews: three face-to-face interviews before the pandemic, and three video chat interviews after the outbreak of COVID-19 spanning a total of six months. The control group received six, monthly education modules. Body composition was measured by the iDexa and self-determination theory (SDT) variables were assessed with surveys. ResultsMixed ANOVAs from pre-post revealed significant changes in fat mass (p = .03, η2 = 0.22), lean mass (p < .05, η2 = 0.18), body fat percentage (p < .01, η2 = 0.37), autonomy (p < .01, η2 = 0.38), relatedness (p < .01, η2 = 0.41), amotivation (p = .01, η2 = 0.29), external regulation (p = .02, η2 = 0.23), identified regulation (p = .02, η2 = 0.25), integrated regulation (p < .00, η2 = 0.49), and intrinsic regulation (p = .01, η2 = 0.27). ConclusionsIn this exploratory analysis, MI demonstrated a positive trend in body composition maintenance when compared to online education among overweight college students during a national pandemic. Future studies utilizing MI would enhance the literature by further investigating the relationship between MI and SDT and measuring body composition.Clinicaltrials.gov. identifier: NCT04130386.

Grouping motivational interviewing is only effective for younger patients with alcohol dependence in the rehabilitation stage.

Alcohol dependence (AD) is a risk factor for death and disability. Relapse prevention for AD has been exclusively dominated by psychotherapy intervention for many years. Our study aimed to investigate the efficacy of group motivational interviewing (MI) on the psychological craving for alcohol and depressive symptoms in AD patients in the rehabilitation phase, as well as the impact of age. The participants included 108 individuals with AD in the rehabilitation phase. All participants were assigned to the MI intervention group or the control group and were treated for 6weeks. The severity of psychological craving for alcohol was assessed by the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS), and psychological status was evaluated by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). We found that group MI significantly reduced the psychological craving for alcohol in patients with AD in the rehabilitation phase (p < 0.05). In addition, when patients were divided into two groups according to their ages, we found that group MI interventions tended to be effective only in younger patients with AD, but not in older patients. Our findings provide further evidence that the efficacy of group MI interventions was influenced by the age of patients with AD in the rehabilitation stage.

Trajectories of adherence to ACEI/ARB medications following a motivational interviewing intervention among Medicare Advantage beneficiaries in Texas

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of student telephone motivational interviewing intervention on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blockers (ACEI/ARBs) adherence trajectories and identify predictors of each trajectory. MethodsThe intervention group included continuously enrolled Medicare Advantage Plan patients non-adherent to ACEI/ARBs vs the control group (1:2 ratio). The intervention was tailored by pre-intervention trajectories and included an initial and five follow-up calls. Adherence was measured 6 months after initial calls using the proportion of days covered (PDC). Monthly PDCs were integrated into a group-based trajectory model and categorized patients into 4-groups. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to evaluate trajectory predictors. ResultsThe study comprised 240 intervention patients and 480 controls with four trajectories: adherent trajectory 44.2%, gradual improvement in adherence 13.4%, slow decline in adherence 24.1%, and discontinuation 18.3%. Patients with the intervention were less likely to experience a slow decline in adherence than controls (OR: 0.627 [0.401–0.981]). Patients with specialty prescribers’ visits, ≥ 1 previous hospitalization, rapid decline in adherence as pre-intervention trajectory, and higher CMS risk score were associated with discontinuation trajectory. ConclusionIntervention patients vs controls had a lower likelihood of following a slow decline in adherence pattern. Practice implicationsThis study underscores the importance of individualized interventions and the association between past adherence patterns and post-intervention trajectories.

Effectiveness and feasibility of a motivational interviewing intake (MII) intervention for increasing client engagement in outpatient addiction treatment: an effectiveness-implementation hybrid design protocol

BackgroundClient discontinuation from outpatient addiction treatment programs is common, and the initial intake is the service delivery point with the highest attrition rate. Replacing the comprehensive intake assessment with a person-centered Motivational Interviewing (MI) intervention is a potential solution to address provider and client concerns about the disengaging, time-intensive nature of the typical initial intake. It remains unclear whether the use of an alternative to the standard intake at the initial visit can fit within typical organizational reporting requirements, whether it decreases attrition, and whether implementation of person-centered intake procedures within outpatient addiction treatment programs is feasible, acceptable, and can be sustained.PurposeTo describe the methods and design of an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 1 trial of a Motivational Interviewing at Intake (MII) intervention using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).MethodsThe study will determine the effectiveness of two intake conditions: (1) standard comprehensive intake assessment (intake-as-usual [IAU]), and (2) MII consisting of a person-centered discussion between provider and client about the client’s desire and intent to enter treatment. Although both interventions are focused on understanding client presenting complaints and needs for treatment, the delivery differs as the IAU uses a semi-structured assessment guide, while MII applies the theory of MI to have a conversation about treatment engagement. Adults seeking outpatient addiction treatment services will be randomly assigned to the MII condition (n = 75) or the IAU condition (n = 75). Primary outcomes will be client engagement (i.e., treatment entry, attendance, and completion) obtained from the electronic medical record. Secondary outcomes (client motivation and therapeutic alliance) will be putative mechanisms of client engagement assessed immediately before and after the intake. The trial also will explore determinants of effective, sustainable implementation using assessments of organizational readiness and capacity to change, as well as interviews on MII implementation feasibility.ConclusionThis trial of an MII intervention will investigate the feasibility of a motivational intervention as an initial contact with substance use treatment-seeking clients as well as indicators of intervention effectiveness within the systems where it is employed.Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05489068

Motivational Enhancement Interventions to Increase Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use in Sexual Minority Men Who Use Stimulants: Protocol for a Pilot Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial.

Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could substantially mitigate HIV risk, sexual minority men who use stimulants commonly experience difficulties with engaging in PrEP clinical services. Motivational interviewing (MI) and contingency management (CM) reduce substance use and condomless anal sex (CAS) in this population, but these motivational enhancement interventions require modifications to promote engagement along the PrEP care continuum. PrEP Readiness Interventions for Supporting Motivation (PRISM) is a pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial testing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of distinct combinations of telehealth MI and CM in 70 cisgender sexual minority men who use stimulants that are not currently taking PrEP. A national sample was recruited via social networking applications to complete a baseline assessment and mail-in HIV testing. Those with nonreactive HIV results were randomized to receive either (1) a 2-session MI intervention focusing on PrEP use (session 1) and concomitant stimulant use or CAS (session 2) or (2) a CM intervention with financial incentives for documented evidence of PrEP clinical evaluation by a medical provider (US $50) and filling a PrEP prescription (US $50). At the 3-month follow-up assessment, participants who reported they had not filled a prescription for PrEP were randomized a second time to either (1) switch to a second-stage intervention (ie, MI+CM or CM+MI) or (2) continue with assessments only. Outcomes for both responders and nonresponders were reassessed at a 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome is documented evidence of filling a PrEP prescription over 6 months. Self-reported secondary outcomes include PrEP clinical evaluation by a medical provider, stimulant use, and CAS. Qualitative exit interviews were conducted with a subgroup of responders and nonresponders to characterize their experiences with the MI and CM interventions. Implementation of PRISM underscores challenges in reaching sexual minority men who use stimulants to optimize HIV prevention efforts. Approximately 1 in 10 (104/1060) eligible participants have enrolled. Of the 104 who enrolled, 87 (84%) completed mail-in HIV testing. We delivered 5 preliminary HIV-positive results, including posttest counseling with referrals to confirmatory testing. Lessons learned from PRISM underscore the central importance of a flexible, participant-centered approach to support the engagement of sexual minority men who use stimulants. Leveraging telehealth platforms to deliver motivational enhancement interventions also expanded their reach and potential public health impact with this high-priority population. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of telehealth MI and CM for supporting PrEP use in sexual minority men who use stimulants. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04205487; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04205487. DERR1-10.2196/48459.

Randomized phase III trial evaluating motivational interviewing and text interventions to optimize adherence to breast cancer endocrine therapy (Alliance A191901): the GETSET protocol

BackgroundHormone receptor-positive (HR +) breast cancer is the most common type of breast cancer in the USA but has excellent long-term outcomes in recent decades, in part due to effective oral endocrine therapy (ET). ET medications are typically prescribed for 5 to 10 years, depending on the risk of recurrence, and must be taken daily. One limiting factor to ET efficacy is nonadherence, with high-risk groups for nonadherence including younger women and Black women.MethodsThe Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (Alliance) trial A191901 is an ongoing, four-arm (text message reminder (TMR), motivational interviewing (MI), TMR plus MI, or enhanced usual care) randomized clinical trial that tests the efficacy and effect of two interventions (TMR and/or MI) on improved ET adherence, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and resource use requirements among HR + breast cancer survivors. Participants are randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to the four arms. With an assumed loss to follow-up of approximately 11%, we plan to recruit 1180 participants. Randomization is stratified based on age and race to ensure balance between the arms, and we oversample younger and Black women, with each group representing 30% of the study population. Participants randomized to an intervention will actively participate in the intervention for 9 months, and all participants will be followed for adherence data and PRO endpoints, through the use of the Pillsy cap medication event monitoring system and Alliance ePRO survey app (i.e., Patient Cloud). The primary analysis will compare Pillsy-measured ET adherence among study arms at 12 months.DiscussionThis multisite study will not only define strategies to improve adherence to breast cancer oral therapies, but it will also potentially support strategies in large cooperative research groups that can increase delivery and tolerability of ET, involve diverse patient populations in clinical research, and engage patients effectively in interventional studies, using remote and cost-effective delivery methods.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT04379570. Registered on 7 May 2020.

Trends and Effects in Evidence-Based Psycho-Social Interventions for Patients with Diabetes

The purpose of this study is to explore psycho-social interventions for patients with diabetes and to suggest the effects of such interventions based on findings from systematic review and meta-analysis. To date, many types of psycho-social interventions for patients with diabetes have been conducted, indicating that self-management, self-efficacy, glucose control, diabetes distress, and quality of life can be improved after psycho-social interventions. As the most frequently used psycho-social interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy, behavior change techniques, motivational interviewing, and self-care interventions have been introduced and their effectiveness on psycho-social outcomes and disease control have been indicated. Recent studies have conducted technology-based psycho-social interventions for patients with diabetes, focusing on glucose control. Future studies are required to conduct multidisciplinary interventions based on a multilateral and integrated approach to continuously manage and monitor disease.

Motivational interviewing for preventing oral morbidities in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review with meta-analysis was performed to assess whether motivational interviewing (MI) effectively prevents oral morbidities in adults. Studies considered were randomized controlled trials, cluster-randomized controlled trials and community-based randomized trials assessing interventions based on MI or indicating that a counselling technique based on the principles developed by Miller and Rollnick was used. Controls were any type of oral health education or negative controls. Participants were 18-60 years old. The main outcome was any oral morbidity. From 602 studies identified in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS databases, seven studies were included in the synthesis. Studies included only evaluated periodontal outcomes, no studies were found for other oral morbidities. Patients' mean age was 43.7 years, and the follow-up time after MI or MI-based intervention varied between 1 month and 1 year. The total study population was 272 people with moderate-to-severe periodontitis; other groups analysed were pregnant women (n = 112) and patients with mental disorders and alcohol problems (n = 60). Meta-analysis for the plaque index (four studies, n = 267), bleeding on probing (two studies, n = 177) and gingival index (two studies, n = 166) were carried out. The summary effects for the random-effects model were estimated respectively as -3.59 percentage points (CI: [-11.44; 4.25] for plaque index, -6.41 percentage points (CI: [-12.18, -0.65]) for bleeding on probing and -0.70 (CI: [-1.87; 0.48]) for gingival index, marginally favouring the MI group. The reduced number of studies, the non-disclosure of some aspects of the data and the heterogeneity among them undermine the precision of the estimates. The current evidence available is limited to periodontal outcomes, and it is not possible to determine whether MI effectively prevents oral morbidities in adults.

Health Professionals can Sustain Proficiency in Motivational Interviewing With a Moderate Amount of Training: An Intervention Fidelity Study.

Motivational interviewing (MI) proficiency may erode quickly, limiting its effectiveness. We examined whether health professionals completing a 2-day workshop, with 3 to 5 hours of personalized coaching, and twice-yearly group reflections sustained proficiency for the duration of a hip fracture rehabilitation trial and whether intervention was implemented as intended. A fidelity study was completed as part of a process evaluation of the trial that tested whether physical activity increased among hip fracture patients randomly allocated to receive MI (experimental) compared with dietary advice (control) over ten 30-minute sessions. Twelve health professionals (none were proficient in MI before trial commencement) delivered the intervention for up to 952 days. Two hundred experimental sessions (24% of all sessions, 83 patients) were randomly selected to evaluate proficiency using the MI Treatment Integrity scale; along with 20 control sessions delivered by four dietitians. Linear mixed-effects regression analyses determined whether proficiency was sustained over time. Dose was assessed from all experimental sessions ( n = 840, 98 patients). Intervention was implemented as intended; 82% of patients received at least eight 30-minute sessions. All motivational interviewers were proficient, whereas dietitians did not inadvertently deliver MI. Time had no effect on MI proficiency (est < 0.001/d, P = .913, 95% CI, -0.001 to 0.001). MI proficiency was sustained in a large trial over 2.6 years by completing a 2-day workshop, 3 to 5 hours of personalized coaching, and twice-yearly group reflections, even for those without previous experience; further research needs to establish the maximum duration of training effectiveness.

Use of Motivational Interviewing in Older Patients with Multiple Chronic Conditions and Their Informal Caregivers: A Scoping Review.

The use of motivational interviewing is relatively new in multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). A scoping review was conducted according to JBI methodology to identify, map and synthesize existing evidence on the use of motivational interviewing to support self-care behavior changes in older patients with MCCs and to support their informal caregivers in promoting patient self-care changes. Seven databases were searched, from database inception to July 2022, for studies that used motivational interviewing in interventions for older patients with MCCs and their informal caregivers. We identified 12 studies, reported in 15 articles, using qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method designs, conducted between 2012 and 2022, describing the use of motivational interviewing for patients with MCCs. We could not locate any study regarding its application for informal caregivers. The scoping review showed that the use of motivational interviewing is still limited in MCCs. It was used mainly to improve patient medication adherence. The studies provided scant information about how the method was applied. Future studies should provide more information about the application of motivational interviewing and should address self-care behavior changes relevant to patients and healthcare providers. Informal caregivers should also be targeted in motivational interviewing interventions, as they are essential for the care of older patients with MCCs.

0913 Evaluation of a Single-Session Sleep Intervention for Air Force Trainees

Abstract Introduction Sleep insufficiency is highly prevalent in military personnel and has detrimental impacts on operational readiness and health. Sleep health across this population does not appear to have improved despite targeted health promotion programs and efforts to bolster evidence-based tertiary care for sleep disorders. There is some evidence that problematic sleep may emerge in early military training environments and persist throughout a service member’s career. Approximately 37,000 personnel complete Air Force (USAF) technical training each year to learn job-specific skills. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of a single-session, group-based sleep intervention in USAF Technical Training. Methods A brief (40-min) intervention incorporating behavioral sleep medicine interventions and motivational interviewing was developed and tailored for the target population. Three military units were assigned to receive either the brief sleep intervention (n = 203) or an active control group receiving a brief tobacco intervention (n = 118). Students were queried at two weeks post-intervention to assess their sleep time and quality using the Self-Assessment of Sleep Survey-Split (SASS-Y). Participants included 321 USAF technical school students (Mean age = 21), and the majority identified as male (82%), White (67%), and non-Hispanic (75%). Propensity-score-weighted multivariable logistic regression was utilized to compare the sleep outcomes between intervention and control groups at follow-up. Results At follow-up, students in the sleep intervention were significantly more likely to report sleeping &amp;gt; 6 hours per night on weekdays (OR = 1.49, p &amp;lt; .001) and more likely to endorse “Good” or “Very Good” sleep quality (OR = 1.50, p = .032) as compared to the control group. Follow-up results also showed that 69.2% of students in the sleep intervention group reported having engaged in the self-selected positive sleep ‘Action Step’ they chose and wrote down during the intervention. Conclusion This is, to our knowledge, the first study to design and test a brief motivational interviewing and behavioral sleep intervention in USAF technical training. Results suggest that a single-session, group-level intervention can promote behavioral changes and improve sleep health. Future efforts should consider low-touch additions (e.g., text messaging) to support the durability of intervention effects. Support (if any)

The Impact of an Intervention to Improve Caregiver Contribution to Heart Failure Self-care on Caregiver Anxiety, Depression, Quality of Life, and Sleep.

Better caregiver contribution to self-care in heart failure is associated with better patient outcomes. However, caregiver contribution to self-care is also associated with high anxiety and depression, poor quality of life, and poor sleep in caregivers. It is still unclear whether interventions that encourage caregivers to contribute more to patient self-care might increase caregivers' anxiety and depression and decrease their quality of life and sleep. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a motivational interview intervention aimed at improving caregiver contribution to self-care in heart failure on caregivers' anxiety, depression, quality of life, and sleep. This is a secondary outcome analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF trial. Patients with heart failure and their caregivers were randomized into arm 1 (motivational interview to patients), arm 2 (motivational interview to patients and caregivers), and arm 3 (standard care). Data were collected between June 2014 and October 2018. The article has been prepared following the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist. A sample of 510 patient-caregiver dyads was enrolled. Over the year of the study, the levels of anxiety, depression, quality of life, and sleep in caregivers did not significantly change among the 3 arms. Motivational interview aimed at improving caregiver contribution to self-care does not seem to increase caregiver anxiety and depression, nor decrease their quality of life and sleep. Thus, such an intervention might be safely delivered to caregivers of patients with heart failure, although further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Classroom-Based Motivational Interviewing Intervention for Ninth-Grade Students at Risk for School Dropout

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of a Tier 2 classroom-based motivational interviewing (MI) intervention—the Aspire Group Intervention (AGI)—designed for ninth-grade students identified as being at high risk for school dropout. The nine-lesson AGI curriculum was grounded in self-determination theory and positive youth development, and aligned with the four processes that characterize MI (i.e., engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning). The intervention was implemented with 38 ninth-grade students in two classrooms in one southeastern high school. Data were collected through pre/post student surveys, implementation fidelity checklists, and teacher interviews. Results suggest students were satisfied and found the intervention helpful. Teachers were satisfied with the intervention overall but shared concerns regarding student engagement and group size due to classroom delivery of the intervention. Implementation data suggest that lessons were slightly longer than a class period and most activities were implemented as intended. The article concludes with a discussion of implications of this study for future refinement of the intervention, along with more general implications for school social work practice.

Anticipatory Guidance through Online Motivational Interviewing for Mothers on Early Childhood Caries among Young Children of Age 9-24 Months amidst Pandemics: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial.

A total of 222 mothers with 9-24 months old children were selected and added to the e-groups. The allocated mothers were given a pretest questionnaire and collected back with a photo of their child's oral health, and anticipatory guidance and in-depth interviewing were given to them. Follow-up is done in 2, 4, and 6 months. Awareness is evaluated by pre- and posttest questionnaires. Reversal of the white spot is evaluated through indices, and progression is noted. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 13. Pretest and postquestionnaire analysis were done using the Chi-squared test. The test shows the marked raise in knowledge, attitude, and practice of mothers on their children after postintervention, which was given through motivational interviewing (MI). In summary, the MI intervention appeared to improve maternal knowledge but had no effect on oral health behaviors or on the progression of early childhood caries (ECC). Aravind A, Sathyaprasad S, Ilyas I. Anticipatory Guidance through Online Motivational Interviewing for Mothers on Early Childhood Caries among Young Children of Age 9-24 Months amidst Pandemics: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(2):227-236.

Brief Online Intervention Model Promotes Sustained Helping Behavior Across 6 Months Following a Population-Wide Traumatic Event

Following natural disasters, early helping behavior often dissipates despite remaining disaster-related suffering and affective vulnerability in the community. Interventions that have successfully increased helping behaviors have included components of motivational interviewing (MI) and mindful compassion; however, this research is limited by laboratory-based settings and lengthy training sessions. Brief, portable, and efficient intervention is needed to increase accessibility to large groups simultaneously. The current study piloted a brief, online, self-administered MI and mindful compassion intervention administered 4-10weeks post-Hurricane Harvey examining if it would sustain helping behaviors over the ensuing year. The study also examined potential moderators of the relationship between compassion for others and internalizing symptoms, and whether helping behaviors predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms. The intervention group sustained the use of helping behaviors more than an active control group after 9-12months. Also, compassion satisfaction and burnout moderated the relationship between compassion for others and post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms at follow-up. Results suggest a potentially useful model of how an efficiently distributed intervention might sustain helping behaviors after a natural disaster and provide insight into possible longitudinal risk and protective factors for post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms among helping volunteers.

Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis.

Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis.

Motivational Interviewing for Enhancing Self-care in Patients With Heart Failure: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by an increasing prevalence, representing a public health problem and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Self-care is a cornerstone approach for optimizing therapy for patients with HF. Patients play a crucial role in managing their condition, given that several adverse health outcomes might be avoided with adequate self-care. In this regard, the literature describes motivational interviewing (MI) as highly favorable for treating chronic diseases, with promising results supporting its efficacy in enhancing self-care. Moreover, caregivers' availability constitutes a fundamental supporting factor among the strategies to improve self-care behaviors in people with HF. The primary study aim is to test the efficacy of a structured program, including scheduled MI interventions, in improving self-care maintenance in the 3-month follow-up from the enrollment. Secondary aims comprehend the assessment of the effectiveness of the above intervention on secondary outcomes (eg, self-care monitoring, quality of life, sleep disturbance) and the corroboration of the superiority of caregivers' participation to the intervention over the program administrated only to individual patients in enhancing self-care behaviors and other outcomes at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months from the enrollment. This study protocol designed a prospective, parallel-arm, open-label, 3-arm, controlled trial. The MI intervention will be administered by nurses trained in HF self-care and MI; the education program will be provided to nurses by an expert psychologist. Analyses will be performed within the framework of intention-to-treat analysis. Comparisons between groups will be based on an alpha of 5% and 2-tailed null hypotheses. In the case of missingness, analyzing the extent of the missingness and identifying underlying mechanisms and patterns will guide imputation methods. The data collection was started in May 2017. We completed the data collection with the last follow-up in May 2021. We plan to perform data analysis by December 2022. We plan to publish the study results within March 2023. MI enhances potential self-care practices in patients with HF and their caregivers. Although MI is effectively largely employed either alone or combined with other treatments and is administered in different settings and ways, face-to-face interventions seem to be more effective. Dyads with higher shared HF knowledge are more efficient in promoting self-care adherence behaviors. Moreover, patients and caregivers may perceive proximity with health care professionals, resulting in a better ability to follow the received health professionals' directions. The scheduled in-person meetings with patients and caregivers will be exploited to administer MI, respecting all the safety regulations for infection containment. The conduction of this study may support changes in clinical practice to include MI to improve self-care for patients with HF. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05595655; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05595655. DERR1-10.2196/44629.