Motion Sickness Susceptibility Research Articles

Visually Induced Motion Sickness Susceptibility and Recovery Based on Four Mitigation Techniques

Virtual reality (VR) usage continues to grow, but visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) can decrease VR effectiveness for some users. This study seeks to compare methods of VIMS mitigation and explore sickness among gender and video game experience groups. Participant discomfort and early dropout are problems for studies that involve virtual environment (VE) exposure, but previous research has demonstrated that natural decay and physical, real-world hand-eye coordination tasks can serve as effective mitigation strategies. In this study, 57 participants wore a head-mounted display (HMD) and navigated a maze VE designed to induce cybersickness. Participants then experienced one of four mitigation techniques: real natural decay (HMD off), virtual natural decay (HMD on with idyllic VE and no locomotion), real hand-eye coordination task (HMD off), and virtual hand-eye coordination task (HMD on). Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) measures were taken periodically throughout maze and mitigation tasks. Results demonstrated that peak sickness during the maze VE occurred after approximately 10 minutes. Analyses of mitigation techniques showed that real natural decay resulted in significantly more sickness recovery when compared with the virtual hand-eye coordination task for SSQ total score, nausea, and oculomotor constructs, but not disorientation. The real natural decay technique was the most effective at bringing participants' final sickness measure back to their initial baseline measure; however, other mitigation techniques yielded effectiveness, but at a lower rate. This study extends previous research about hand-eye mitigation approaches by demonstrating that natural decay and hand-eye tasks in a virtual and real-world setting were effective in reducing VIMS. Real-world natural decay was the most effective at mitigating VIMS and the virtual hand-eye task was not as effective as the other three tasks. Women experienced more VIMS that men, but also recovered more than men during mitigation. Video gamers experienced less VIMS than non-gamers. These findings bolster extant knowledge about VIMS mitigation techniques and can inform future development of virtual mitigation techniques.

Central vestibular sensitivity affects motion sick susceptibility through the efficacy of the velocity storage mechanism

Background Slow-phase eye velocity–time constant (SPEV–TC) and perceived rotational duration (PRD) are measurable objective outcomes of the rotational chair step-velocity test. These two variables are dependent on the efficacy of the central velocity storage. If sensory conflict from the step-velocity of the rotational chair elicits motion sickness, the SPEV–TC and PRD in individuals with varying susceptibility to motion sickness should be affected. Objective To determine if central vestibular sensitivity (CVS) characteristics differ among individuals with a range of motion sickness susceptibility (MSS). Methods Participants were allocated to two groups based on MSS (low and high) as identified in the short version of the Motion Sick Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ-S). We evaluated the specific relationship between MSS and the characteristics of CVS through the SPEV–TC and PRD from the step-velocity test. Results Results showed significant differences in the PRD between these two groups. 180°/s pre-rotatory PRD is most significantly different (p = .005) followed by 50°/s post-rotatory PRD (counter clock-wise [CCW], p = .007; clock-wise [CW], p = .021) and log of 180°/s post-rotatory PRD (p = .042). Multiple regression analysis indicated that CCW post-rotatory PRD at 50°/s was a strong predictor of MSS. Conclusions High MSS individuals were observed with elevated PRD in general, indirectly suggesting greater velocity storage efficiency, hence, greater CVS; CVS is therefore positively correlated with MSS. PRD could be a reliable clinical indicator of motion sick susceptibility and may help with the selection of personnel working in motion sick environments and with the verification of motion sickness therapeutic interventions.

A novel method for reducing motion sickness susceptibility through training visuospatial ability – A two-part study

Everyone can be susceptible to motion sickness (except those with complete loss of labyrinth function) and around one in three are known to be servery susceptible. Motion sickness can be experienced in many domains, including car travel, on a boat, using virtual reality headsets and simulator use amongst others. It is expected that due to potential designs and use cases, self-driving cars will increase motion sickness onset likelihood and severity for many car travellers. Besides medication, there are limited methods through which one can actively reduce their motion sickness susceptibility. This research develops a novel visuospatial training tool and explores the effect of visuospatial training on motion sickness. With a combined sample of 42 participants split between driving simulator trials (n = 20), and on-road trials (n = 22) baseline visuospatial skills and motion sickness were first measured. After a 14-day training period where participates completed 15-min of pen and paper tasks per day, it was found that visuospatial skills improved by 40%. This increase in visuospatial ability was shown to be directly responsible for a reduction in motion sickness by 51% in the simulator (with a 60% reduction in participant dropouts) and a 58% reduction in the on-road trial. This research has successfully identified a new method to reduce motion sickness susceptibility and the impact of these findings have wide reaching implications for motion sickness research, especially in the field of self-driving vehicles.

A Preliminary Study: Central Vestibular Sensitivity Affects Motion Sickness Susceptibility through the Efficacy of the Velocity Storage Mechanism.

Background/Objective: Slow-Phase Eye Velocity Time constant (SPEV TC) and Perceived Rotational Duration (PRD) are measurable objective outcomes of rotational chair step-velocity test. These two variables are dependent on the efficacy of the central velocity storage. If sensory conflict from the step-velocity of the rotational chair elicits motion sickness, the SPEV TC and PRD in individuals with varying susceptibility to motion sickness should be affected. We determined if Central Vestibular Sensitivity (CVS) characteristics differ among individuals with a range of Motion Sickness Susceptibility (MSS). Methods: Participants were allocated to two groups based on MSS (low and high) as identified on the short version of the Motion Sick Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ-S). We evaluated the specific relationship between MSS and the characteristics of CVS through the SPEV TC and PRD from the step-velocity test. Results: Results showed significant differences in the PRD between these two groups. 180°/s Per-rotatory PRD is most significantly different (p = 0.005) followed by 50°/s post-rotatory PRD (CCW, p = 0.007; CW, p = 0.021) and log of 180°/s post-rotatory PRD (p = 0.042). Multiple regression analysis indicated that CCW post-rotatory PRD at 50°/s was a strong predictor of MSS. Conclusions: High MSS individuals were observed with elevated PRD in general, indirectly suggesting greater velocity storage efficiency, hence, greater CVS; CVS is therefore positively correlated with MSS. PRD could be a reliable clinical indicator of motion sick susceptibility and may help with the selection of personnel working in motion sick environments and with the verification of motion sickness therapeutic interventions.

Ocular counter-rolling in scuba divers with motion sickness

ObjectiveMotion sickness (MS) is a familiar condition to scuba divers. The purpose of this study was to compare otolith organ function of scuba divers who have MS to those without MS. MethodVideo-oculography (VOG) goggles were used to measure video ocular counter-roll (vOCR) in 50 healthy scuba divers with no vestibular pathology. Divers with MS (n = 30) had Graybiel motion sickness (GMS) scores of ≥1 point, and divers without MS (n = 20) had GMS scores of 0. Divers with MS also completed the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire short form (MSSQs). For all divers, otolith-ocular function of both ears was tested separately via vOCR testing, which was performed during 30° head tilt. An R-L side asymmetry ratio for vOCR values (%OCRA) was compared to divers’ static OCR. ResultsMSSQs and %OCRA scores differed significantly (p<0.01and p<0.001, respectively) between divers with MS and divers without MS. Their %OCRA scores and severity of MS were significantly correlated. Female divers were more susceptible to MS. ROC analysis for %OCRA revealed that the AUC for divers with MS and divers without MS was 0.8967 (95% CI, 0.8114 to 0.9819), the specificity was 1.000, and the sensitivity was 0.700, with a cutoff value of 45.946. ConclusionPhysiological differences between R-L otolith organ function could affect the severity and susceptibility to MS. Female hormones may also increase susceptibility to MS. Thus, MS may be a physiological phenomenon induced by functional ear differences in the absence of pathology. As MS is caused by multiple factors, otolaryngologists need to consider various causative factors beyond those related to otolith organ function in scuba divers with MS.

The Relationship Between Vestibular Migraine and Motion Sickness Susceptibility.

To determine the relationship between vestibular migraine (VM) and motion sickness (MoS) susceptibility and their comorbidity in a large student population, and to assess whether experiencing MoS is associated with higher susceptibility for VM. Surveys including Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ) and questions assessing migraine-related symptoms as well as family history of motion sickness and migraine headache were distributed to the university undergraduate students through Facebook and email. Diagnosis of definite VM (dVM) was based on the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Of 277 survey responders, 148 (53%) were found to be susceptible to MoS in which 74 (50%) met the criteria for dVM. Only childhood MSSQ score was significantly higher in participants with dVM compared with those without dVM (25.78 ± 15.89 versus 20.77 ± 14.28, p = 0.04); however, its significance faded out by regression analysis. Multivariate logistic regression showed having 1st degree relative with migraine headache (p = 0.02), neck stiffness (p = 0.001), and sinus pain, facial pressure, or headache with wind exposure (p = 0.02) to be independently associated with presence of dVM in MoS subjects. Though participants with MoS and dVM had significantly greater rates of migraine-related symptoms and family history of migraine headache compared with those with MoS only, childhood and adulthood MSSQ scores were similar. This and the high prevalence of dVM in our MoS cohort may suggest an existing association between MoS susceptibility and VM.

Cardiovascular testing of seasickness in healthy volunteers on life rafts.

The role of the cardiovascular system in the development of seasickness remains uncertain. Overall, 18 healthy students (10 males and 8 females) aged 18-24 years volunteered in the project, spending 2-7 h on life rafts. The cardiovascular system was examined with impedance cardiography. Susceptibility and symptoms of seasickness were evaluated by the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire Shortform (MSSQ-Short) and the Motion Sickness Assessment Questionnaire (MSAQ). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), ranging 0-10, was used to assess nausea, dizziness and mood. The parameters were assessed at 2 time points. Differences in the heart rate (HR), the thoracic fluid content index (TFCI), the stroke index (SI) and the Heather index (HI) before launching the life rafts and after leaving them were observed (78.6, 20.8, 55.6 and 15.9 vs. 70.1, 19.7, 60.5 and 17.9, with p-values of 0.002, <0.001, 0.003 and 0.004, respectively). Females reacted with changes in SI and HR more vividly, whereas males regulated more HI and TFCI. In addition, HR correlated significantly with the central and peripheral symptoms in MSAQ, stroke volume (SV) with peripheral and sopite-related ones, SI with overall ones, and pulse pressure with overall, gastrointestinal and central ones (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [ρ] was -0.478, -0.711, 0.476, 0.472, 0.525, -0.476, -0.579 and -0.584, respectively). As regards MSSQ-Short, it correlated negatively with sopite-related symptoms in MSAQ (ρ= -0.486). Mood in VAS correlated significantly with gastrointestinal symptoms, SI and the cardiac index (CI) (ρ = -0.752, -0.492 and -0.489, respectively). It was found that HR correlated negatively, and SV/SI correlated positively, with the severity of seasickness symptoms measured with MSAQ. Gender is probably an independent factor influencing reactions to motion. Women react with SI increase whereas men react with increased heart contractility (HI rise). Negative mood in seasickness evaluated with VAS seems to be mostly determined by gastrointestinal symptoms assessed with MSAQ and diminished cardiovascular indices (both CI and SI). Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2020;33(4):467-77.

Vestibular Function and Motion Sickness Susceptibility: Videonystagmographic Evidence From Oculomotor and Caloric Tests.

Purpose Motion sickness (MS) is a common condition that affects millions of individuals. Although the condition is common and can be debilitating, little research has focused on the vestibular function associated with susceptibility to MS. One causal theory of MS is an asymmetry of vestibular function within or between ears. The purposes of this study, therefore, were (a) to determine if the vestibular system (oculomotor and caloric tests) in videonystagmography (VNG) is associated with susceptibility to MS and (b) to determine if these tests support the theory of an asymmetry between ears associated with MS susceptibility. Method VNG was used to measure oculomotor and caloric responses. Fifty young adults were recruited; 50 completed the oculomotor tests, and 31 completed the four caloric irrigations. MS susceptibility was evaluated with the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire-Short Form; in this study, percent susceptibility ranged from 0% to 100% in the participants. Participants were divided into three susceptibility groups (Low, Mid, and High). Repeated-measures analyses of variance and pairwise comparisons determined significance among the groups on the VNG test results. Results Oculomotor test results revealed no significant differences among the MS susceptibility groups. Caloric stimuli elicited responses that were correlated positively with susceptibility to MS. Slow-phase velocity was slowest in the Low MS group compared to the Mid and High groups. There was no significant asymmetry between ears in any of the groups. Conclusions MS susceptibility was significantly and positively correlated with caloric slow-phase velocity. Although asymmetries between ears are purported to be associated with MS, asymmetries were not evident. Susceptibility to MS may contribute to interindividual variability of caloric responses within the normal range.

Vestibulo-Ocular Responses, Visual Field Dependence, and Motion Sickness in Aerobatic Pilots.

BACKGROUND: Aerobatic flight is a challenge for the vestibular system, which is likely to lead to adaptive changes in the vestibular responses of pilots. We investigated whether aerobatic pilots, as individuals who experience intense vestibular stimulation, present modifications of the vestibular-ocular reflex, motion sickness susceptibility and intensity, visual vertical estimation, and visual dependence as compared to normal volunteers.METHODS: To evaluate vestibulo-ocular reflexes, eye movements were recorded with videonystagmography while subjects were rotated on a rotatory chair with the axis of rotation being vertical (canal-ocular reflex) or inclined to 17° (otolith-ocular reflex). Motion sickness was evaluated after the rotatory test using the Graybiel diagnostic criteria. General motion sickness susceptibility and visual field dependence were also evaluated.RESULTS: Averaged data did not show significant difference in canal-ocular reflex and otolith ocular-reflex between groups. However, a significant asymmetry in otolith-driven ocular responses was found in pilots (CW 0.50 ± 1.21° · s-1 vs. CCW 1.59 ± 1.12° · s-1), though visual vertical estimation was not altered in pilots and both groups were found field independent. Pilots were generally less susceptible to motion sickness (MSSQ scores: 2.52 ± 5.59 vs. 13.5 ± 11.36) and less affected by the nauseogenic stimulation (Graybiel diagnostic criteria 3.36 ± 3.81 vs. 8.39 ± 7.01).DISCUSSION: We did not observe the expected habituation in the group of aerobatic pilots. However, there was a significant asymmetry in the otolith-driven ocular responses in pilots, but not in the controls, which may result from the asymmetry in piloting protocols.Kuldavletova O, Tanguy S, Denise P, Quarck G. Vestibulo-ocular responses, visual field dependence, and motion sickness in aerobatic pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(4):326-331.

Imbalance, motion sensitivity, anxiety and handicap in vestibular migraine and migraine only patients

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to compare the balance ability, anxiety level and motion sickness susceptibility in Vestibular Migraine (VM) patients, migraineurs without history of vertigo (Migraine-only, MO) and healthy controls (HC). We tested the hypothesis that VM patients have worse balance performance and higher anxiety level and motion sickness than MO and HC group. MethodsThis cross-sectional study included of 123 definite VM patients, 58 MO patients and 49 HCs. All subjects were evaluated with the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), the modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration and Balance (mCTSIB), the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire Short-Form (MSSQ-Short), the Panic Agoraphobic Spectrum Self-Report version (PAS-SR) and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). ResultsThe main balance outcomes indicated that DGI and mCTSIB scores were worse in VM than in MO patients and worse in MO patients than in HCs. Almost 50% of the VM patients fell in the most challenging mCTSIB conditions compared with 20% of MO patients and none of the HCs. VM patients had more marked motion sickness susceptibility, higher anxiety and DHI scores than MO patients and HCs. VM patients who fell had higher DHI and anxiety scores than those who did not. ConclusionBalance problems, motion sickness, anxiety, and disability are more marked in VM patients than in MO patients and more marked in MO patients than in HCs. Focused treatments of these problems which could help VM patients need further study.

The effects of meclizine on motion sickness revisited.

AimsAntihistamines make up the first line of treatments against motion‐sickness. Still, their efficacy and specific mechanism have come into question. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of meclizine on motion‐sensitivity.MethodsThis study was carried out as a triple‐blinded randomized trial involving 12 healthy subjects who were exposed to (i) vestibular (VES), (ii) visual (VIS) and (iii) visual–vestibular (VIS+VES) stimulations in the roll plane. Subjects were divided into 2 groups by stratified randomization, receiving either meclizine or a placebo. Stimulations were carried out before, and after, drug administration, presented at 2 intensity levels of 14 and 28°/s2. Eye movements were tracked, and torsional slow‐phase velocities, amplitudes and nystagmus beats were retrieved. Subjects initially graded for their motion‐sickness susceptibility.ResultsSusceptibility had no effect on intervention outcome. Despite large variations, repeated ANOVAS showed that meclizine led to a relative increase in torsional velocity compared to placebo during vestibular stimulation for both intensities: 2.36 (7.65) from −0.01 (4.17) during low intensities, and 2.61 (6.67) from −3.49 (4.76) during high. The visual–vestibular stimuli yielded a decrease during low acceleration, −0.40 (3.87) from 3.75 (5.62), but increased during high, 3.88 (6.51) from −3.88 (8.55).ConclusionsMeclizine had an inhibitory effect on eye movement reflexes for low accelerations during VIS+VES trials. This indicates that meclizine may not primarily work through sensory‐specific mechanisms, but rather on a more central level. Practically, meclizine shows promise in targeting motion‐sickness evoked by everyday activities, but its use may be counterproductive in high‐acceleration environments.

Motion Sickness Predictors in College Students and Their First Experience Sailing at Sea.

INTRODUCTION: Individual motion sickness susceptibility can be rapidly estimated by the motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire (MSSQ), but its stability is affected by various factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involved predictive factors of motion sickness screened with uniform samples of Chinese college students and to verify the individual susceptibility difference in marine navigation.METHODS: A total of 1051 college students (719 men, 332 women; mean age: 18.32 ± 0.65 yr) completed the MSSQ. Another 42 men (mean age: 21.12 ± 1.10 yr) took part in 2 separate voyages. MSSQ data were collected before sailing and Graybiel motion sickness questionnaire (GMSQ) data were collected within 24 h after sailing and 24 h before landing.RESULTS: The internal consistency of the MSSQ was 0.685. The mean subscore of the MSSQ-A (18.47 ± 19.49) was significantly higher than that of the MSSQ-B (12.69 ± 14.97). Women had significantly higher MSSQ scores (38.29 ± 33.49) than men (27.87 ± 30.27). The mean MSSQ score of the inland subjects (33.97 ± 33.35) was significantly higher than that of the coastal subjects (27.81 ± 29.24). Nearly 93% of new seafarers experienced seasickness during their first navigation. The MSSQ score was positively correlated with seasickness symptoms (r = 0.706).CONCLUSION: Gender, age, and birthplace appear to be important predictors of motion sickness for Chinese college students. Specifically, women, younger people, and people who were born in inland China seem more prone to the syndrome. A high MSSQ score is a risk factor for seasickness. However, long-term voyages can lead to habituation, which reduces the occurrence of seasickness.Zhang X, Sun Y. Motion sickness predictors in college students and their first experience sailing at sea. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(2):71-78.

Virtual Reality Is Sexist: But It Does Not Have to Be.

The aim of this study was to assess what drives gender-based differences in the experience of cybersickness within virtual environments. In general, those who have studied cybersickness (i.e., motion sickness associated with virtual reality [VR] exposure), oftentimes report that females are more susceptible than males. As there are many individual factors that could contribute to gender differences, understanding the biggest drivers could help point to solutions. Two experiments were conducted in which males and females were exposed for 20 min to a virtual rollercoaster. In the first experiment, individual factors that may contribute to cybersickness were assessed via self-report, body measurements, and surveys. Cybersickness was measured via the simulator sickness questionnaire and physiological sensor data. Interpupillary distance (IPD) non-fit was found to be the primary driver of gender differences in cybersickness, with motion sickness susceptibility identified as a secondary driver. Females whose IPD could not be properly fit to the VR headset and had a high motion sickness history suffered the most cybersickness and did not fully recover within 1 h post exposure. A follow-on experiment demonstrated that when females could properly fit their IPD to the VR headset, they experienced cybersickness in a manner similar to males, with high cybersickness immediately upon cessation of VR exposure but recovery within 1 h post exposure. Taken together, the results suggest that gender differences in cybersickness may be largely contingent on whether or not the VR display can be fit to the IPD of the user; with a substantially greater proportion of females unable to achieve a good fit. VR displays may need to be redesigned to have a wider IPD adjustable range in order to reduce cybersickness rates, especially among females.

Introducing the VIMSSQ: Measuring susceptibility to visually induced motion sickness

Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) is a specific form of motion sickness caused by dynamic visual content such as Virtual Reality applications. Predicting individual susceptibility to VIMS has proven to be difficult and a reliable method has yet to emerge. Here, we introduce the Visually Induced Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (VIMSSQ), a modification of the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire uniquely designed to predict the susceptibility to VIMS specifically. Scores on the VIMSSQ are based on incidences of nausea, headache, fatigue, dizziness, and eyestrain during the past use of visual devices. In this proof-of-concept study, 71 adult participants (34 younger, 37 older) engaged in a simulated driving task and VIMS was measured using the Fast Motion Sickness Scale. Strong correlations with the reported level of VIMS were found for the nausea aspects of the VIMSSQ, suggesting that the VIMSSQ may be a useful tool to estimate individuals’ susceptibility to VIMS.

Motion Sickness Susceptibility and Baseline Vestibular and Ocular-Motor Performance in Adolescent Athletes

High school athletes with a history of motion sickness susceptibility exhibit higher baseline vestibular and ocular-motor scores than those without a history of motion sickness susceptibility. To examine the effects of motion sickness susceptibility on baseline vestibular and ocular-motor functioning, neurocognitive performance, and symptom scores. Cross-sectional study. Preseason concussion testing. A convenience sample of high school athletes (N = 308, age = 15.13 ± 1.21 years) involved in a variety of sports. Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening, computerized neurocognitive assessment, symptom scale, and Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire-Short Form (MSSQ-S). Participants were categorized into 3 groups based on a median split of the scores (eg, NONE, LOW, and HIGH). The LOW (n = 95) and HIGH (n = 92) groups (ie, MSSQ-S score > 0) were 2.64 times more likely (χ21,257 = 7.94, P = .01, 95% confidence interval = 1.32, 5.26) to have baseline Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening scores larger than the clinical cutoffs for the NONE group (n = 70). No between-groups main effects were present for the NONE (n = 52), LOW (n = 89), and HIGH (n = 90) MSSQ-S groups for verbal (F2,230 = .09, P = .91, η2 = .001) and visual (F2,230 = .15, P = .86, η2 = .001) memory, processing speed (F2,230 = .78, P = .46, η2 = .007), or reaction time (F2,230 = 2.21, P = .11, η2 = .002). The HIGH group exhibited higher total baseline symptom scores than the LOW (U = 3325.50, z = -1.99, P = .05, r = .15) and NONE (U = 1647.50, z = -2.83, P = .005, r = .24) groups. Motion sickness should be considered a preexisting risk factor that might influence specific domains of the baseline concussion assessment and postinjury management.

Motion sickness in passenger vehicles during test track operations

As automation transforms drivers into passengers, the deployment of automated vehicles (AVs) has the potential to greatly increase the incidence of motion sickness. A study was conducted to quantify motion sickness response of front-seat passengers performing ecologically relevant passenger activities during conditions consistent with driving on public roadways. Fifty-two adults with a large range of self-reported levels of motion sickness susceptibility and age participated in data collection on a closed test track in a passenger sedan. Motion sickness ratings increased with task vs. no-task and moderate vs. low acceleration test conditions. Increased motion sickness susceptibility was associated with higher motion sickness ratings. In comparison to older participants (age > 60), younger participants (age < 60) experienced increased motion sickness. This is the first in-vehicle study that systematically compared normative passenger activities and acceleration magnitudes typical of normative driving conditions on motion sickness response for a large, diverse sample of passengers, enabling the exploration of the effects of covariates. Practitioner summary: The data demonstrate that a relatively large range of motion sickness response can be expected to result from passengers performing visual tasks in passenger vehicles. Measurement and modelling efforts should seek to elucidate relationships among the factors contributing to motion sickness for the purpose of informing and prioritising future countermeasures for automated vehicles (AVs). Abbreviations: AV(S): automated vehicles; BMI: body mass index; BVP: blood volume pulse; EDA: electrodermal activity; FMS: fast motion sickness scale; GPS: global positioning system; IMU: inertial measurement unit; ISO: International Organization for Standardization; MISC: misery scale; MSDV: motion sickness dose value; NDS: naturalistic driving study; SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers International; UMTRI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Key Aspect of Research: Motion sickness may be an important barrier to widespread adoption of automated vehicles @UMTRI.

Motion sickness-susceptible participants exposed to coherent rotating dot patterns show excessive N2 amplitudes and impaired theta-band phase synchronization

Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) can occur via prolonged exposure to visual stimulation that generates the illusion of self-motion (vection). Not everyone is susceptible to VIMS and the neural mechanism underlying susceptibility is unclear. This study explored the differences of electroencephalographic (EEG) signatures between VIMS-susceptible and VIMS-resistant groups. Thirty-two-channel EEG data were recorded from 12 VIMS-susceptible and 15 VIMS-resistant university students while they were watching two patterns of moving dots: (1) a coherent rotation pattern (vection-inducing and potentially VIMS-provoking pattern), and (2) a random movement pattern (non-VIMS-provoking control). The VIMS-susceptible group exhibited a significantly larger increase in the parietal N2 response when exposed to the coherent rotating pattern than when exposed to control patterns. In members of the VIMS-resistant group, before vection onset, global connectivity from all other EEG electrodes to the right-temporal-parietal and to the right-central areas increased, whereas after vection onset the global connectivity to the right-frontal area reduced. Such changes were not observed in the susceptible group. Further, the increases in N2 amplitude and the identified phase synchronization index were significantly correlated with individual motion sickness susceptibility. Results suggest that VIMS susceptibility is associated with systematic impairment of dynamic cortical coordination as captured by the phase synchronization of cortical activities. Analyses of dynamic EEG signatures could be a means to unlock the neural mechanism of VIMS.

History of High Motion Sickness Susceptibility Predicts Vestibular Dysfunction Following Sport/Recreation-Related Concussion.

To compare vestibular dysfunction at 1 to 10 and 11 to 20 days following sport/recreation-related concussion (SRC) in athletes with and without history of motion sickness susceptibility. Secondary aims of this study were to investigate differences in neurocognitive performance and affective symptoms in these groups. Cross-sectional. Concussion Specialty Clinic. One hundred twenty-four adolescents and adults (82 males, 42 females) aged 14 to 26 (16.36 ± 2.10) years, diagnosed with SRC in the past 10 (4.56 ± 2.54) days; 47 participants composed the sample for quartile analyses. Motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire short form score. Computerized neurocognitive test scores, vestibular/oculomotor screening scores (VOMS), and symptom factor scores from a standardized concussion symptom inventory. There was no association between history of motion sickness susceptibility and VOMS scores (above or below clinical cutoff) at 1 to 10 days after injury, although at 11 to 20 days after injury there was an association between high motion sickness susceptibility and symptoms above clinical cutoff on 5 of the 6 VOMS items (P values 0.01-0.04). The high motion sickness group had more affective symptoms on the symptom inventory than the no motion sickness group (P = 0.002) at 1 to 10 days after injury. Groups did not differ on computerized neurocognitive testing (P = 0.11). Athletes with a preexisting history of motion sensitivity may exhibit more prolonged vestibular dysfunction following SRC, and may experience more affective symptoms early in recovery.

79‐3: Display Resolution and Human Factors for Presence and Motion Sickness in HMD Experiences

This experiment focuses on specific user factors and hardware factors that affect to presence and motion sickness in virtual reality. The experimental results show that Motion Sickness Susceptibility, ocular refraction disorder and motor nerve have an influence on presence and motion sickness along with display resolution.

Survey of motion sickness susceptibility in children and adolescents aged 3months to 18years.

We conducted two representative, cross-sectional, population-based surveys on the susceptibility to motion sickness (MSS) in childhood: One was targeted at parents with children aged 6months to 18years (7569 households approached) and the other at parents with children aged 3months to 5years (12,720 households approached). In both surveys 3285 parents provided information on 5041 children. The main findings in the first survey were: 369 children (9.2%) were susceptible to motion sickness with a slight female preponderance, and in the second study 16 (1.2%) were susceptible; first occurrence of motion sickness (MS) below the age of 1year was exceptionally rare (n = 2); if MS occurred after the age of 1year it was more severe in the younger children, most pronounced between the age of 6 and 9years; the frequency of MSS was highest in the range between the age of 4 and 13years; in postpubertal children and adolescents MSS frequency declined. The course of MSS frequency from infancy to adolescence is an inverse U-shaped curve. It is characterised by three phases which may be related to the visual-vestibular mismatch theory, the major pathophysiological cause of MS. Phase one is a high resistance in the first year of life. In this phase infants may be less subject to visual-vestibular mismatch, because they do not yet use visual cues for self-motion perception. Phase two is a prepubertal peak. This is possibly due to an oversensitivity to a visual-vestibular mismatch, which reflects sensorimotor maturation. Phase three is a postpubertal decline. This can be explained by habituation through repetitive motion stimulation during various kinds of vehicle transportations.