Motion Of Earth Research Articles

Rock mass and Earth’s surface movement during underground working of cryolithozone placers

The results of the researches on the processes of movement of rock mass and the Earth’s surface during underground working of alluvial mines in the cryolithozone are presented. Geologically, the area of the deposit is an alluvial placer. The productive seam is represented by pebble deposits. The cementitious composition of pebbles is clay, sand and ice. The thickness of the productive seam is on average 1.8 m. The average thickness of loose deposits is 30 m. The temperature of the rocks is minus 6-8°C. The moisture content of the rocks is 22%. Mine-field parameters: width - 50 m; length - 320 m; development depth - 30 m. Development system -pillar. Roof control - the collapse of the roof rocks onto the T-13K powered support. The first spontaneous roof caving occurred during a longwall face span 28 m from the contour of the mine-field. The beginning of the movement of Earth’s surface was noted at bottom hole deviation from the contour of the mine-field by 55 m 15 days after the first caving. During the development of the second half of the mine-field, the rates of maximum subsidence increased significantly, reaching in some cases 30 mm./day. An increase in the rate of subsidence of surface bench marks (12-18 mm/day) refers to secondary roof sediments. The following features of the rock mass movement have been established: the general deformation of the roof rocks begins at 2500 - 3000 m2, the angles of strike shift and across the strike of the mine-field are practically the same and fluctuate within 75-80° the maximum subsidence of the shift trough with full additional working is 0.75-1.0 m and is located in the middle of the mine-field.

The Public Discussion on Flat Earth Movement: An Analysis Based on the Esperantist‑Epideictic Discourse.

The paper reflects on public discourses about science and pseudoscience, proposing the same discursive structure for both—the Esperantist-Epideictic genre. This genre of discourse might bring together characteristics that we understand as constituents of the public discourse on science. It also enables us to depict the process by which to maintain cohesion on a group’s values. The discursive activity points to science as neutral, free, and independent of social influences captivating those already in this discursive sphere. The discursive hermeticity appears in the Esperantist content and the Epideictic form by avoiding the dialogical situations where there is no epistemological and axiological dispute. We thus, show that the Esperantist-Epideictic genre helps to understand the process of maintaining a cohesive group whose beliefs about the Flat Earth appear in social media. We use data from three sources: transcriptions from seminars held at that 1st FlatCon Brazil, most viewed videos on YouTube where affirmationists talk about Flat Earth, and semi-structured exploratory interviews conducted at FlatCon. Our findings indicate that some conceptions of validation of knowledge, scientific method, science bias, reality, and truth compound a distinct part in the current conversations about the Flat Earth movement. Moreover, the Esperantist-Epideictic genre of discourse can be an analytical tool for framing the echo chamber in social media while defending or attacking the Flat Earth movement. We conclude that in a time where there is a growing consensus that science is under attack, the ways in which its defenders are trying to stand up to it may be causing some harm.

The Thermodynamic Nature of Time and Economic Income

The definition of time formulated by Isaac Newton was created in the 17th century, so naturally it could not refer to thermodynamics, which significantly influences thinking about time. The essential content of the definition is the statement that time is absolute and flows uniformly independent of all events. This paper modifies this definition of time by pointing out that time is a manifestation of a thermodynamic process, it flows uniformly, at a rate determined by a suitable natural constant. The constant has a value of 0.08 [1/year] and indicates the natural, mathematical connection of the passage of time with the cyclic motion of the planet Earth, and therefore with the calendar. The thermodynamic process involves the transformation of the primary energy of modern man’s life into his human capital, i.e., his ability to act and perform useful work. The term presented is conciliatory to the natural and economic sciences. The constant of the passage of time also plays an inalienable role in understanding capital and its periodic growth or profit. In considerations, entropy is consistently seen as a transformation of energy, so the constant discovered with the theory of measuring personal human capital turned out to be a measure of the passage of time.

Activities design of Movements and Phases of the Moon: Spatial skill and academic achievement development

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of activities developed on the subject of Moon Movements and Phases on the spatial skills and academic achievement of 5th-grade students. For this purpose, a mixed research method was used. In the quantitative dimension of the research, a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control group was used, and in the qualitative dimension, interviews were conducted with the students in the experimental and control groups. The research was conducted with a total of 44 students attending 5th grade. The activities were prepared with the opinions of science teachers and field experts. In the research, two different measurement tools were used: Spatial Test Battery and The Achievement Test for Sun, Earth, Moon and Moon Movements and Phases. As a result of the analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between experimental and control groups in terms of achievement and spatial skills. In the analysis of qualitative data, content analysis was used. Accordingly, it was determined that the activities prepared for astronomy education by the researcher increased the spatial thinking skills of the students in the experimental group.

Emission, propagation, and reflection of light as mechanical phenomena in inertial frames

The kinematics of balls with mass in the inertial frames is like that in the frame at absolute rest. Practical examples of balls with mass studied at the limit when their mass is zero indicate that the kinematics of massless balls is like that of balls with mass. Light as a wave or particle is a massless entity. Therefore, it is natural to apply the kinematics behavior of the massless balls to light in its interactions with matter during the phenomena of emission and reflection. Thus, the kinematics of light depends on its kinetics of electromagnetic nature and by its mechanical interactions of emission and reflection with the matter. Light behaves in the inertial frames like in the frame at absolute rest, and the speed of light is the constant <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> in the inertial frames in which the source and mirror are at rest. The terrestrial experiments with light cannot prove the motion of Earth. This study explains the result of the experiment performed at CERN, Geneva, in 1964. Including the massless balls within Newtonian mechanics, the emission, propagation, and reflection of light can be considered mechanical phenomena.

Strength of the flexural joint of mortar joints and solid fired clay brick prisms

Masonry constructions built with mortar and solid fired clay bricks are subject to: high cement content, excessive water-cement ratio causing problems of mortar shrinkage during curing and differential movements between the brick and mortar caused by movements due to wind or seismic events. Earth movements generate some failures in simple masonry walls and confined masonry in solid brick joints, mainly with failure inclination angles varying from 45 degrees to 50 degrees. The objective of this research work was to estimate the flexural bond strength of the mortar joint and the solid fired clay brick and thus establish design parameters for non-structural masonry in the municipality of Ocanña, Colombia. From the fired clay brick manufacturers, 18 in total, simple random sampling was used to determine the sample size, 4 manufacturers were randomly selected. In addition, the characterization of the solid fired clay brick units was carried out with respect to their compressive strength, initial absorption rate and final absorption, as well as the mortar with respect to its compressive strength at 28 days, according to the Colombian standard for earthquake resistant constructions; for the determination of the flexural strength of the bonding mortar and solid brick units, a semiautomatic machine for flexural strength testing of masonry units, Pinzuar model PC-13, with a force measurement of 1000 N and an accuracy of 0.1 N, was designed. The flexural strength at the masonry joint was obtained for mortar type M with a value of 0.26 MPa, with a standard deviation of 0.01 MPa and a coefficient of variation of 4.72%. As for mortars type N and S, the average strength value was equal to 0.24 MPa for the two types of mortar, with standard deviation of 0.03 MPa and 0.01 MPa respectively, and coefficient of variation of 11.4% and 3.18% respectively. Given the importance of the variables, an interpretation of physical of the relationship between the properties was made: compressive strength of the solid fired clay brick and flexural strength at the masonry joint, since their average values were similar.

Microzonification of Floor with Sliding in Nulti Parish

Cuenca is located on three areas controlled by mega faults and 14 areas at risk from landslides. One of them is the Nulti community that registers landslides in 16 subzones during the past 10 years. The waters presence on the ground is one of the causes of these earth movements, and this generated infrastructural and environmental losses. According to the update of the Development and Land Management plan, the Santa Cecilia Pasto Romero neighborhood is one of the affected areas. This community is located in the Parish Center. This place lost a considerable number of houses and equipment like educational, health, religious, administrative infrastructure, because it has landslides of great magnitude. Given these antecedents, we carried out a study that allows to know the behavior of this soil against seismic waves and identify risk areas, their properties such as soil type, allowable loads, and elasticity modulus. In this way, the risks presented by these landslides were determined from a soil profile by processing the results of the Geophysical analysis like seismic refraction tests, standard penetration, and electrical soundings. This study generates future lines of research like slope stabilization and drainage designs. This study opens the possibility of being replicated in the other parishes of Cuenca. The subsoil presents a cohesive material with high plasticity. The soil has deposits with silty clay matrices of high plasticity. This mass of soil has been removed by the effects of landslides and colluvial deposits. Therefore, its low shear wave velocities expose loose soils of high plasticity and medium to high expansivity.

Controlling Seismic Excitation in the RCC Building with a Tuned Mass Damper

The use of multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs) to monitor earthquake response of tall buildings is investigated. The MTMDs are located in three locations in the reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The time domain seismic analysis is performed on Etabs Software using imperial Earth movement used to analyze contemporary history. The performance of the MTMDs is compared to that of a TMD on the top floor, a TMD on the third and fifth floors, a TMD on each floor, and no TMD. The base shear vs time and displacement parameters were examined, and it was determined that the MTMDs on each floor are better for the building’s seismic response. Furthermore, it has been discovered that MTMDs are more powerful than STMDs.

DAMA annual modulation is not due to electron recoils from plasma/mirror dark matter with kinetic mixing

If dark matter is composed of new fundamental particles,Earth's orbital motion around the Sun may induce an annual modulation in the rate at which these particles interact in a terrestrial detector.The DAMA collaboration has identified at a 12σ confidence level such an annual modulation in their event rate.One previously proposed explanation is `plasma dark matter' (e.g. mirror dark matter)which would have electron recoils in the detector from interactions via kinetic mixing.We perform a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test of this plasma dark matter model to DAMA/LIBRA modulation amplitude which rejects the hypothesis of plasma dark matter as an explanation of this data at greater than 7σ.

К СТРАТИГРАФИИ И ГЕОДИНАМИКЕ ЗИЛАИРСКИХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ НА ЮЖНОМ УРАЛЕ

It is known that the upper shell of our planet is the earth's crust, which is different in composition on the continents and in the oceans. The composition of the continental crust is predominantly sialic, and the oceanic one is simatic. The capacity of the first is within 35-70 km, the second is close to 5-12. The formation of any type of the earth's crust is determined by the participation of specific geological processes, causal relationships of matter and geodynamics, which is justified by researchers on the basis of well-proven facts and judgments. The concepts used must be specific, in accordance with well-known definitions, such as: stratigraphy is a branch of geology that studies «the formation of rocks in their primary spatial relationships», and geodynamics is «a branch of geology that studies the forces and processes in the crust, mantle and core of the Earth, deep and surface movements of masses in time and space» [1]. The use of the conceptual framework and the study of numerous facts allow us to confidently identify the sequence of connections and the reasons for the relationship.

Evaluation of geohazards in the Cape Girardeau area using LiDAR and GIS, Southeast Missouri, USA

The New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) has historically recorded some of the largest intensity earthquakes in North America, including significant earth movements that resulted in about 2000 felt earthquakes during 1811–1812. The region continues to experience mass wasting due to earth movements. The aim of this study is to understand the influence of geologic variables on mass wasting processes in the greater Cape Girardeau area, which forms the commercial center of Missouri's fertile "Bootheel" region. Earth movement susceptibility was evaluated in Cape Girardeau and Bollinger counties and portions of Stoddard and Scott counties by mapping potential landslide features on topographic maps, field verification of such features, and geospatial analysis of recent LiDAR imagery. In order to evaluate the changes in surface morphology, slope inclination, hillshade aspect, hydrology, lithology, faults, precipitation, seismicity, sinkholes, and geohydrology were considered. Geographically weighted analysis of the geomorphologic variables identified zones of relative risk. In addition, data were evaluated for oil and gas pipelines, bridges, utilities, and open pit mines associated with mass wasting on public and economic infrastructure. The results suggest that anthropogenic changes commonly associated with urban development impact land use, runoff, infiltration, and slope failures, while sustained precipitation and seismic ground shaking tend to trigger landslides. The scale of mass wasting in the study area was robust, varying from as small as one-half hectare to as much as 67 km2. The vulnerability of the population in susceptible areas tends to increase at the lower elevations and on alluvial flood plains. Thus, hazard susceptibility evaluation can be useful in both community planning as well as emergency preparedness.

Possible Origin of Some Periodicities Detected in Solar‐Terrestrial Studies: Earth's Orbital Movements

AbstractPeriodicities matching planetary cycles have been argued to be detected in key geophysical time series. In general, these periodicities were indirectly attributed to a planetary influence on solar activity. This supposes that planetary gravity affects the internal functioning of the Sun's dynamo, that is, the planetary hypothesis (PH) of the solar cycles. The Earth's heliocentric dynamics already includes the planetary gravitational effects on the Sun. Taking into account this fact, these periodicities, ultimately attributed to possible planetary modulations of the solar activity, could have a more direct origin in cyclical changes in the relative Sun‐Earth geometry, but then, wrongly or partially explained invoking internal solar changes. We present an original decomposition analysis of the high‐precision ephemeris DE431 from NASA/JPL in order to obtain and classify the most important planetary/lunar purely periodic changes of the Earth's orbital movement at sub‐Milanković scales. A comprehensive list of cyclic changes of the Earth's orbital parameters involved in the relative Sun‐Earth position and the Earth's speed around the Sun is given. We show that these particular geophysical quasi‐periods are identifiable in the cyclic oscillations of these orbital parameters. Since the Earth's movement in space physically affects the manner in which the solar radiant flux reaches the planet, these oscillations provide, unlike the PH, a clear, causal, and testable link for their possible attribution.

Constraints on the spatial variation of Planck constant

Inspired by recently published researches, we present two protocols for setting an upper limit to the claimed variation of hbar upon the position. The protocols, both within today state of art, involve the use of two delayed laser pulses driving an atom. The distinct positions of the laboratory, due to the Earth motion, affects hbar and hence the atomic dynamics. The first protocol measures the difference in population of the atomic ground state while the second one the red-shift of the harmonics emitted by the atom in the two moments of the experiment. The protocols improve the reported upper limit of varDelta hbar /hbar . The theory shows that hbar (varvec{r}) induces a chaotic evolution to the atom. This form of Chaos is generated by a variation of a physical parameter and is one example of Parametric Chaos.

Determination of Zone-based Solah Times: A practice in Malaysia

Zone-based solah times depend on the Earth's orbital movement around the sun. JAKIM has introduced zone-based solah times prescribes the times for the zones or areas. Nevertheless, the on-site calculation of zonal solah times is often informed by geographical and state Islamic affairs administrations. This study aims to survey the practices and methods employed to determine the Malaysian states' zonal solah times, using library research and interview approaches. The findings indicated that two typical methods used are the Westernmost Point and Multipoint Reference. Another alternative method provided by Falak experts is Isotime. Keywords: Zones Solah Times, Multi-Point Reference, West-most Point eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.2918

Probabilistic Seismic Assessment of RC Tall Regular Buildings Having Special Moment Frames Subjected to Long-period Earthquakes

Numerous tall buildings in the world are located in cities near active faults. Generally, past near-fault earthquakes had predominant period greater than 1 sec. so called as long-period earthquakes. In such earthquakes, tall building having great natural period seems to be more vulnerable. In this research, seismic performance of RC tall buildings having special moment frames subjected to long-period earthquakes are assessed via fragility curves. Subsequently, three models of 15, 25 and 35 story buildings are modelled in OpenSEES and IDA analysis is performed under long and short period earthquakes. Considering maximum nonlinear drifts as engineering demand parameter, seismic fragility curves at different performance levels are developed. By comparing the fragility curves and their median values, the effect of earthquake predominant period on the seismic performance of high-rise buildings are discussed. It is concluded that, the RC tall buildings, are more vulnerable in Long-period earthquakes compared with short period ones. At low damage levels such as slight and moderate, this difference seems to be small but for extensive and complete damage levels the considered models are much more fragile in long period records. So that the average values of seismic fragility for 35 story building model Subjected to short-period earthquakes at partial, medium, wide and complete damage levels are equal to the values of 0.084g, 0.16g, 0.44g and 0.95g, respectively. However, these values are equal to 0.032g, 0.065g, 0.175g and 0.39g, respectively, for earth motion with high period. As in complete damage level the seismic median fragility decreased 60 % for long- period earthquakes.

The Contribution of a Newly Unraveled 64 Years Common Oscillation on the Estimate of Present‐Day Global Mean Sea Level Rise

AbstractThe multidecadal fluctuations in sea level changes play an important role in the exact quantification of present‐day global mean sea level (GMSL) rise and its acceleration. Here, we use an array processing technique (optimal sequence estimation) to analyze 44 global tide gauge (TG) sea‐level records with identical January 1933–December 2019 data spans. The results reveal for the first time a common 64.0 ± 3 years periodic oscillation with a spherical harmonic Y21 spatial pattern. Based on the estimated equivalent “excitation” amplitude (A = 47.7 ± 2 mm) and phase (φ = −0.406 rad), we constructed a global model for this 64 years sea‐level fluctuation. The complex amplitudes of the extracted ∼64 years fluctuation from 94 TG records with different data spans, and of two GMSL time series are consistent with the corresponding results predicted by the constructed model using the stacking results using 44 TGs. We find that the 64 years oscillation has significant contributions on the estimate of reconstructed GMSL trend: it contributed about 24% to the sea‐level trend during 1993–2014 and cause a relative deceleration during 2024–2055; while it contributes slightly to the satellite‐based GMSL trend estimates during 1993–2020. We confirm that this 64 years signal is not originated from the Earth's polar motion; however, it has good consistency with the Earth's magnetic field dipole changes, and with the ∼65 years oscillation in the ΔLOD, which suggests that this 64 years signal could come from core motions. We believe our results unravel a new understanding of the mechanisms of GMSL's long‐term fluctuations within the Earth system.

Measuring the direction of gravity acceleration

The article contains a description of a measuring device, which is primarily designed to record changes in the direction of gravitational acceleration on the Earth's surface. Secondarily, the measuring device records the inclination of the Earth's crust. Analysis of the measured data showed that the direction of gravitational acceleration on the Earth's surface is affected by two objects. The first object is the atmosphere of the Earth (weather). Changes in the distribution of atmospheric density due to the Earth's motion cause changes in the direction of gravitational acceleration on the Earth's surface. The second object is the Moon. The Moon's gravitational field creates a “gravitational shadow” in the Earth's gravitational field. During the Full Moon, the gravitational shadow reaches the surface of the Earth.

A Review on Future Beyond Human Intelligence Using Technology

Combination of Internet of things (IoT), Nano-Technology, Augmented Reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) will be the future. Lots of research and development is happening to develop the IoT based application and few of them have already developed. Home automation, self-drive cars, simulators are few examples of IoT based applications. Still, there is scope for more research and development to develop very advanced and intelligent applications, which can eliminate human intervention or provide intelligent reporting. This paper reviewed some of selected articles related to the future beyond human intelligence using technology. Current development in this sector is achievable. We sent astronauts to space for studying life on other planets and earth's movement. In the future, without sending astronauts to space, data should be available with intelligence reporting. Home automation is easily available these days, but it still requires human intervention to on and off the switches using mobile app or calls. In the future, without human intervention, it should be workable as well, we may not have to worry about odd times of water supply in housing societies and close the tap once the water tank is full, etc. I am going to focus on such a future developments through this paper. Combination of Human Intelligence and Technology will definitely be the future to come up with a solution.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GEODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OBTAINED FROM ASTRONOMIC AND GPS OBSERVATIONS IN POLTAVA

The functioning of the GPS station and regular astrometric observations with a prismatic astrolabe in Poltava provides series of local displacements of the earth's crust and plumb line in time, characterizing the changes in the gravitational field. The analysis of the N-component of the earth's crust movement and the displacement of the meridional projection of the plumb line was carried out on the basis of GPS data and from observations on the astrolabe, respectively, for the period 2002-2020. Comparison of the trends of these series showed that their shifts occur in opposite directions. It is noted that the movement of the point occurs in the northern direction at a speed of +0.3mm/yr, and the displacement of the plumb line - to the south, at a speed of -2.6mas/year. Similarly, an abrupt displacement of the N-component to the north by + 2mm at the turn of 2014 was accompanied by a displacement of the plumb line to the south by approximately -50 mas. These facts can be explained within the framework of the hypothesis of the existence of a deep structure in the vicinity of Poltava, in which a significant change in mass occurs. The spectra of both series show the presence of cyclicities with close periods: about 3.2, 2.8, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.3 yr. It is known that harmonics with those periods are present in many astrometric series. The geodynamic interpretation of the presented facts requires additional confirmation in observations of neighboring GPS stations, as well as a theoretical explanation and justification.

Life cycle assessment of CO2 emission reduction potential of carbon capture and utilization for liquid fuel and power cogeneration

Underground and ocean CO2 storage is facing a series of hazard like leakages, earth movement and seismic activity, which has attracted more international attention on CO2 utilization. It can potentially not only reduce the anthropogenic carbon emissions which is the main cause of climate change, but produce valuable fuels and chemicals through synthesis. This paper explored the environmental benefits of CO2 utilization through the reverse water gas shift into syngas for the production of liquid fuel and power. CO2 source is an ideal three-stage hydrogen production unit based on the Fe-based chemical looping combustion, which can capture carbon with nearly zero-energy-consumption. The life cycle emission was calculated as 129.98 kg CO2-eq/MW h, and the proportion of carbon emissions that correspond to the production of liquid fuel is 60% (taking exergy allocation as an example). Compared with the conventional NGCC and GTL standalone production system with carbon capture at same outputs, this system could achieve an energy savings of 18.19% and a life-cycle carbon emission reduction rate of 46.87%. Carbon emissions mainly came from natural gas mining and transportation, and the CO2 recompression process, which accounts for 74.54% and 15.12% of life cycle emissions, respectively. In addition, the effects of key parameters, such as CCU/CCS, solid inventory and lifetime of oxygen carrier, and different allocation methods, on these LCA results were discussed in detail to further reveal the system carbon emission reduction potential.