Mothers Work Research Articles

How do dialogical group sessions work for mothers of young children with parenting challenges in Japan?

How do dialogical group sessions work for mothers of young children with parenting challenges in Japan?

Returning to work after childbirth and women’s mental health: the place of work-family conflict and of social supports in a population of working mothers in Paris area

Abstract Objective Analyzing in a cross-sectional study the factors associated with mental health in 1511 recently delivered women returning to work, the mediating role of work-family interface and the moderating role of social supports. Methods Data were collected at 3 months after returning to work to assess work characteristics (COPSOQ), work-family conflict (SWING), anxiodepressive symptoms (HADS), commuting, childcare, household demands, social supports. Results Anxiety and to lesser extent depressive symptoms were associated with work factors, the opposite for the non work demands. The mediation by work-family conflict and the moderation of social supports were present especially for anxiety symptoms. Taking into account the parental constraints by the hierarchy, family/friends support and paid personnel reduced anxiodepressive symptoms. Conclusions Promoting mental health at returning to work of new mothers needs the assessment of total workload and resources.

Determination of Training Participants in Community Work Training Centers Using the Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm

Community work training centers are skills training institutions that aim to improve the skills of the surrounding community by providing training programs that align with industry needs. Registration of training participants at the Al-Ikhwan Islamic Boarding School community work training centers often faces obstacles, namely, the selection process is still manual, so it takes a long time, and there is a possibility of errors. This study aims to apply the Naive Bayes Classifier Algorithm to determine whether applicants pass training at the Al-Ikhwan Islamic Boarding School community work training centers. This classification method is used to help optimize the applicant selection process by considering administrative factors, income, and training quotas. RapidMiner software is used as a tool to implement the algorithm. This study found that the Naive Bayes Classifier Algorithm can provide good accuracy results in determining applicants who pass the training selection. The test results show that the resulting model has an accuracy of 90.00% in determining passing training participants with data that has the highest chance of passing, namely data that has the attributes of the female gender, age 20 years, last education Senior High School/Vocational High School, student work/student, income 364,912, father's work as laborer, father's income 3912,280, mother's work as an IRT, and mother's income 885,964. This research increases efficiency and accuracy in determining training applicants at the Al-Ikhwan Islamic Boarding School community work training centers.

Digitally intensive mothering and unequal emotional work of Chinese mothers

ABSTRACT Due to the unequal gender division of labour in parenting practices, intensive mothering has been further reinforced in the digital age, amplifying mothers’ otherwise implicit emotional work. Using data from 70 self-narration cases of Chinese mothers during lockdown learning, this study found that mothers experienced four kinds of negative emotions – anxiety, anger, frustration and guilt during online learning, and adopted two possible coping strategies – active self-reflection and passive intervention by others. This study foregrounded the unequal emotional work of Chinese mothers, especially the vulnerability in emotion management among mothers at lower socioeconomic levels. This study revealed how the ideological discourses constructed by intensive mothering influence Chinese mothers’ emotions in digital educational involvement and the digital inequality it may trigger.

The interplay between maternal employment dynamics and trends in breastfeeding practices over the past decade

BackgroundWorking mothers are in a situation where they have to manage both their job and maternal roles simultaneously. We aim to show the relationship between mothers' breastfeeding behavior and working status, as well as the effect of their working conditions on the continuation of breastfeeding.MethodsThis study examined 3557 (weighted 3490) child-mother pairs from Turkey's Demographic Health Survey data in 2008, 2013, and 2018 with a complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis to explore the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal employment.ResultsIn our study, 35.5% of the mothers had never worked, 18.6% were still working, and 45.9% had worked in the past but were not currently working. When breastfeeding percentages were examined based on maternal working status, mothers who worked in 2008 had significantly lower breastfeeding percentages than those who had never worked or had worked previously but not currently. In both 2013 and 2018, after legal regulations, maternal employment didn't affect breastfeeding. After adjusting for confounding factors, maternal employment in the industry sector had lower breastfeeding percentages [AOR:0.06 (95% CI: 0.01–0.48)] than those working in agriculture.ConclusionIt seems that adhering to legal regulations such as paid maternity leave and lactation leave can promote breastfeeding. It is necessary to raise awareness of mothers working in the industry about the continuation of breastfeeding and to monitor their legal rights.

Application of health belief model to assess periodic examination of thyroid functions in children among Saudi mothers

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common concern in the development of physical and cognitive development in children. The health belief model is one of the models that examines the factors behind people’s behaviors. Aim was to assess the periodic examination of children among Saudi mothers and its association with different constructs of the health belief model. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 participants of Saudi mothers for three months from January to April 2024 by using a designed structured questionnaire. Results: 88.05% of mothers showed poor behavior regarding periodic examinations of thyroid functions for their children. The significant factors that determined this behavior were the older mother’s age, working status (mother working), positive family history of hypothyroidism, good perceived benefits, and good cues to action. These factors were statistically significant at p value <0.05. Conclusions: Most of the mothers who participated in this study showed poor behavior regarding the regular examination of thyroid function tests of their children. Factors such as the older mother’s age, working status (working mother), positive family history of thyroid issues, good perceived benefits of the exams, and good cues to action were found to be significantly associated with mothers’ behavior towards this regular examination of thyroid function.

“My child is my job now” – Care, work and careers of mothers with disabled children in the Norwegian welfare state

In this article, we investigate how mothers of disabled children in Norway experience the work–family conflict and its impact on their careers, highlighting the role of provision of health and welfare services. We use a qualitative multiple case study of 11 mothers with disabled children. Although Norway is characterized by high labor market participation for women and an emphasis on care policies that support working mothers, we show that mothers of disabled children still experience considerable work–family conflict, creating ill-health and income-related struggles. This conflict is heavily influenced by inadequate support from health and welfare services. However, some of the mothers also highlighted how caring for their disabled children led to growth and new career paths, using their care experiences to craft new careers. Drawing on Fraser's (2022) concept of the care crunch and a relational perspective on disability, we demonstrate how the social organization of care for disabled children undervalues the care work mothers do and puts disabled children at risk of receiving insufficient and unequal services.

Factors Causing Stunting In Toddlers In West Sumatra And Its Relationship With Sanitation And Environmental Hygiene : Literatur Review

One of the health problems that occurs in the world is stunting. Stunting or what is commonly known as short toddlers is a condition where toddlers are less tall compared to their age. West Sumatra Province is ranked 17th out of 34 provinces that experience stunting with a prevalence of stunting in toddlers (aged 24-59 months) of 36.2%, which is higher than the national prevalence, namely 30.8%. Stunting can also occur due to direct factors of stunting such as maternal nutrition during pregnancy, toddler nutrition and disease infections. Apart from direct factors, there are also indirect factors that can occur from various aspects, one of which is water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). This research uses a literature study method using PICO. The research results obtained were that there was a relationship between the LBW factor (lower baby weight) and the incidence of stunting in toddlers, three articles were obtained. Two articles were found regarding the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and MP-ASI. On the relationship between parenting styles, four articles were found. Three articles were found regarding the relationship between sanitation and the environment. Three articles were found regarding the relationship between height and height. One article was found regarding the relationship between zinc levels. On the relationship between mother's work, one article was found. Regarding the history of infectious diseases, one article was found. One article was found regarding the relationship between the age of pregnant women and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. From the conclusion above regarding the relationship between environmental sanitation and hygiene on stunting among toddlers in West Sumatra, the most common one is parenting patterns in children.Keyword : abstract; nutrition; words; research

Analysis of the current situation and factors influencing bullying in junior high schools in backward areas of Western, China & A case study of Qingyang City in Gasu

BackgroundQingyang is located in the northwest of China. By analyzing the current situation and risk factors of bullying in junior high schools in Qingyang City, and identify relevant data for formulating prevention and control measures of bullying in western backward areas.MethodsQingyang City is divided into four regions based on economic level and population quality. One junior high school is randomly selected from each region, a total of 1200 students from 4 junior high schools of different levels in Qingyang City were randomly selected, and the “Questionnaire on Middle School Students’ School bullying” was administered between December 2021 and February 2022.ResultsThe reporting rate of bullying in junior high schools in Qingyang was 47.35%. The incidence of campus bullying among urban-rural integration junior high schools, senior students, and male students is higher than that of municipal -level junior high schools, junior students, and female students (P< 0.05). The results of binary logistic regression showed that the second grade of junior high school (OR = 1.39,95% CI: 1.022–1.894), poor student performance (OR = 1.744,95% CI: 1.09–2.743), external dissatisfaction (OR = 2.09,95% CI: 1.177–3.427), mother working in an enterprise (OR = 1.623,95% CI: 1.074–2.453), and urban-rural integration middle school (OR = 3.631,95% CI: 2.547–5.177) were factors affecting bullying in junior high school campus.ConclusionThe reporting rate of bullying in junior high schools in Qingyang City was relatively high, mostly occurring in places lacking supervision and after-school hours.Trial registrationNot applicable.

KESETARAAN JENDER DALAM KEPUTUSAN BER KB DI PUSKESMAS KECAMATAN PALMERAH JAKARTA BARAT TAHUN 2022

Decision-making relatewith reproductive health is not fully in the hands of women sometimes it based on husband or family especially when problems with termination of pregnancy arise. This condition can lead women to death. The aim is to explore gender equality in family planning decisions were in Palmerah in West Jakarta District Health Center in 2009. The benefits of this research is to understand gender equality in family planning decisions were expected to prevent the occurrence of an unwanted pregnancy that led to the decline in maternal mortality. This research is quantitative descriptive design with cross sectional correlation. By involving 131 mothers as the respondent. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate. Results showed gender equality in family planning decisions were the most are those that have gender equality in family planning decisions were numbered 68 women (51.9%) and independent variables that have significant knowledge (p = 0.000), P-value attitudes (p = 0.000) P-value perception (p = 0.000) and for the characteristics of the mother and the father of P-value for Age Mr (p = 0049), P-value for Mother Works (p = 0.000), P-value for family income (p = 0021). Statistical tests can be performed because of logistic regression analysis results bivariatnya to determine the candidates all have the value p value &lt;0.25. Of the six variables are independent variables age of the father of the P-Wald 0.016 most related to gender equality in family planning decisions were once controlled by the Income Families P-Wald 0.025. The results of this study recommends to the Head of Puskesmas Kec. Palmerah to improve the promotion of gender equality. Recommendations are also given to other researchers who intend to conduct research on gender equality to involve more variables that were assessed with different design and use instruments that have validity and reliability of raw value.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HISTORY OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AT MAHDARINA PRATAMA CLINIC MEDAN SELAYANG DISTRICT OF MEDAN CITY

Breastfeeding is a special pride for a woman to her baby. According to data from the WHO in 2017 globally, less than 40% of infants fewer than 6 are exclusively breastfed and the rest have been given complementary foods. The impact that will occur for the mother is the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, porous bones, maternal diabetes, stress, and anxiety. While the impact on infants is gastrointestinal infections, respiratory infections, risk of allergies, risk of decreased intelligence, risk of obesity, risk of vascular disease, risk of diabetes, risk of cancer in children, risk of chronic disease. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with history of exclusive breastfeeding at Mahdarina Pratama Clinic, Medan Selayang District, Medan City. This was analytical survey research with a cross sectional design. The population was mothers who had babies aged 7-12 months who came to the Clinic totaling 53 people and all of them were used as research samples. The data used primary data and tested by Chi Square test.The results of this study indicated that the majority of knowledge factors were knowledgeable enough was 41.5%, negative attitudes was 54.7%, the majority of mothers work 50.9%. The results of the Chi-Square test found knowledge p = 0.024 &lt;0.05, attitude p = 0.035 &lt;0.05 and work p = 0.002 &lt;0.05.The conclusion shows that there is a relationship between knowledge, attitudes and work with a history of exclusive breastfeeding at Mahdarina Pratama Clinic, Medan Selayang District, Medan City. It is ecpevted to nursing mothers to pay more attention to information about exclusive breastfeeding through print and social media, especially working mothers. Keywords: knowledge; attitude; occupation; history of exclusive breastfeeding

Ina- Manggagawa- Mag-aaral: The Lived Experiences, Challenges, Coping and Aspirations of Working- Student- Mothers

Many individuals are pursuing graduate degrees while working and raising children. The aim of this study is to explore the lived experiences, challenges, coping, and aspirations of working-student- mothers who fulfill employment, academic, and family obligations. The mother's educational and work efforts provide the necessary information, needed skills, and a desirable attitude for a family's general well-being. The study intends explicitly to 1. explore the experiences and challenges faced by working student mothers. 2. Investigate their coping strategies and aspirations for managing different roles. 3. understand their current living situation. The participants consisted of twelve (12) mothers who had a minimum of two dependents, were enrolled in a master's degree program, and were employed in an organization. Participants were administered a brief demographic questionnaire and engaged in a semi-structured interview. This study utilized interpretative phenomenology analysis. The latest findings emphasize that participants shared their experience of navigating the complexities of managing coursework, jobs, and caregiving responsibilities, which led to feeling overwhelmed. The stress factor was primarily attributed to low income and inadequate childcare expenses. However, they employed effective coping strategies using work-life balance, such as social support and time management. Pursuing a master's degree encompassed the opportunity to enhance their abilities and expand their knowledge and earning potential. The study revealed that they exhibited strong motivation and perseverance, with solid career aspirations driving their academic and professional pursuits, benefiting themselves and their families.

A correlational study to assess the relationship between body mass index and selected life style practices among high school students in selected schools at Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India

People in the 18.5-22.4 BMI range with high scores on the alternate healthy eating index and high levels of physical activity have the lowest risk of early mortality, while those with higher BMIs can still have a lower risk if they also have at least one low risk lifestyle component. To assess the body mass index of high school students in a selected school, lifestyle practice, find the association between selected lifestyle practices with demographic variables in high school students and association between Body Mass Index with demographic variables in high school students. Prior to starting the data gathering process, approval from BEO and the headmistresses of the chosen high schools was obtained. Canara High School and St. Aloysius High School in Mangalore hosted the primary study. The data gathering period ran from October 121, 2017, to January 1, 2018. All participants were told of the study's goal and gave their informed permission. The respondents received guarantees on the privacy and confidentiality of the data they submitted. Data from the samples were gathered by the researcher herself. In order to gather data, questionnaires about baseline data were used, along with a self-made rating scale to evaluate lifestyle behaviours and measures of height and weight to determine BMI. Karl Pearson ‘s correlation coefficient and Chi square test.The majority of samples, or 70%, had normal BMIs. Merely 20% of those surveyed were overweight. The least number of respondents (10%) were underweighted. Eighty-two percent of the respondents followed moderate lifestyles. Good living habits are present in 15% of the samples. The fewest responders (3%) led unhealthy lifestyles. Level of lifestyle habits broken down by area: The average lifestyle practice of students was 60.657.68, indicating that the majority of students follow a moderate lifestyle.A noteworthy correlation was observed between the mother's work and certain baseline factors, such as the body mass index score. Consequently, the null hypothesis was disproved. The score of a few chosen lifestyle activities and a few chosen baseline characteristics, such gender, were significantly correlated. They rejected the null hypothesis.Teenagers are the future citizens of this country, and their future depends on them. It is crucial to regularly assess students' body mass index and lifestyle choices so that those who lead unhealthy lifestyles can be quickly identified and treated appropriately to reduce their chance of developing health issues later on. Nurses will be able to teach parents and pupils about healthy lifestyle practices since they are aware of the relationship. The present study's findings have been taken into consideration for drawing the following conclusions.

Relationship of Characteristics of Mothers and Nutritional Status of Tolls in Puskesmas Suka Mulia Nagan Raya District

The factors that influence the nutritional status of children under five are very substantial to be studied. This aims to find out what factors are related so that power action and efforts to improve nutrition can be taken in the community. Because health is a form of human right which is explicitly mandated by the 1945 Constitution. Education and time for mothers and the health of parents, especially mothers, are one of the causes of malnutrition in toddlers. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal characteristics and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency. The research procedure was by measuring body weight, mothers of children under five were given a nutritional status questionnaire. Data analysis using the Chi-square test showed that from 45 samples. The majority of children's nutritional status is good (77.8%). There was no relationship between maternal age and nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p=0.519). There is a relationship between mother's knowledge and nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p = 0.001). There is a relationship between maternal education and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p = 0.005). There is no relationship between mother's work and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p=0.070). There is a relationship between maternal parity and the nutritional status of children under five at the Suka Mulia Public Health Center, Nagan Raya Regency (p=0.003). From the results of the study, it can be concluded that knowledge, occupation, education and parity of mothers are related to the nutritional status of children under five. It is recommended that all mothers continue to seek information about children's health, especially the procedure for providing nutritious food to toddlers. "

The Relationship between Employment Status and Maternal Nutrition Patterns in Providing Exclusive Breastfeeding in Mangunsari Village, Lumajang Regency

Breast-feeding to newborns is one of the efforts to prevent death and undernourishment problems in infants and toddlers, about 15% of the total incidence of children under five years of age in developing countries asa result of exclusive breast-feeding. Exclusive breast milk that is given to infants for up to 6 months is not added to other foods such as formula, lemon, honey, tea, water, bananas, milk porridge, cookies, and other foods. Infants who are exclusively breast-fed can avoid diseases. Sick infants are given exclusively by breast feeding can accelerate. This journal's search process electronically and online using one database, which is googgle sholar from 2015-2020 . The inklational criteria of the journal have the same variable as research, the journal used is the journal's 30-200 Indonesian respondents. Based on the journals received results that from the six journals it is evident there is a link between work status and a nutrient pattern in exclusive breast-feeding. This is confirmed by prior research. Thus, mother's work and nutritional patterns influence exclusive breast-feeding.

The Effect of Mothers' Privacy Perceptions on the Privacy-Related Behaviors of Their Preschool Children

Privacy training; It is a phenomenon that covers not only the sexual development of children, but also cognitive, language, moral, social and emotional development areas. At the same time, it is a concept related to the individual's self-knowledge and setting limits in vital situations or interpersonal relationships. This work; This study was conducted to determine the effect of mothers' perceptions of privacy on their preschool children's privacy-related behaviors. The research was conducted with a two-stage relational survey model, qualitative and quantitative. Mothers with children aged 4-6 years studying in pre-school education institutions constituted the study group (N=239). Individual Information Form to determine the demographic variables of the study group; The Privacy Perception Scale was used to determine mothers' perceptions of privacy, and the Semi-Structured Interview Form was used to determine the effects of mothers' perceptions of privacy on their children's privacy-related behaviors. In the evaluation of qualitative data, data that were similar to each other were combined within the framework of certain themes and concepts by using content analysis. At the stage of evaluating the quantitative data, the MannWhitney-U test was used in the comparisons between two independent groups, and the KruskalWallisH test was used in the comparison of three or more independent groups in order to determine the difference and relationship status between the sub-dimensions of the Privacy Perception Scale and demographic variables. According to the results obtained; in the sub-dimension of individual privacy; significant difference was found between the variables of mother's education, mother's work and number of children. As mothers' perceptions of individual privacy increase, so does their perception of spatial privacy. In addition, as the perceptions of privacy regarding others increase; Digital privacy perceptions are also increasing

MOTIVASI INTRINSIK PEMBERIAN ASI EKSLUSIF PADA IBU YANG BEKERJA DI DESA TEJA TIMUR KECAMATAN PAMEKASAN KABUPATEN PAMEKASAN

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding is the best first and main food for babies aged 0-6 months in meeting the nutritional needs and growth and development of babies. One of the factors in the failure of exclusive breastfeeding is the influence of socio-culture where the mother's activities or work outside the home causes the mother to be unable to share her time between giving exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding her baby. The purpose of this study was to determine the intrinsic motivation of exclusive breastfeeding for working mothers. Methods: The design used in this study used descriptive, non-probability type total sampling techniques with a population of 15 working mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months. Data was taken by using a questionnaire. The results of data analysis are presented in the form of tables and narratives. Results: Research shows that most of the 60% or 9 respondents are categorized as high and none of 0% or 0 respondents is categorized as low.Conclusion: Based on the Results of the study, it can be concluded that most mothers work in East Teja Village have high motivation in providing breast milk.

User Satisfaction with Application for Postpartum Maternal Gymnastics (SIMPOR)

Introduction: Bleeding is the main cause of 50%-60% morbidity and mortality in the postpartum period due to imperfect myometrial contraction. Postpartum exercise is one of the actions of maximizing uterine contractions. It's accelerate uterine involution. Technology development very fast today, improvement of postpartum android base application that's applicable, educative and informative is needed. This study aims to develop a postpartum maternal exercise application (SIMPOR) for postpartum mothers using Android then test them until obtaining descriptions about satisfaction with the SIMPOR application. Methods: This study used a Research and Development method (R&amp;D) with 152 respondents taken by proportional stratified random sampling. Data analysis was chi-square with univariate and bivariate. Results: The majority of participants were aged in 20-40 years old (98%), educational majority in higher education (59.9%), most of the respondents were housewives (65.8%), having more than one toddler (77.6%), and the average of toddler age was less than 2 years old (84.2%). Most of the respondents' satisfaction with the SIMPOR application was very satisfied (88.16%); 3) There was a relationship between mother's work, parity, and the smallest child age on the satisfaction of using the SIMPOR application with pvalue&lt;0.05. Conclusion: Participants were very satisfied with this SIMPOR application. Based on that result, hopefully postpartum mothers can use this application as postpartum exercise guidance and to monitor their process postpartum period involution.

Factor Structure of Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire for Mothers Working at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences

Background: Maternal reflective functioning refers to a mother's ability to understand the mental states of herself and her child. This capacity is related to the attachment styles of the mother and child, as well as the mentalizing capacity of the child and his/her behavioral problems. The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) was developed to evaluate the capacity of mothers. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the factor structure, structural validity, and psychometric properties of PRFQ in mothers working at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The study was a methodological one conducted by structural equation modeling to investigate the factor structure of PRFQ designed by Luyten et al. in 2017. Two samples, including 183 and 120 mothers working at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2021, were selected using convenience sampling for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. For data collection, the participants completed PRFQ, Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI), Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25), RFQ, and Emotional Availability Self-Report (EA-SR). For data analysis, statistical methods, including EFA, CFA, and correlation analysis, were used in SPSS and AMOS software packages. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha for the total questionnaire was equal to 0.6. The exploratory factor analysis showed that PRFQ had a 3-factor structure with a shared variance of 38.03%. Item 11 loaded on all factors, and items 6 and 18 loaded on the pre-mentalization factor. The developed model was approved by removing item 11 and loading items 6 and 18 on the pre-mentalization factor in CFA (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.93, normed fit index [NFI] = 0.82, Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.92, and root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.05). The results also revealed that the developed questionnaire had adequate concurrent and predictive validity. Conclusions: Overall, the 3-factor structure of PRFQ for mothers showed adequate validity and reliability.

Novel word learning ability in 24-month-olds: The interactive role of mother's work status and education level.

Using both online and offline measures, this study investigates how maternal education and work status (stay-at-home, part-time, full-time) are jointly associated with infants' word learning ability and vocabulary size. One hundred 24-month-old infants completed a lab-based mutual exclusivity task, which assesses infants' novel word learning ability. Caregivers reported infants' productive vocabulary size using the MCDIs. There was no evidence for an association between infants' productive vocabulary size and maternal education, maternal work status, or their interaction. However, infants' novel word learning ability was significantly related to both maternal factors and their interaction. The positive association between maternal education and word learning performance was attenuated for infants of part-time and full-time working mothers compared to infants with at home mothers. These findings suggest that using real-time measures with high task demand may better capture developmental differences in infants and expand our understanding of maternal factors contributing to early language development.