Human Motivation Research Articles

Exploring Classroom Motivation Using Alderfer’s Theory

Numerous research has explored that human motivations affect learning outcomes significantly. The main aim of the research was to explore the classroom motivations of undergraduate students from the Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA through the lens of the Alderfer theory of motivation. In particular, the main objective of the study was to determine how the Alderfer theory, existence, relatedness, and growth influence students’ classroom motivation. The research has adopted a correlational and cross-sectional study approach. A total of 424 undergraduate students from 5 academic programs the Administrative Science and Policy Studies participated in the online survey. The questionnaire consisted of 5 sections with 24 items on Alderfer’s three components of Existence, Relatedness and Growth. The study’s findings show that Existence, Affective and Growth dimensions scored from moderate to high mean scores ranging from 3.5 and above. The correlation analysis shows a strong significant relationship between existence and growth r =.711, p=.000. While a weak positive relationship between existence and relatedness r=.307, p=.000 and growth and relatedness r= .150, p=.002. The study’s implication indicates that most undergraduate students a moderate high level of motivation. Hence, to sustain the classroom motivation of the students, continuous psychological, materials and academic support together with training in teaching pedagogy are vital to ensure their academic success.

Bell Pottinger And The Dark Art Of Public Relations

The spurious and unethical actions of the renowned global public relations (PR) firm Bell Pottinger in early 2017 cast a dark cloud over the PR industry in general. Aside from the economic and sociopolitical ramifications that emerged in the wake of this scandal, it has tainted the moral standing of all public relations professionals, including those in South Africa. There is little doubt that tactics such as offering to manipulate a client’s online reputation through the use of fake online accounts, newly created blog pages or fake online reviews are unethical, and take the industry back to a less glorious time in its history at a point when much emphasis is being placed on both ethics and values-based practice globally. Moral philosophy provides a basis for rationalising human motivation in decision making and action. However, it can be argued that there is potentially a mismatch between theories and moral frameworks created for individualistic cultures, and their application within communal cultures. Building social capital in any society begins with a commitment to support the collective interests of the community. Thus, any discussion of thevalue of ethical communication practice for society must begin with a concern for the nature and integrity of community. Against this background this article utilises the Bell Pottinger case study to examine the tensions that arise between individual values and communal PR practice, and to explore the moral implications of ethical PR practice in a communal context such as South Africa.

An Adaptive Motivation Approach to Understanding the 'How' and 'Why' of Wellbeing.

A new model provides insight into the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of wellbeing to better understand the ‘what’. Informed by evolutionary psychology and neuroscience, it proposes that systems for adaptive motivation underpin experiential and reflective wellbeing. The model proposes that the brain learns to predict situations, and errors arise between the predictions and experience. These prediction errors drive emotional experience, learning, motivation, decision-making, and the formation of wellbeing-relevant memories. The model differentiates four layers of wellbeing: objective, experiential, reflective, and narrative, which relate to the model in different ways. Constituents of wellbeing, human motives, and specific emotions integrate into the model. A simple computational implementation of the model reproduced several established wellbeing phenomena, including: the greater frequency of pleasant to unpleasant emotions, the stronger emotional salience of unpleasant emotions, hedonic adaptation to changes in circumstances, heritable influences on wellbeing, and affective forecasting errors. It highlights the importance of individual differences, and implies that high wellbeing will correlate with the experience of infrequent, routine, and predictable avoidance cues and frequent, varied, and novel approach cues. The model suggests that wellbeing arises directly from a system for adaptive motivation. This system functions like a mental dashboard that calls attention to situational changes and motivates the kinds of behaviours that gave humans a relative advantage in their ancestral environment. The model offers a set of fundamental principles and processes that may underlie diverse conceptualisations of wellbeing.

Entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Vietnam: Integrated model of social learning, human motivation, and TPB

Previous research has used psychological factors, personality traits, and motivation factors to determine the students' entrepreneurial intentions (EI). However, there is no study in the context of Vietnam which has integrated the social learning theory (entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE)) with the theory of planned behaviour (personal attitudes (PA), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC)) and motivation theory (need for power (nPow)). The study aims to determine the integrated effect of these different theories on students' entrepreneurial intentions and in particular how self-efficacy has the mediation and serial-mediation effect on entrepreneurial intentions of students. The data for this study was collected using an online survey from 394 students studying in the undergraduate and postgraduate programs in the universities in Vietnam. The confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling are used to test the study's hypotheses. The study results emphasized that in addition to the direct effect of ESE on TPB components and nPow, ESE also has an indirect effect on EI mediated through SN, PBC, nPow, which is further mediated by PA. ESE was found to have the highest influence on PBC compared to other variables of the study, while PBC further strongly impacted the EI of students indirectly. As a main theoretical contribution, this study is an attempt to integrate different models (social learning theory, TPB components and motivation theory) of entrepreneurship into one model to find the joint effect on EI. which has been not seen in any studies so far to the best of the knowledge, especially in Vietnam. Hence, the study contributes towards adding this new model of entrepreneurship to measure the EI of students which signifies the novel contribution to the existing literature in Vietnam. Further, only a few studies have been conducted to determine the integrated effect of ESE on EI mediated by TPB components and then further mediated by PA and this has been also tested in this study.

Family still matters: Human social motivation across 42 countries during a global pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused drastic social changes for many people, including separation from friends and coworkers, enforced close contact with family, and reductions in mobility. Here we assess the extent to which people's evolutionarily-relevant basic motivations and goals—fundamental social motives such as Affiliation and Kin Care—might have been affected. To address this question, we gathered data on fundamental social motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) across two waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered both before and during the pandemic (pre-pandemic wave: 32 countries, N = 8998; 3302 male, 5585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91; mid-pandemic wave: 29 countries, N = 6917; 2249 male, 4218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). Samples include data collected online (e.g., Prolific, MTurk), at universities, and via community sampling. We found that Disease Avoidance motivation was substantially higher during the pandemic, and that most of the other fundamental social motives showed small, yet significant, differences across waves. Most sensibly, concern with caring for one's children was higher during the pandemic, and concerns with Mate Seeking and Status were lower. Earlier findings showing the prioritization of family motives over mating motives (and even over Disease Avoidance motives) were replicated during the pandemic. Finally, well-being remained positively associated with family-related motives and negatively associated with mating motives during the pandemic, as in the pre-pandemic samples. Our results provide further evidence for the robust primacy of family-related motivations even during this unique disruption of social life.

What Does Deliberate Ignorance Reveal to Us About Human Psychology?

What Does Deliberate Ignorance Reveal to Us About Human Psychology?

Encounters at the Mound in Old Norse Literature: Dialogues between Landscape and Narrative

Encounters at the Mound in Old Norse Literature: Dialogues between Landscape and Narrative

EFFECT OF BRAIN-BASED LEARNING ON STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL

Brain-Based Learning (BBL) is an instructional approach that addresses students’ achievement and learning goals from the perspective of the human brain. It entails specialised learning procedures centred on how human memory, attention, motivation, and conceptual cognitive learning work. The current experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of BBL approach on elementary students’ academic performance in mathematics. The study employed a single subject A-B-A research design. The participants under investigation were eighth graders of a public school selected using an intact group. During the treatment phase (B), the principal researcher taught students the concepts related to financial arithmetic, polynomials and factorisation focusing activities; visual storytelling, back-to-board, role play, i-Think maps brainstorming and visual imagery. These activities were based on 12 BBL principles. During the course of the study, the researchers collected data nine times using one-tier MCQs based tests. The data were analysed using visual analysis and one-way repeated measure ANOVA. Partial eta value (.317) revealed that BBL significantly affects students’ academic performance. To improve students’ mathematics performance, the researchers recommended practitioners to teach elementary level mathematics using BBL principles-based activities. Keywords: Academic performance, brain-based learning, one-tier MCQs, visual analysis, visual storytelling.

SOVERIGNITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON ORGANIZATION EFFECTIVENESS AND DEVELOPMENT

Human Resource Management is a critical function in both the corporate and public sectors. The process addresses several operational objectives, including recruitment, providing proper training to the employee, selecting the employee, assessing the employee, motivating and maintaining a proper relationship with the employee, and ensuring the welfare and health of the employees in the organisation through laws enacted by the relevant state and country. Human resource management is the process through which an organisation makes use of its limited skilled staff. The fundamental goal is to make the most use of the organization's existing human resources. One of the primary goals of human resource management in the firm is to offer employees with a good working environment. The actions that promote the employee's dignity and growth in the organisation are referred to as the quality of work life. It enables employees to collaborate inside the organisation and the activities, adjustments, and improvements required for goal achievement, improving quality of life, and increasing organisational effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of human resource management on organisational performance and development. In recent times, organisations have focused not just on employees for work-related aspects, but also on an employee's overall well-being. Human resource management is comprised of four major functions they are Human resource acquisition, development, maintenance, and motivation. These are the fundamental elements or critical stages that assist an organization in achieving its objectives. It is a truth that the employee's life cannot be compartmentalised and that any disruption in the employee's personal life will disrupt the professional life as well. As a result, human resource management works for the overall growth of the employee by minimising stress and providing a healthy work environment.

Virtual social networking increases the individual's economic predictability

Forecasting economic choice is hard because today we still do not know enough about human motivation. A fundamental problem is the lack of knowledge about how the neural networks in the brain give rise to thinking and decision making. One way to address the issue has been to develop simplified economic experiments, in which participants need skills of little complexity and their minds employ cognitive mechanisms, already well understood by mathematical psychology and neuroscience. Here we take a neural model for rudimentary emotion generation and memorizing and use it as a guiding theory to understand decision making in an experimental oligopoly market. For the first time in that line of research, participants are put in a lab virtual social network serving to exchange opinions about deals with companies. On average, choices become significantly more predictable when people participate in the network, in contrast to working alone with expert information. Calibrating the model for each person, we find that some people are predicted with startling precision.

Relation between Experience Categories and Psychological Needs

Knowledge about human behaviour and motivation is essential for designing a positive user experience (UX). Theories of psychological needs have been profoundly researched and well-established in UX research. Experience categories are a rather new practical human-centred design method; they are not based on a psychological model, but instead on an empirical approach. Experience categories describe common positive experiences in a particular context. According to Hassenzahl, positive experiences result from the fulfilment of psychological needs. However, there has been no research on how experience categories and needs are associated. To fill this gap and enrich the knowledge about experience categories, we investigated which needs co-occur with them. In Study 1, we used a more general approach: experience categories of work context were operationalised with scenarios that were rated with a needs questionnaire. In Study 2, we aimed to replicate the findings of Study 1 in a more specific work context by investigating the relationship between experience categories and needs for an existing sample of experiences. Results show a consistent relationship between some experience categories and needs in both studies. Moreover, the need for competence was particularly relevant in the work context. Future studies should expand on this research to further work contexts.

Systematic Literature Review on Academic Entrepreneurship by Bibliometric Metadata Analysis

The purpose of this article is to map the field of Academic Entrepreneurship focusing on the search for models that evaluate the viability of intellectual property as a product. The study was based on articles retrieved from the Web of Science database covering the period from 1988 to 2020, where the metadata data analysis was carried out using the RStudio software, bibliometrix package, and the web interface Biblioshiny, and a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA protocol, Extension for Scoping Reviews. The findings revealed that the main objectives of studies on academic entrepreneurship are related to the analysis of human (training, leadership, and motivation), physical and management resources, as they are pointed out as the most necessary incentives to improve universities AE. Therefore, it was concluded that most models on AE are for the evaluation of the development of entrepreneurship in the academic environment and there is a research gap to develop models aiming at the commercialization of intellectual property.

Us versus them mentality in football fans: Significant social defeat engages the mentalization network and disengages cognitive control areas

Background: Social affiliation is one of the building blocks that shapes cultures and communities. This motivation contributes to the development of social bonding among individuals within a group, enjoying rights, assuming obligations, and strengthening its identity. Evidence has shown that social affiliation has inspired different social phenomena, such as wars, political movements, social struggles, among others, based on two human motivations: the ingroup love and the outgroup hate. One contemporary group to study as a proxy of social affiliation, and ingroup and outgroup motivations is the sports competition. However, this affiliation model has been poorly considered in social neuroscience research. This research aimed to shed light on the neurobiological networks that are related to social affiliation in football fans of two of the most popular Chilean football teams. Methods: To this end, 43 male fans of two football rival teams watched videos of winning and losing goals of their favorite team while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results: The results showed that while the activation of the reward system was observed in fans when their team scores goals against the rival, both the activation of the mentalization network and the inhibition of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were associated with the emotional correlates of defeat in football fans. Conclusions: Taking these findings together could contribute to a deeper understanding of social affiliation, and more importantly, of extreme affiliation phenomena, and fanaticism.

Exogeneous testosterone increases sexual impulsivity in heterosexual men

Testosterone has been hypothesized to promote sexual motivation and behavior. However, experimental evidence in healthy humans is sparse and rarely establishes causality. The present study investigated how testosterone affects delay of gratification for sexual rewards. We administered a single dose of testosterone to healthy young males in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-participant design (N = 140). Participants underwent a sexual delay discounting task, in which they made a choice between a variable larger-later option (i.e., waiting longer to view a sexual picture for a longer duration) and a smaller-sooner option (i.e., waiting for a fixed shorter period of time to view the same picture for a shorter duration). We found that testosterone administration increased preference for the smaller-sooner option and induced steeper discounting for the delayed option. These findings provide direct experimental evidence that rapid testosterone elevations increase impulsivity for sexual rewards and represent an important step towards a better understanding of the neuroendocrine basis of sexual motivation in humans.

‘When Theories Meet’: Approaching Intergroup Contact from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective

Intergroup contact theory provides a useful framework for effective interventions to improve intergroup relationship; however, disharmony between various social groups perseveres. These contact processes, their successes and failures, remain relatively unexplored from the perspective of human motivation to engage in intergroup contact. To address this, we integrate self-determination theory as a well-established theory of human motivation with existing evidence of intergroup contact research. Further, we explore the role of individual well-being in intergroup contact, which, though a prominent outcome of self-determined behavior according to motivational theories, is rarely addressed in the contact literature. Finally, this review discusses how the theoretical integration can serve to categorize and interpret findings from contact research. We deduce implications for future intergroup contact research which may reveal further mechanisms of contact and guide conceptualizing more effective intergroup contact interventions.

Adapting Hollywood acting techniques to engage audiences

This paper shows how the principles of storytelling that actors use to craft compelling, believable performances lend themselves perfectly to the discipline of marketing. Drawing on the scene study exercise — an activity common to acting conservatories the world over — the paper shows how marketers can deepen their understanding of human behaviour and motivation. With this enriched sense of empathy, they can then go out in the world to craft more meaningful stories that drive action. This paper sets a framework for developing the skills necessary for human-centred storytelling. It starts by examining theories of human cognition to explain why storytelling is so effective. It then provides a vocabulary for human-centred stories, borrowed from the author’s work as an actor in Hollywood. Throughout, the paper makes direct and practical connections between the crafts of acting and marketing, highlighting concepts that marketers of all disciplines can consider for their content and campaigns.

Selection Factors Influencing Eventual Owner Satisfaction about Pet Dog Adoption.

Simple SummaryPet dog adopters are influenced by a variety of complex factors some of which are ethical, emotional, and humanitarian, including wanting companionship for themselves or other pets, the dog’s breed, age, appearance, temperament, or behavior, or to provide a home for a homeless dog. However, not all adoptions are successful and managing owner expectations preadoption is difficult to navigate. Using a self-reporting questionnaire, we found that consideration of a dog’s personality and behavior had a positive effect on eventual owner satisfaction. Owners who adopted a dog for companionship were more likely to be satisfied than owners compelled by any other motive. In addition, less forethought prior to adoption, ideally less than one week, was found to increase the likelihood of eventual owner satisfaction. We suggest that consideration of these factors prior to adoption may lead to more successful pet dog adoption outcomes.Personal likes, experience, and deep-rooted interests to satisfy emotional needs such as companionship, affection, empathy, and security are some of the underlying human motivations for acquiring a pet companion. In this study, we asked how long the owner took to decide whether to adopt a dog, who their dog was adopted from, their primary motivation for adoption, a ranking of characteristics considered during the adoption process, and how satisfied they were with the eventual outcome. Participants (n = 933) to this Center for Canine Behavior Studies survey completed an online questionnaire with responses representing 1537 dog/owner pairs. A majority of participants reported satisfaction with at least one of their adopted dogs. Odds of eventual satisfaction are higher for participants who spent less than a week considering an adoption or were seeking a pet to provide companionship and affection. Participants that prioritized personality as an adoption criteria were more likely to be satisfied with their adopted dogs. A mast majority (91%) of participants reported they would consider adopting another dog in the future. Selection criteria rankings that participants indicated they would employ for future adoptions tended to shift away from physical to behavior characteristics when compared to selection criteria priorities of prior adoptions.

Links Between Human Resource Management Practices, Work Motivation, and Work Commitment in Indonesia Banking

This article proposes examining human resource management practices (HRMPs) and work motivation in influencing work commitment in the Indonesian banking industry. This research employs quantitative survey research. The survey data contains 277 employees from 11 Indonesian private commercial banks. To analyze the data, this study uses the multiple regression method. This study finds that HRMPs and work motivation positively predict work commitment. Results also identify work motivation as a positive predictor of work commitment. Therefore, HRMPs and work motivation make positive contributions to influencing work commitment. Research on links between HRMPs, WM, and WC is important but has not been studied. This article is hoped to be a novelty. It is expected to address an important gap in the human resource management literature. HRMPs, work motivation, and work commitment in the Indonesian banking industry can contribute to human resources management literature. Indonesia's banking industry is booming. As a result, there is a need for efficient and experienced human resource recruitment. This research will contribute to Indonesia's banking industry development.

1977년 체코슬로바키아 77헌장에 대한 한국의 인식: 한국언론의 보도를 중심으로

This study analyzes the development process of Czechoslovakia’s Charta 77 and Korean perceptions of the Czechoslovak liberalization movement in 1977 based on media materials. Charta 77, published on January 1977, was a Czechoslovak dissident movement that emphasized non-political purposes and human rights motives. The media of the Republic of Korea(ROK) quickly and concretely reported on the suppression of the human rights of those involved in Charta 77 by the Czechoslovak government, with particular attention to the reactions of countries around the world to human rights issues in Eastern Europe. The People’s Republic of China supported Charta 77 and called it a “new Prague Spring.” The United States also broke with the principle of nonintervention in human rights issues in Eastern Europe and strongly criticized violations of human rights and freedoms there. The media of the ROK continued to report on the trend toward liberalization from Charta 77 until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. In particular, in analyzing the causes of Charta 77, ROK media cited Czech intellectuals’ longing for democracy and internal conflicts within the communist forces that resisted the dictatorship of the proletariat. While multi-layered reports on Charter 77 in the ROK progressed quickly, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(DPRK) reported in detail on the 1968 Prague Spring, but there were no reports in DPRK on Charta 77 during the worsening economic crisis of the late 1970s.

Travel perception and mode choice: a descriptive and exploratory factor analysis of a pilot survey addressed to students of UFRRJ (Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro)

Universities generate a significant volume of daily commuting, in addition to being a favorable environment for development of new habits and behavior, as result of the influence among those who attend them. This study addressed a survey, based on Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Human Motivation, to UFRRJ students in order to identify the factors taken into account in travel decisions and to collect their perceptions about the transportation system in metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. The results were achieved by exploratory factor analysis and interviews. The findings corroborate the already consolidated application of Theory of Planned Behavior on travel research and confirmed the existence of a hierarchy of transport needs suggested by the Theory of Human Motivation, which denotes its potential as a tool for transport policies design. The study also revealed the importance given by students to travel time over other needs, the strong influence of the safety attributes on decisions and a high awareness of the social and inclusive role of transport.