Motion Of Earth Research Articles

A new approach to improve the Earth's polar motion prediction: on the deconvolution and convolution methods

A new approach to improve the Earth's polar motion prediction: on the deconvolution and convolution methods

Deep‐Learning Based Causal Inference: A Feasibility Study Based on Three Years of Tectonic‐Climate Data From Moxa Geodynamic Observatory

AbstractHighly sensitive laser strainmeters at Moxa Geodynamic Observatory (MGO) measure motions of the upper Earth's crust. Since the mountain overburden of the laser strainmeters installed in the gallery of the observatory is relatively low, the recorded time series are strongly influenced by local meteorological phenomena. To estimate the nonlinear effect of the meteorological variables on strain measurements in a non‐stationary environment, advanced methods capable of learning the nonlinearity and discovering causal relationships in the non‐stationary multivariate tectonic‐climate time series are needed. Methods for causal inference generally perform well in identifying linear causal relationships but often struggle to retrieve complex nonlinear causal structures prevalent in real‐world systems. This work presents a novel model invariance‐based causal discovery (CDMI) method that utilizes deep networks to model nonlinearity in a multivariate time series system. We propose to use the theoretically well‐established Knockoffs framework to generate in‐distribution, uncorrelated copies of the original data as interventional variables and test the model invariance for causal discovery. To deal with the non‐stationary behavior of the tectonic‐climate time series recorded at the MGO, we propose a regime identification approach that we apply before causal analysis to generate segments of time series that possess locally consistent statistical properties. First, we evaluate our method on synthetically generated time series by comparing it to other causal analysis methods. We then investigate the hypothesized effect of meteorological variables on strain measurements. Our approach outperforms other causality methods and provides meaningful insights into tectonic‐climate causal interactions.

EXPERIMENT TO DETECT THE ABSOLUTE VELOCITY OF EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE

A number of experiments have been carried out to measure the velocity of earth in the space but absolute velocity of earth could not be detected. One of the most famous Michelson and Morley experiment was conducted in the year 1887 to detect the motion of earth with reference to luminiferous aether a supposed medium permeating space that was thought to be the carrier of light waves but unexpected results were obtained. The experiment has given negative results, MMX type experiments have been repeated so many times with steadily increasing sensitivity from 1902 to 1930 and more recently in the year 2009 by optical resonator but all the experiments confirmed the negative results of MMX. Albert Einstein submitted his special theory of relativity in the year 1905 and stated that there is no medium like aether for propagation of light waves and there is no absolute velocity in the universe, all the motions are relative. Relative velocity of earth has been measured by various methods and observations such as stellar parallax, position of stars and planets, satellite laser ranging, GPS and CMB radiation. Second postulate of STR states that velocity of light is constant in all inertial frames of reference, there is no effect of motion of source of light or observer on the speed of light. As the velocity of light is a universal Constant hence any velocity with reference to speed of light will be absolute velocity. On the basis of second postulate of STR absolute velocity of earth in the universe can be determined by experiment based on the laser light beams. A laser beam may be directed on the fixed screen and movement of laser spot due to motion of earth may be observed. The displacement of laser spot with passage of time may be observed to determine the velocity of earth. In the present article it is explained how the velocity of earth may be detected by measuring displacement of laser spot. The displacement of laser spot from its normal position will determine the absolute velocity of earth in the universe.

The Universe Never Had the So-Called Gravity

This paper challenges conventional gravity theories by revisiting Galileo's discoveries and presenting a counterintuitive perspective. Recent experiments, such as the hammer and feather drop on the moon and vacuum demonstrations on Earth, prompt a reevaluation of our current scientific understanding of gravity. The paper argues that celestial bodies, including Earth, move towards objects, challenging the traditional concept of gravity. Drawing on the equivalence principle and dark matter effects, it contends that objects become stationary when disconnected from their original reference frame. Addressing criticisms, the paper asserts that Earth's perpetual movement ensures uniform gravitational effects globally. Exploring the expanding universe and dark matter's influence, it concludes that objects released in space do not fall but become stationary, prompting a reassessment of established scientific principles. This paradigm shift invites readers to reconsider their understanding of gravity and the universe. The paper is written as a letter to stimulate thought and discussion.

SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY IS ALSO FAILED TO EXPLAIN NULL RESULT OF MICHELSON AND MORLEY EXPERIMENT

Michelson and Morley conducted an experiment in the year 1887 to measure the speed of earth in luminiferous aether. In this experiment Michelson’s interferometer was used in which two waves are superimposed to generate interference fringes. Keeping in view known velocity of earth around the sun a fringe shift of 0.44 fringe was expected on the rotation of interferometer at an angle of 900, but surprisingly no fringe shift was observed. The experiment was conducted so many times and at so many places but always null results were obtained. The null result of MMX could not be explained by classical mechanics. A number of explanations for null results were submitted but no one was found to be correct. George Fitzerald and Hendrick Lorentz proposed length contraction hypothesis in the direction of motion of earth, but it was also rejected being an adhoc hypothesis. Albert Einstein submitted his famous theory “The special theory of relativity” in the year 1905. The second postulate of the STR states that speed of light is constant in all directions of inertial frames of reference irrespective of motion of source of light or the observer and states that no luminiferous aether exist as a medium, light waves do not require any medium to propagate. As light travels with constant velocity in both the arms of interferometer irrespective of motion of interferometer and there involves no time difference between the two rays hence null results of MMX were explained by special theory of relativity. Michelson and Morley experiment is based on the wave nature of light. In such experiments wavefront of light plays very important role but behaviour of wavefront of light was not taken into consideration while deriving the time taken by the light rays in the arms of interferometer due to motion of earth resulting into wrong derivation of time. The present article describes the principle and realization of role of wavefront of light in MMX. The time taken by light rays in the arms of the interferometer due to motion of earth depends upon the behaviour of wavefront of light. It has been established by results of Fizeau experiment and steller aberration of light that speed of light is not effected by velocity of moving medium. The derivation of time has been worked out keeping in view constancy of speed of light, wavefront of light and laws of reflection of light according to Huygen’s principle. Contrary to earlier beliefs the Lorentz length contraction hypothesis is not able to explain the null results of MMX. In the light of new facts it is established that there is no difference between theorectical results derived by classical mechanics and special theory of relativity. Special theory of relativity is also failed to explain the null result of MMX. The null result of Michelson and Morley experiment has again become a perplexing question for physicists.

Analyzing Joshimath’s sinking: causes, consequences, and future prospects with remote sensing techniques

The Himalayas are highly susceptible to various natural disasters, such as the tectonically induced land deformation, earthquakes, landslides, and extreme climatic events. Recently, the Joshimath town witnessed a significantly large land subsidence activity. The phenomenon resulted in the development of large cracks in roads and in over 868 civil structures, posing a significant risk to inhabitants and infrastructure of the area. This study uses a time-series synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry-based PSInSAR approach to monitor land deformation utilizing multi-temporal Sentinel-1 datasets. The line of sight (LOS) land deformation velocity for the Joshimath region, calculated for the year 2022–2023 using a PSInSAR-based approach, varies from − 89.326 to + 94.46 mm/year. The + ve sign indicates the LOS velocity/displacement away from the SAR sensor, whereas − ve sign signifies the earth's movement towards the SAR sensor in the direction of LOS. In addition, the study investigates feature tracking land displacement analysis using multi-temporal high-resolution Planet datasets. The result of this analysis is consistent with the PSInSAR results. The study also estimated the land deformation for the periods 2016–2017, 2018–2019, and 2020–2021 separately. Our results show that the Joshimath region experienced the highest land deformation during the year 2022–2023. During this period, the maximum land subsidence was observed in the north-western part of the town. The maximum LOS land deformation velocity + 60.45 mm/year to + 94.46 mm/year (2022–2023), occurred around Singhdwar, whereas the north and central region of the Joshimath town experienced moderate to high subsidence of the order of + 10.45 mm/year to + 60.45 mm/year (2022–2023), whereas the south-west part experienced an expansion of the order of 84.65 mm/year to − 13.13 mm/year (2022–2023). Towards the south-east, the town experienced rapid land subsidence, − 13.13 mm/year to − 5 mm/year (2022–2023). The study analyzes the causative factors of the observed land deformation in the region. Furthermore, this work assesses the ground conditions of the Joshimath region using UAV datasets acquired in the most critically affected areas such as Singhdhaar, Hotel Mountain View, Malhari Hotel, and Manoharbagh. Finally, the study provides recommendations and future prospects for the development policies that need to be adopted in the critical Himalayan regions susceptible to land deformation. The study suggests that land deformation in the region is primarily attributed to uncontrolled anthropogenic activities, infrastructural development, along with inadequate drainage systems.

Исследования математических моделей процессов деформаций зданий и сооружений

Purpose. The article is aimed at analyzing changes in the dynamic characteristics of a building and establishing the dependence of shear deformation accelerations on the building's storey to predict the effect of seismic vibrations on the technical condition of the building, taking into account the engineering and geological properties of the foundation. Methodology. A number of instrumental observations using geodetic devices, automated monitoring systems and engineering seismic stations were made to study the issues of assessing changes in the dynamic characteristics of high-rise buildings and structures. To create mathematical models of deformation processes of buildings and structures, the study of interaction of structural elements of the building with the engineering-geological structure of the ground in the upper and lower parts of the megapolis was proposed. Findings. The results on ground shaking intensity acceleration, effective duration, spectral coefficients and periods of spectrum maximum are obtained. The results of measurements of vibrations on different floors of a high-rise building based on instrumental records of seismic station of local and distant earthquake have been obtained. Dependences of accelerations of shear deformations on the floor of the building with regard to engineering-geological properties of the base have been established. Predictive models of deformation processes of the building taking into account dynamic characteristics of ground vibrations and energy class of earth crust movements have been proposed. Originality. The analytical technique of correlation analysis of random variables is proposed, by means of which normally distributed linear and nonlinear processes are studied to create a mathematical model of deformation processes of buildings of different storeys. Practical value. The obtained results of the study of deformation processes of buildings and their structural elements allow to predict the dynamic model of the process of displacements of points of the structure taking into account the dynamic characteristics of ground vibrations and energy class movements of the Earth's crust

The Earth Rumbles: Amerindian Mythology of the Ténabarim, Koyolim, and Sena’Aso, Three Musical Instruments of the Pajko’Ola

During his dance, the Pajko'ola performs various percussion instruments by shaking (ténabarim, koyolim and senaaso). The analysis of each one cannot be separated from the mythology that underlies the character, associated with the Earth and telluric movements. Here the existence of a complex related to predominantly feminine entities and "wild beasts" -ancient women or ogres- of the "Old Men of the Dance" type and to nocturnal lepidoptera is proposed. The review of this approach is not exhaustive, but it allows us to locate aspects of mythology of Yuto-Nahuas groups and other linguistic affiliations, present and past, from Mexico and beyond. From the mythology of "noise" it is possible to locate the Pajko'ola and its musical instruments as belonging to the domain of the darkness.

Dynamics of Fluids in the Cavity of a Rotating Body: A Review of Analytical Solutions

Since the middle of the 20th century, an understanding of the diversity of the natural magnetohydrodynamic phenomena surrounding us has begun to emerge. Magnetohydrodynamic nature manifests itself in such seemingly heterogeneous processes as the flow of water in the world’s oceans, the movements of Earth’s liquid core, the dynamics of the solar magnetosphere and galactic electromagnetic fields. Their close relationship and multifaceted influence on human life are becoming more and more clearly revealed. The study of these phenomena requires the development of theory both fundamental and analytical, unifying a wide range of phenomena, and specialized areas that describe specific processes. The theory of translational fluid motion is well developed, but for most natural phenomena, this condition leads to a rather limited model. The fluid motion in the cavity of a rotating body such that the Coriolis forces are significant has been studied much less. A distinctive feature of the problems under consideration is their significant nonlinearity, (i.e., the absence of a linear approximation that allows one to obtain nontrivial useful results). From this point of view, the studies presented here were selected. This review presents studies on the movements of ideal and viscous fluids without taking into account electromagnetic phenomena (non-conducting, non-magnetic fluid) and while taking them into account (conducting fluid). Much attention is payed to the macroscopic movements of sea water (conducting liquid) located in Earth’s magnetic field, which spawns electric currents and, as a result, an induced magnetic field. Exploring the processes of generating magnetic fields in the moving turbulent flows of conducting fluid in the frame of dynamic systems with distributed parameters allows better understanding of the origin of cosmic magnetic fields (those of planets, stars, and galaxies). Various approaches are presented for rotational and librational movements. In particular, an analytical solution of three-dimensional unsteady magnetohydrodynamic equations for problems in a plane-parallel configuration is presented.

Decadal length-of-day and geomagnetic changes imply more complex Earth's core motions

Decadal length-of-day and geomagnetic changes imply more complex Earth's core motions

Earthquake Events Detected by Continuous Gravimeters in Indonesia

Earthquake monitoring and early warning systems play a critical role in mitigating the impact of seismic events on human lives and infrastructure. Continuous gravimeters, sensitive instruments designed to measure second changes in gravitational forces, have emerged as valuable tools for earthquake detection and monitoring. This paper reports the significance of continuous gravimeters in detecting earthquake events, highlighting their principle of operation and contributions to seismic research. In contrast to traditional seismic sensors, continuous gravimeters offer a unique perspective on seismic activity by detecting mass redistributions resulting from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates during an earthquake. This capacity enables them to capture the initial moments of an earthquake, contributing to early warning systems that can provide critical seconds to minutes of advance notice, enhancing preparedness and response efforts. Some earthquake events were detected by the gPhoneX gravimeters (numbers #123 and #126) placed in Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha Campus. Four possible location events matched with the timeframe of the seismometer recording data on June 15, 2023. This result shows that continuous gravimeters have the potential capability to advance earthquake monitoring and early warning capabilities. By offering a complementary approach to seismic sensors, these instruments broaden our understanding of earthquake dynamics and contribute to developing more robust and effective strategies for mitigating seismic hazards.

The Archaeological Legacy of the Lignite Boom in Upper Lusatia

At the beginning of the 19th century, nobody in the landscape of the heaths and ponds of Lusatia, a small region in the German-Polish border area, would have suspected the lasting effects of the lignite mining boom on the economy, landscape, and the local communities there. The initially small underground mines soon developed into large open-pit mines. 'Industrial cathedrals' were established, new cities were raised out of the heathland, long-distance transport networks were expanded, and industrial centres emerged that gained importance throughout Europe. The local population and culture changed through migration, adaptation and assimilation, the landscape through the huge earth movements caused by lignite mining. This enormous transformation of an entire region has an impact on identity even today, and still influences political processes. It is now the task of archaeology and heritage management organisations to document this recent past as well and to preserve its cultural value.

Landslides and other earth movements damage detection at Mountain Village: A case at Garawastu

Many countries have abundant natural resource but, on the other hand, also have the potential to experience land damage, which can result in natural catastrophes including landslides, floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Potential land damage can impact the destruction of public facilities and hamper development; socio-economic conditions will stop when land damage occurs. This research aims to find and analyze possible land damage caused by land movement in the Cipari Hamlet area, Garawastu Village. Compiling a map of potential soil damage is the main focus of research because it can help understand the spatial distribution and extent of damage. Apart from using qualitative methods, field observations were also conducted to determine the coordinates of residents' houses affected by land damage by ground movement. Primary information and secondary information are the two categories of data. Original data comprises damage coordinates, UTM GEOMaps software, location maps, ArcGIS software, and documentation. Secondary data consists of maps and data, rainfall data from 2013 to 2022, and explanations of the results from ArcGIS software. Cipari Hamlet, Garawastu Village, experienced high rainfall, 3500-4000 mm. The slope in Cipari Hamlet ranges from 0-140, which is very flat to steep hills. Risks with a low level of damage get 17 points, risks with a medium level of damage are 9 points, and risks with a high level of damage get 9 points. Damage in the Cipari hamlet did not occur due to landslides because the index value for the Cipari hamlet was at a moderate point.

ANALYSIS OF NULL RESULTS OF HAMMAR EXPERIMENT BY CLASSICAL MECHANICS WITHOUT SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

In optics interferometers are used for precision measurements. In interferometry two waves of light are superimposed to generate interference fringes. The interference pattern is observed and analyzed to measure physical process. Gustaf Wilhelm Hammar conducted an experiment in the year 1935 to test aether drag hypothesis. The null results of this experiment were interpreted in consistent with special theory of relativity. Hammar used common path interferometer and observed the changes in interference fringes due to motion of earth. The present work describes that when there is no aether and no medium drags the light in its direction of motion than what will be the behaviour of light.The analysis has been made according to classical mechanics keeping in view Huygen’s principle by tracking the pathways of both the rays of light.It is established that speed of light is independent of velocity of any object,apparatus or any observer and there is no effect of motion of earth.The null results of Hoek’s experiment and Hammar experiment are in consistent with classical mechanics.

Formation-flying interferometry in geocentric orbits

Context. Spacecraft formation flying serves as a method of astronomical instrumentation that enables the construction of large virtual structures in space. The formation-flying interferometry generally requires very high control accuracy, and extraterrestrial orbits are typically selected. To pave the way for comprehensive missions, proposals have been made for preliminary space missions, involving nano- or small satellites, to demonstrate formation-flying interferometry technologies, especially in low Earth orbits. From a theoretical perspective, however, it is unknown where and to what extent feasible regions for formation-flying interferometry should exist in geocentric orbits. Aims. This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of formation-flying interferometry in geocentric orbits in which various perturbation sources exist. Geocentric orbits offer the advantage of economic accessibility and the availability of proven formation-flying technologies tailored for Earth orbits. Its feasibility depends on the existence of specific orbits that satisfy a small-disturbance environment with good observation conditions. Methods. Spacecraft motions in Earth orbits subjected to perturbations are analytically modeled based on celestial mechanics. The magnitudes of the accelerations required to counteract these perturbations are characterized by parameters such as the semimajor axis and the size of the formation. Results. Small-perturbation regions tend to appear in higher-altitude and shorter-separation regions in geocentric orbits. Candidate orbits are identified in high Earth orbits for the triangular laser-interferometric gravitational-wave telescope, which is 100 km in size, and in medium Earth orbits for the linear astronomical interferometer, which is 0.5 km in size. A low Earth orbit with a separation of approximately 0.1 km may be suitable for experimental purposes. Conclusions. Geocentric orbits are potentially applicable for various types of formation-flying interferometry.

Conceptualizing and investigating post-truth politics: the geographic imagination and knowledge of the Flat Earth Movement

Conceptualizing and investigating post-truth politics: the geographic imagination and knowledge of the Flat Earth Movement

Exploring students' understanding of “Earth's Movement” with OMC project

Exploring students' understanding of “Earth's Movement” with OMC project

Harmony of Q.S Az-Zumar and Earth Rotational Movement Science Materials in Elementary Schools Supporting Independent Learning: An Analytical Study

This research explores Q.S. Az-Zumar and science in analyzing Earth Movement material in elementary school books. This study aims to investigates the suitability of the meaning contained in Q.S Az-Zumar and the Earth's rotational movement Science material. This study uses a qualitative approach and content analysis method. The data collection technique used a checklist sheet. Data analysis followed the flow of Mestika Zed (2004), namely reading, classifying, coding, formulating hypotheses, and drawing conclusions. The results found that the concept of the earth's rotational movement in Elementary School Science materials aligned with the idea of Q.S Az-Zumar. Science learning in elementary schools is in accordance with the curriculum, and its application does not conflict with the understanding and value of Islamic normativity. The recommendation is that educational practitioners can study more about the verses of the Qur'an to prove factually or contextually according to science.

The capture of small near-Earth asteroids in a bound binary pair in Earth's orbit

Hill's approximation models the motion of two small masses gravitationally interacting with each other and perturbed by a large central body. An application of the model is employed in this paper to manoeuvre the relative motion of two asteroids by a small impulse to capture them in bound binary motion in Earth's orbit. The initial conditions prior to the capture manoeuvre are restricted in a parameter space termed the gateway region. The gateway region is produced by applying the constraint that the capture impulse is a real-valued function, and the zero-velocity curve closes, enveloping both asteroids. A full mission scenario is designed with three impulses. The first impulse transfers one asteroid from a far field region to the gateway region, where there is mutual interaction with the second asteroid, which is assumed to be the origin of the relative motion. The second impulse changes the trajectory of the asteroid in the gateway region to a linear drift approaching the second asteroid. The third impulse is calculated by means of increasing the Jacobi integral to reach the critical value required to close the zero-velocity curve. It is demonstrated in principle that the triple impulses enable the candidate asteroids to be captured in a bound pair in Earth's orbit. It is also shown that the thruster on-time for the capture impulse as applied for the different small asteroids considered is short relative to the natural time-scale of the orbital dynamics of the problem, which shows the feasibility of the impulse approximation with the typical thruster forces applied. This strategy could provide a basis for parking small captured near-Earth asteroids in Earth's orbit.

Universal Time Effects on Substorm Growth Phases and Onsets

AbstractUniversal Time (UT) variations in many magnetospheric state indicators and indices have recently been reviewed by Lockwood and Milan (2023, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1139295). Key effects are introduced into magnetospheric dynamics by the eccentric nature of Earth's magnetic field, features that cannot be reproduced by a geocentric field model. This paper studies the UT variation in the occurrence of substorm onsets and uses a simple Monte‐Carlo model to show how it can arise for an eccentric field model from the effect of the diurnal motions of Earth's poles on the part of the geomagnetic tail where substorms are initiated. These motions are in any reference frame that has an X axis that points from the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun and are caused by Earth's rotation. The premise behind the model is shown to be valid using a super‐posed epoch study of the conditions leading up to onset. These studies also show the surprising degree of preconditioning ahead of the growth phase that is required, on average, for onset to occur. A key factor is the extent to which pole motions caused by Earth's rotation influence the near‐Earth tail at the relevant X coordinate. Numerical simulations by a global MHD model of the magnetosphere reveal the effect required to generate the observed UT variations and with right order of amplitude, albeit too small by a factor of about one third. Reasons why this discrepancy may have arisen for the simulations used are discussed.