Motivation In Human Behavior Research Articles

PSYCHOLOGICAL NOVELS OF US AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGYSMS

Psychological novels can be found in a number of scientific publications about their origin and the psychological process in it. In world and European literature, psychological novels and the definition of psychologisms are studied in relation to the works of James Joyce and Henry James, while in Russian literature, the works of Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy reveal the deep points of the hero's psyche and the inner motives of human behavior. Novel writing or analysis of the inner world of the heroes of works of art, when it comes to Uzbek literature, started in the late 40s of the last century, but gradually became firmly established in the world of literature in the 60s. Although the psychological approach to fiction was formed in Europe, its development is closely associated with modern America today.

«Назад к Островскому»: деконструкция постановки классики в режиссерском театре 1920-х годов

Ostrovsky’s centenary in 1923 gave impetus for a major leap in the history of directing. Ostrovsky turned out to be the first author whose plays were staged almost simultaneously (within 3 years) in all styles of Russian directing. Alexander Tairov staged “The Storm” at the Moscow Kamerny Theatre, in 1924, by mythologizing Ostrovsky’s tragedy. The myth of the Russian soul outside the boundaries of time turned out to be in the center of his performance. The psychological portrayal of the 19th-century drama’s character was mastered by the mythological approach. Such components as mythological thinking, constructivism, and the concept of Ostrovsky’s secret mysticism of the Russian soul were combined for the first time. Actress Alisa Koonen delved into the archetype of the heroine. The avant-garde production of Sergey Eisenstein’s “Enough Stupidity in Every Wise Man” at the First Workers’ Theatre of Proletkult (1923) was connected with the ancient tradition of the fairground booth show. For the first time in the history of the Russian theatre, a director used the principles of open actualization of the classic play, the connections between drama and the circus, cinematic methods in the theatre, and a “montage of attractions”. “A Profitable Position” staged by Vsevolod Meyerhold (Theatre of the Revolution, 1923) was associated with Russian romanticism. The production revealed the two worlds — the spiritual reality in the opposition to the material everyday life. The metaphorical performance was built according to the principle of a thematic development similar to music. In “The Forest” at the Meyerhold Theatre (1924), the director contrasted three genres and semantic layers: a farcical level, a love line, as in Russian romanticism of the 19th century, and a layer that united the structure — acting and theatricality (the leitmotif of actors and acting). The visual dynamic of the dialogue with hyperbolic expression became the director’s principle approach. In his work on the production “An Ardent Heart” (Moscow Art Theatre, 1926), Stanislavsky created the phenomenon of the psychological grotesque. The performance was perceived by most critics as satirical and accusatory. Stanislavsky did not lose interest in the motives of human behavior, especially of a theatrical nature, and revealed a certain way of human thinking. The progress in the new discoveries in Ostrovsky’s dramaturgy in the first half of the 1920s shaped the main courses in which the Russian theatre was developing in the 20th century.

A Study on Michelle Obama’s Speech at Stanford Center at Peking University from the Perspective of Burke’s New Rhetoric

Kenneth Burke is the founder of the new rhetoric. Dramatism is one of the important contents of Burke’s rhetoric theory. It is a way for Burke to analyze and study the relationship and motivation of human behavior through drama. Dramatism can be used as a practical tool in discourse analysis, especially in advertisements and speeches. Michelle Obama, the wife of 44th U.S. President Barack Obama, is the first African-American first lady in U.S. history. She has been a powerful force behind Barack Obama’s political career. Michelle Obama’s regular speeches not only raised her public profile but also built support for her husband, which had a huge impact on politics, education, and culture. The research mainly adopts a descriptive method to analyze Michelle Obama’s speech at Peking University in 2014 from the perspective of Burke’s dramatism. This paper tries to find out the characteristics of Michelle Obama’s speech and reveals the deep meaning of her speech, that is, to promote cultural exchanges between China and the United States.

Individual Crisis: the Dynamics of the Basic Experiences

The article deals with the problem of finding common mechanisms of coping with an individual crisis, the mechanism that would be independent of individual characteristics. Basic beliefs, which usually serve as motives of human behavior and determine our attitude to various spheres of reality, are often considered to be the most stable formations of consciousness; they form a part of the worldview of the individual and make a significant in overcoming individual crisis. The purpose of this article is to employ theoretical analysis in order to reveal of the role of basic beliefs in the process of experiencing an individual crisis, to determine the semantic specificity of attitudes in the integrative or disintegrative vector of the crisis situation.
 An individual crisis is defined both as a state of the person experiencing it and what determines their behavior; it is also understood as an expression of deep personal senses, which are manifested at different levels of the psyche: the unconscious, conscious and super-conscious. Experiencing a crisis is understood as a form of human activity aimed at overcoming a critical situation and finding a positive vector while reaching a new level of personality development. Experiencing of mental disintegration / integration occurs on emotional, cognitive and behavioral levels. The article points out that experiencing an individual crisis at the cognitive level causes changes on the beliefs level, which are cognitive structures and schemes that in their turn structure experiences and determine human behavior. The article also relies on the content analysis to outline integrative and disintegrative beliefs. The content of beliefs determines both disintegrative and integrative vectors of personality development during the crisis; it also reflects the system of how the individual sees the world, other people and himself. The actualization of the feeling of trust put in the world, in other people, in oneself, together with optimism and sense of self-worth are the most stable, basic characteristics of personal beliefs, seen as a resource while overcoming the crisis.
 The results of theoretical analysis help to identify the following basic beliefs: optimism, trust in the world, in other people, confidence, faith in justice, self-esteem, and they determine the integrative vector of personality development as well as the way out of personal crisis while performing an adaptive function.

Historical-philosophical Strategy roots as a Fundamental Science

Motives of human behavior in socio-economic environment took up minds of the greatest philosophers and scientists during the entirety of the human history. Scientific-philosophical paradigm of artificial societies, based on methodological problems of cognition of real society functioning mechanisms, namely specific agents, exactly assumes studying human behavior in socio-economic environment, that is their different strategies. Strategy as a relatively new science, expects forecasting and strategizing of various kinds of strategizing objects, in fact – various kinds of agents and their activity. Such agent-based approach, based on using intellectual (rational) agents, implies using intelligence as a calculating part (planning) of ability to reach set goals, which is a strategizing in a strategy science. Social sciences, including strategy as a science, gradually become closer to natural sciences both in tools and methodology principles, relying on interdisciplinary of researches and defining necessity of creating artificial societies and virtual worlds as research models of real society and economy. New research terminology and tools that need conceptual elaboration appear. Practical orientation of strategy as a relatively new science is not doubted and is proved by series of historical and economical events. In this case, however, proof of its fundamentality is needed. In a cycle out of two articles, an attempt to substantiate strategy as a fundamental science, defining agents behavior as central units of modeling artificial societies, based on research of its philosophical roots is made, which is a goal of this research. The first work is presented.

Теоретические основы социального психоанализа

The theoretical provisions of social psychoanalysis are based on the consideration of the following basic components of the psyche: consciousness and unconscious, individual and collective unconscious, social unconscious. Sigmund Freud one of the first has been researched internal incentives, under the influence of which, all mental human`s processes come into effect, which determine the motivational structure of human behavior. Through the prism of unconscious appetence, he tried to consider as the behavior of an individual person and the whole history of the development of humanity. Unconscious in Carl Jung’s understanding acquires a new meaning: it relates with historical and spiritual layers of humanity experience. It was Z. Freud and C. Jung who formulated the basic theoretical principles of social psychoanalysis about the “deep” and “peak” motivation of human behavior.

On the Issue of Evolution of the Concept of "Public Health"

The article substantiates necessity of including into common concept of "public health" such an additional systemic attribute as psychological (spiritual) health. The essence of psychological health is revealed as a totality of values, attitudes and motives of human behavior in society - kind of all characterizing human personality. It is demonstrated that in the most degree disorders of psychological health occur under effect of negative alterations of social cultural environment (anomia, desocialization, undermining cultural core of society) resulting in development of abnormal types of personality. The increasing of prevalence of these types in population is to be considered as disorder of psychological health and decreasing of vitality of society.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ПОСЛЕДИПЛОМНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ (Features of State Regulation of Postgraduate Education)

Russian Abstract: В статье, автором отмечается Согласно государственного бюджета Азербайджана на 2014 год, на сферу образования выделили 1,653 млрд. манатов ($2,11 млрд по текущему обменному курсу.) По сравнению с 2013 годом расходы на образование увеличились на 123 млн. манатов ($157.088 млн. по текущему обменному курсу). Таким образом, государственное регулирование и управление последипломным образованием имеет свои специфические особенности, которые обуславливаются той ролью, которую играет этот сектор образования в системе подготовки квалифицированных кадров. Ведь количественный рост учреждений последипломного образования в стране при рыночных отношениях, их оперативное реагирование на потребности рынка, а также гибкость форм существенно уменьшают социальное напряжение в обществе и способствуют повышению количественных параметров рабочей силы. Поэтому управление функционированием системы последипломного образования должно базироваться на таких управленческих инструментах как умение достигать цель, используя квалифицированный труд, интеллект и мотивацию поведения людей, что является одним из важнейших факторов дальнейшего социально- экономического развития азербайджанского общества. English Abstract: The author notes According to Azerbaijan's state budget for 2014 for education allocated 1.653 billion manats ($ 2.11 billion at current exchange rates.) Compared with 2013, the expenditure on education increased by 123 million ($ 157.088 million at current exchange rates). State regulation and management graduate education has its own specific features, which are caused by the role played by this sector of education in the training of qualified personnel. After the quantitative growth of postgraduate education institutions in the country with market relations, their responsiveness to market needs, and the flexibility of forms substantially reduce social tension in society and contribute to the quantitative parameters of the labor force. Therefore, managing the operation of the system of postgraduate education should be based on such management tools like the ability to achieve the goal, using skilled labor, intelligence and motivation of human behavior, which is one of the most important factors for further socio-economic development of Azerbaijani society.

Dlaczego ludzie postępują niezgodnie z obowiązującymi normami moralnymi? Konfrontacja perspektywy etycznej z badaniami psychologicznymi

This article discusses the sources and motivations of human behavior in the moral dimension. Starting with the ethical perspective, selected research in the field of social psychology on unethical behavior and its possible causes including Stanley Milgram’s experiment, which was inspired by the experience of Nazism and the Holocaust, is presented. This article points out that behavior defined as ethically reprehensible does not always have to be the result of ethically reprehensible motives.

MOTIVATIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS ON LITERATURE IN CONTEXT OF D. MCCLELLAND’S THEORY

Introduction. The main motives of human behavior are formed at the primary school age. Several factors play a determining role in children’s development: up-bringing in the family, style of teaching at school, quality of popular literature and other sources of information, and, in particular, school textbooks. The special importance is given to the content quality of school textbooks. The influence of school textbooks is determined by the fact that school children should necessarily get familiar with the printed materials, resulting, as a consequence, in accepting the patterns of social interaction and motive-codes introduced there. Due to high constructivist potential of school textbooks, it seems necessary to carry out content analysis of textbooks’ for the purpose of identifying the influence on certain motive trends formation in schoolchildren. The aim of the publication is to present the methodology of motivational analysis of school textbooks on literature and the results of its approbation when studying the motivational content of Ukrainian textbooks for primary school. Methodology and research methods . The research methodology is based on comparative, socio-constructivist, sociocultural and system-activity approaches to implementation of educational process and preparation of didactic materials. Scientific methods involve: analysis and synthesis of the content of sociological, socio-psychological, pedagogical and methodical literature; content analysis of educational texts. Results and scientific novelty . The author’s methodology of motivational content analysis of primary school textbooks on literature developed in the context of D. McClelland’s theory is described. As the main categories of motivational content analysis of texts, the motives of behavior introduced by D. McClelland (achievements, affiliation, positive and negative power, avoidance of failure) as well as the motives of self-expression and refusal of affiliation have been used. As a result of the analysis of Ukrainian textbooks on literature for the 2nd–5th forms, it has been revealed that the affiliation motive occurred to be the dominant one, which has a positive motivational tendency. Among negative motivational tendencies have been discovered: low level of representation of motives of achievement and self-expression; a relatively high frequency of using negative motive of power (numerous examples of manipulating people for own self-affirmation, authoritarianism of literature characters, use weakness of subordinates, etc.) and the motive of failure avoidance (the person's inability/unwillingness to work hard self-removal under difficulties). It has been concluded that high level of negative motives in primary school textbooks could indirectly influence the formation of passive life attitudes of primary school children. Practical significance . The proposed author's methodology might be useful for the organization of comparative intercountry studies on identification of specific differences in training of children in different countries. The results of the research could also serve as one of the strongest justifications for the need to update and reform the system of elementary school education.

Affective components of electoral behavior: design and validity of visual association test of attitude

A key trend in the modern social sciences is a deeper understanding of high level of structural complexity of the factors influencing human — ‘economic man’: all possible motives of human behavior are limited to maximization of utility of available resources. Interestingly, electoral behavior is still considered as a special case of ‘economic behavior’ as the only voters’ motive behind the act of voting is conscious pursuit of self-interest.On closer examination, it turns out that the assumption has no transparent grounds and it is still used mechanically despite numerous ‘inconvenient’ empirical facts. The paper explores theoretical restrictions of the applications of the economic behavior model to electoral choices. Rich empirical evidence used in the article show that there are wide areas where human behavior cannot be explained in terms of reasonably motivated search of ‘the best outcome’. The author has designed a special test to gather empirical evidence its description, mechanism and the approach used to interpret the results are published for the first time.

Osobiste osiąganie sensu życia: treść, strategie, specyfika

The article provides an analysis of modern views on the problem of meaning comprehension and determines correlation between values, senses and motivation of human behavior. It has been established that motivation is closely associated with activity. Being expressly target determined it promotes the realization of creative values. Other meaning comprehension strategies include phenomenological design of actualized experience values and transcendental values used in psychotherapy to encourage the counselee and facilitate his personal growth. For this purpose a component of positive psychotherapy known as a technique of counter-concept formulation is used. The article stresses the importance of an organismic sense as personal embodiment of experience. Being the basis of love it suggests an intuitive choice of meaning comprehension strategies. An organismic sense is inherent in every individual and forms the transpersonal spiritual unity of mankind. It has been indicated that meaningful life is characterized by a wide scope of inescapable existential experiences ranging from happiness to suffering.

Подсознательные финансы: все ли на финансовом рынке определяет сознание?

The article explores unconscious motivations of human behavior in the financial market. Author introduces the following new notions: 1) “financial magnetism”, i.e. the motivation which is responsible for attracting investor to the market, and enables the investor’s “internal compass” to indicate the way through the market uncertainty; 2) “propensity to presence”, i.e. the motivation to wait, to be calm, not to panic in the very volatile market conditions, to have internal felling of the right moment to act; 3) “automotive volition”, i.e. the motivation, even the inner-directed force to get the goals, find the solutions, make decisions, and do best in the situations when no enough time to think and make the right choice is available.

AN APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF COMMON POOL RESOURCES THROUGH AN EXTENSION OF THE EQUILIBRIUM CONCEPT

Many studies of experimental economics have produced outcomes which contradict the predictions of Nash equilibrium, which relies heavily upon the premise of selfishness of an individual. In the games involving contexts of social conflicts represented by the prisoners' dilemma game, the experiments yields outcomes quite different from what are predicted by the conventional wisdom. In order to fill this gap between the conventional Nash Equilibrium and experimental outcomes, non-selfish (or other-regarding) motives of human behavior are introduced and then a new equilibrium concept, RAE-equilibrium is developed. It is also proved that an RAE-equilibrium exists under quite general conditions. Then it is applied to the prisoners' dilemma game that some of the experimental outcomes can be explained.

A historical marker in the development of critical and creative thinking in psychiatric-mental health nursing education and practice

Background: This investigation focuses on traumatic events of World War II and postwar reconstruction in US society in the 1940s, taking into account the development of psychiatric nursing as a specialty within the context of nursing education and practice trends. Scotomas of historic world figures, including Hildegard Peplau, renowned educator and psychiatric nurse, are examined. These blind spots profoundly affected their reactions and behaviors, for the betterment of society or the destruction of it. Method: Psychohistory looks at the “why” of historical events and is concerned with the motivation in human behavior and with the underlying meaning lurking beneath the surface of logic. In this psychohistorical exploration, figurative snapshots highlight a historical marker that commemorates a fire that blazed out of control in 1948 at Highland Hospital, a mental institution in Asheville, North Carolina, where Peplau held directorship. This fire served as a springboard for the evolution of the nurse-patient relationship within the nursing profession, as influenced by Peplau. Relevant questions explored are: What nurses were implicated in the fire? What did the characters at the scene believe and perceive? What were the motivations of key players? Who qualified as nurses? What ramifications did the fire have for nursing education and practice in the development of analytical thought and theoretical concepts? Significance: Some view the historic fire as a black mark against nursing. Nurses, however, with the assistance of Peplau’s teachings, can see it as a benchmark that began the process of eradication of resistances that prevent growth and the illumination of educational curricula that promote advancement of critical and creative thinking. Today, nurses can take advantage of their knowledge base learned from the past and can create expansive innovation in nursing education and practice that is supportive of global health and safety in the 21st century.

Catholic Social Thought in the Interwar Period in Lithuania: The Image of Social State under the Rule of Law in Socialism

Social life is changing very fast. People are trying to find out reasons of living in a safe society and understand their role in it. The ‘wrong’ and ‘right‘ models of the social life, state and law systems are appearing. In the XXth century, one of them – socialism – made suggestion how to solve social problems, determinated of capitalism. This work deals with the situation of Lithuanian social thought in the Republic of Lithuania (1900-1940). In the article, the standpoint of catholics of socialism is reflected. Catholics displayed socialism as a system, which accumulated many distorted images about human nature, motivations of human behavior, society and its functionating. Considering the society being an organic totality of individuals, but not a faceless mass, and an individual being a personality having natural rights to be respected, but not considered as a little screw without any rights in the state machine, with whom any experiments may be performed, they disclosed Utopia of the idea, proposed by socialists, of the possibility of a perfect society creation by the only preliminarily arranged correct plan,. For this purpose to be achieved, they constructed a model of socialist economy and then destroyed it, demonstrating economical unefficiency of this system. In this manner, intellectuals warned Lithuania and its people about the destructiveness of the realization of such an experiment. In spite of criticism of socialism, some intellectuals, such as A. Maceina, S. Sultė and S. Salkauskis, appeared to be rather respective to the new social ideas and did not distinguish any social economic system as the best and only one. They thought that all the world, including Lithuania, has to create a new social life and take as a base the progressive ideas of socialism and capitalism. According to the opinion of the catholics, the most reliable way to a safe society and economical welfare passes through the cooperation of individuals and state’s duty to create right laws. Ideological spirit was the main obstacle for the intellectuals to recognize trends of socialism by their aims and methods. That is the reason, why socialism was identified as bolsevism. However, the expression of the intellectuals’ opinion about socialism, its ideological herritage and perspectives enriches the research of the Lithuanian legal phylosophical and political thought and allows to understand better the ideological development of socialism and to define its competence and limits of validity in the contemporary world. Valuable ideas may be fruitfully used in creating a democratic society, social state and the rule of law.

Актуальность эмоциональной психологии в понимании права

Abstract: The article describes Leon Petrazycki's original psychology theory of understanding of law and observes the proofs of actuality of his theory for contemporary conditions of the changing forms of state society .Keywords: history of law, understanding the law, evolution of forms of law, behaviour motivation, psychology approach to understand the law . T here is an important Russian scholar in the science of law his-tory, the author of the psychology approach to understanding the law which explains the motivation of human behaviour . The theory of Leon Petrazycki (1867—1931) is related from the start with the author's biography . He proved by the way he lived his whole life that if one realizes the world's imperfection in certain fields one should work to improve them . Petrzycki changed from the medicine faculty to law during his studies at Kiev University . Then in Berlin he published a significant work in German concerning joint stock company dividends .Leon Petrazycki was a lecturer for St Petersburg Women's History and Literature Courses and for 20 years was Professor of the Philosophy of Law at St Petersburg University . He played an important role in the opposition Constitutional Democratic Party and was elected to the ill-fated First Duma (Russian parliament during the monarchy period) . For his opposition activity he was convicted and sentenced to three months in prison . His awareness of socialist ideas enabled him to explain the existence of society without positive (written) law, with the idea that law came into the world earlier than the state .The new bolshevik politicians perverted his explication . Petrazycki had to leave the country and became the first Professor of Sociology at Warsaw University . In 1931 he committed suicide .Petrazycki wrote mostly in Russian although his early works were in German . There is no full translation of his works and his latest essays in Polish were lost . For European and English speaking people his theory is known from the reviews of critical researchers published in the middle of the twentieth century . J . Gorecki at

LO QUE EL ANALISLS FUNCIONAL PUEDE OFRECERLE AL ESTUDIO DE LAS EMOCIONES Y A SU DESARROLLO

Regardless of a researcher’s theoretical orientation, emotions can be inferred only from behavior in context. While traditional theories of emotion of ten characterize emotions as organizers or motivators of human behavior and propose that environment plays an explicit role in emotional responding, the role of environmental events in determining emotional expression rarely has been systematically considered in such approaches. The thesis advanced in this paper addresses how a functional approach to the study of emotions can contribute to our understanding of emotions and their development and the role of environment in their expression.

The altruistic species: scientific, philosophical, and religious perspectives of human benevolence

What motivates altruism? How essential is the phenomenon of altruism to the human experience? Is altruism readily accessible to the ordinary person? In Altruistic Species, Andrew Michael Flescher and Daniel L Worthen explore these questions through the lenses of four disciplinary perspectives - biology, psychology, philosophy, and religion. In the course of their investigation, they make an extended argument for the existence of altruism against competing theories that construe all ostensible cases of benevolence as self-interest in disguise. The authors consider theories of egoism; the role of genetics and evolutionary biology; the psychological states that induce altruistic behavior; philosophical theories of altruism in normative ethics such as Kantian, utilitarian, and Aristotelian models of moral action; and accounts of love of the neighbor in Christianity and Buddhism.Additionally, they offer a new, comprehensive definition of altruism that is inclusive of the insights of each of these perspectives. Altruistic Species reinvigorates the debate over the prevalence of selfless motivation in human behavior - whether it is a rare or ubiquitous phenomenon, something that is always to be considered exceptional or a capacity that members of any community potentially could develop. This noteworthy interdisciplinary examination of altruism balances science, virtue theory, and theology. It is ideal for courses in ethics, human behavior, and evolutionary biology, as an educational resource for other multidisciplinary studies, and for interested lay readers.

Homo Oeconomicus versus Homo Reciprocans: Ansatze fur ein neues Wirtschaftspolitisches Leitbild?

Politik und offentliches Bewusstsein werden zunehmend durch okonomische Theorien und Handlungsvorschlage mitbestimmt. Kaum ein anderes erkenntnis- und handlungsleitendes Modell hat daher einen vergleichbaren Einfluss wie das Konzept des Homo Oeconomicus. Durch die Entwicklung experimenteller Methoden ist es moglich, die Annahmen dieses Konzepts unter kontrollierten Laborbedingungen mit dem tatsachlichen Handeln von Individuen zu vergleichen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zunachst verschiedene Experimentalstudien diskutiert, die eindeutig belegen, das der Homo Oeconomicus weitaus weniger universell ist, als gemeinhin angenommen. Die Mehrheit der Experimentalteilnehmer verhalt sich reziprok, d.h. sie belohnt faires Verhalten und bestraft unfaires Verhalten, selbst wenn dies mit Kosten verbunden ist. Der Nachweis reziproken Verhaltens hat weitreichende Konsequenzen fur die okonomische Politikberatung.