Mothers In Relation Research Articles

Re-Fashioning Femininity and Motherhood in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s “Zikora: A Short Story”

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is one of the postcolonial writers who has made her literary contribution by introducing Nigerian culture to her readers in English. This paper aims to present a re-fashioned postcolonial perspective on the understanding of femininity and motherhood in Nigerian culture and to demonstrate how the perception of these concepts has evolved over generations as illustrated by the mother-daughter relationship in Adichie’s “Zikora: A Short Story” (2020). “Zikora” deals with various issues directly related to the situation of Nigerian women, such as single motherhood, polygamy, sexism and the preference for male children. The article draws on African feminism to explore womanhood as an identity and to emphasise the role that contact with a foreign culture plays in women's self-determination and development as individuals. In the story, the eponymous character is a single woman whose expected child is not wanted by her father. In the final stages of labour, Zikora reflects on her mother's relationship with her father and how she had to stay in the polygamous marriage just because she did not bear her husband a son. This study also shows that “Zikora: A Short Story” is a boldly written story that draws attention to the many injustices faced by Nigerian women in a patriarchal society.

Exploring the clinical potentials of zuranolone in managing postpartum depression: A new therapeutic horizon

Postpartum depression (PPD) poses a major threat to maternal mental health and wellbeing while also adversely affecting the mother's relationship with her baby, leading to significant repercussions that may hinder the growth and cognitive development of the child. For decades, antidepressants have been the mainstay of treating PPD; however, recent evidence suggests that antidepressants are not as effective as they are believed to be and there is a dire need to explore new treatment options. In 2023, a breakthrough in treating PPD emerged with the recent FDA approval of zuranolone, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor selective positive allosteric modulator. The implementation of zuranolone in treating PPD can prove to be revolutionary, considering it is the first oral medication available for PPD. Our review aims to discuss the various clinical trials that have been conducted to validate the efficacy of zuranolone in mitigating the symptoms of PPD, hence, leading to better outcomes for mothers.

Predictors of parental burnout in women raising children with autism spectrum disorders

The relevance of the study is due to the study of predictors of parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders, which makes it possible to predict the problems that mothers raising a child with autism spectrum may face and prevent the onset of symptoms. The subject of the study is parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders. The aim of the study was to identify predictors of parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders. Motherhood significantly changes a woman's life and it happens that a woman does not cope with the new realities of life. The appearance of a child with an autism spectrum disorder is a special development situation. Mothers experience many difficulties in everyday, social, medical and, especially, psychological terms, which differ significantly from the difficulties of families raising a child of the norm group. The main conclusions of the study are presented in the provisions. Satisfaction with marital relations is an important parameter influencing the development of symptoms of parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders. Let's assume that high satisfaction and stability of relations with a spouse is a factor that increases resistance to the development of symptoms of parental burnout. Parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders is interrelated with the peculiarities of emotional relationships with the child. So the predictors of the symptoms of parental burnout are the feelings that arise in the mother's relationship with the child, the acceptance of the child's behavior, the presence of physical contact.

Social Factors and Family Attachment in Providing Early Breastfeeding Initiation

Abstract. The problem that Indonesia is currently facing is the incidence of stunting in children. The mother's mindset and support system, namely the family, especially the husband, is one of the causes of difficulties in giving breast milk to babies. This also influences the mother's initiation of breastfeeding from an early age or commonly known as Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD). This type of research is quantitative with a descriptive, retrospective study approach. The sampling technique used incidental sampling, namely 30 pregnant women according to the criteria at the Poasia Health Center, Kendari City KIA Polyclinic. The research was conducted in June - August 2018. The majority of respondents were involved in social organization activities, namely 70% (21 people), 20% (66 people) did not benefit from social activities, and had good relationships with other people, namely 100% (30 people), have good family ties, which is 100% (30 people), have a good relationship with the head of the family, which is 100% (30 people). Social factors and family attachment (kinship and social factors), show that mothers who have carried out Early Breastfeeding Initiation, namely providing support in terms of information and decision making, are influenced by several factors including Social Organizational Activities, the mother's relationship with other people and Family Attachment at the Poasia Health Center .

Attitude to the child's illness and parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders

The subject of the study is the parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders. Special attention is paid to the type of attitude to the mother's child's illness and her emotional burnout. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship of parental burnout with the type of attitude to the child and his illness in women raising children with autism spectrum disorders. Theoretical analysis of scientific research on the problem of emotional burnout of parents raising children with autism spectrum disorder allows us to conclude that each family faces huge problems of a different nature, which leads to chronic stress, flowing into emotional burnout. Different types of attitudes to the disease can aggravate this condition. The main conclusions of the study are presented in the provisions. Parental burnout of women raising children with autism spectrum disorders is determined by the peculiarities of emotional relationships with the child. Data were obtained on different relationships between the symptoms of parental burnout and the type of relationship with a child of different ages. Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduction of parental achievements are interrelated with the peculiarities of contact with the child, the inability to understand the child, feelings arising in interaction with the child, the inability to provide emotional support to the child. The type of attitude to the child's illness is determined by the peculiarities of the emotional relationship between mother and child. Thus, the predictors of the types of attitude to the child's illness are the feelings that arise in the mother's relationship with the child, a negative attitude towards herself as a mother, unconditional child, restrictions on activity and physical contact.

Prenatal Exposure to Severe Stress and Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke in Offspring

Prenatal stress is associated with increased risks of several cardiovascular risk factors later in life. However, knowledge regarding the role of prenatal stress in the development of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke is very limited. To examine prenatal stress, defined as maternal bereavement, and risks of IHD and stroke in the offspring. A cohort study was conducted using data from Danish and Swedish registries. Live singleton births during calendar years 1973-2016 in Denmark (followed up until December 31, 2016) and during calendar years 1973-2014 in Sweden (followed up until December 31, 2021) were included in the analysis. Maternal loss of a close family member (partner, older children, parents, or siblings) the year before or during the pregnancy. Diagnoses of IHD and stroke. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for IHD and stroke in the offspring according to maternal bereavement. The study included 6 758 560 births (39.4% from Denmark; 51.4% boys). During the median follow-up of 24.6 (IQR, 13.9-35.1) years, 8664 offspring (0.1%) were diagnosed with IHD and 13 094 with stroke (0.2%). Overall, maternal bereavement the year before or during pregnancy was not associated with IHD (adjusted HR [AHR], 0.98; 95% CI, 0.85-1.13) or stroke (AHR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.94-1.16) in offspring. Similarly, no associations were observed when exposure was classified by the mother's relationship to the deceased individual, ie, loss of older child or partner (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.64-1.14 for IHD and 0.98; 95% CI, 0.77-1.25 for stroke) or loss of parent or sibling (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.87-1.21 for IHD and 1.06; 95% CI, 0.94-1.19 for stroke). However, associations between loss in the third trimester and IHD (AHR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.06-2.13), and loss due to cardiovascular disease and stroke (AHR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03-1.44) were identified when exposure was classified by time of loss or the relative's cause of death. The findings of this study provide little support for the hypothesis that prenatal stress is associated with risks of IHD and stroke in the first 5 decades of life. However, the association observed between stress in the third trimester and IHD warrants further investigation.

Maternal grandmothers buffer the effects of ethnic discrimination among pregnant Latina mothers.

Ethnic discrimination during pregnancy is linked to maternal psychological distress, adverse birth outcomes and increased offspring morbidity and mortality. An evolutionary perspective reframes offspring health issues as a risk to maternal fitness. We argue that kin may be evolutionarily motivated to buffer psychosocial stressors for the mother during pregnancy. Previously, we found that the relationship of a pregnant woman with her own mother (fetus' maternal grandmother) had a positive association on maternal prenatal psychology, above and beyond her relationship with her fetus' father. Here, we ask if grandmothers buffer mothers' prenatal psychological distress from ethnic discrimination. Using self-report data collected from 216 pregnant Latina women living in Southern California, we found discrimination to be significantly, positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress in linear regression models. Maternal grandmother communication attenuated the association of discrimination and all three psychological distress measures, adjusting for the mother's relationship with the father. Maternal grandmother emotional support similarly significantly moderated the relationship of discrimination with depression and anxiety. We did not observe any significant interactions for paternal grandmother relationships. Geographic proximity was not a significant stress buffer. Results suggest the important role maternal grandmothers play in perinatal mental health, and that these benefits exist uncoupled from geographic proximity.

Double jeopardy: Gendered social policy for two risky life periods in six welfare state contexts

This study adopts a cultural gendered perspective to examine policy in two financially risky periods in women's life course: when raising young children and in post-employment in old age, when income is mainly from pensions. Specifically, we look at the intersection of social policy and cultural schemas of motherhood in relation to two policy axes: family policy and old age policy. The analysis is based on a cross-national comparison of social policies in six countries with significantly different welfare state and cultural traditions: Germany, France, Israel, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Data are gleaned from document analysis of care and pension policies and the database of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The policy analysis revealed nuanced differences between countries that are captured through a typology composed of the level of generosity in family policy and the level of generosity in old age policy. The analysis addresses a research lacuna regarding the intersection between gendered cultural schemas and the generosity of socialpolicies and its plausible relation to the genderedness of old-age vulnerability.

Queer kinship: Experiences of double-motherhood in Brazil

A survey was conducted with nine Brazilian cisgender, non-heterosexual women who are mothers, with the aim of understanding the challenges faced by double-motherhood in Brazil. Nine interviews and one focus group were conducted online and asynchronously through WhatsApp. The data was transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis. The findings revealed four categories: IC as a form of resistance; violence and LGBTphobia against queer motherhood; the invisibility of queer motherhood in relation to the state; and queer subjectivity. This research concludes that double-motherhood can be seen as a form of resistance, as the mothers use technologies, such as home insemination.

Association between maternal closeness with parents and mother-toddler relationship quality.

Understanding how positive parenting is conveyed across generations informs early childhood policy. The extant literature has focused on how a mother's relationship with her own mother sets the stage for her parenting of her own children, yet less understood is how a mother's relationship with her father supports her responsive parenting and potentially informs her child's attachment security. We analyzed data from 6,400 mothers of singleton infants participating in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. We examined whether a mother's closeness with her own mother and father (Generation 1) related to her responsiveness and child attachment security (Generation 3) at age 24 months. Most mothers reported being extremely (25.7%) or at least quite close (25.1%) with both their mother and father. How close mothers felt to their own parents was not associated with their observed level of responsiveness to their toddler or their toddler's attachment security, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Maternal education was the strongest predictor of responsiveness and attachment security. Maternal education is strongly related to responsiveness, and to a lesser extent, child attachment security, in toddlerhood. Programs aimed at addressing the challenges of caregiving may overcome the limitations of lower education status.

Motherhood in Brit Bennett’s The Mothers

This study investigates the concept of motherhood. The literary work entitled "The Mothers" by Brit Bennett was published in 2016. The novel presents three distinct categories of motherhood, namely biological mothers, surrogate mothers, and communal mothers. Thus, one could contend that the individuals who fulfil the role of bloodmothers in The Mothers are Elise Turner, Nadia Turner, Aubrey Evans, her mother, and Latrice Sheppard. Monique and Latrice are recognised as the individuals who fulfil the role of othermothers within the community, while the church mothers and Latrice Sheppard are also acknowledged as othermothers. In the contemporary era, despite alterations, the concept of motherhood in relation to race continues to serve as a location of discord and subjugation. Bennett's novel problematizes the conventional view of raced motherhood through the theoretical representation of the mother's experience.

Parenting and Family Relationships Factors in the Intergenerational Transmission of Partnerships: a Research Review

Introduction. Partner behavior can be transmitted among generations. Factors influencing the intergenerational transmission of partnerships can include parenting and relations in the parental family. Currently, there is a discrepancy between the increasing need for psychological practice to understand intergenerational transmission of partnerships and the level of prior studies of the problem. The purpose of the article is to provide an analytical review of modern scientific research on the link between parents' and their children's relationships in adolescence and adulthood. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the review is the concept of intergenerational transmission by A.A. Schutzenberger, N. Abraham, M. Terek and others, as well as Bowen's family systems and transgenerational approach. The method of literature analysis on the issues of factors of intergenerational transmission of patterns of partnering was used in the work. The search engines for scientific research Google Scholar, eLibrary.ru, CyberLeninka, etc. were used. Results. The review identified factors that are related to children's partnering in adolescence and adulthood. A secure attachment and a safe family environment were particularly important for building relationships, in contrast to the factor of divorce itself. Parental conflicts and styles of their resolution, the type of attachment were associated with the parenting. The mother's depression affects the psychological well-being of the child and, as a consequence, the building of his or her relationship with the partner. Conclusion. Within the problem of intergenerational transmission of patterns of romantic and marital relationships, the relationship between young people and parental conflicts, the number of breakups and divorces in the parental family, the quality of the mother's relationship with her partner, and the quality of the relationship with the child in childhood all matter. Thus, the article determines which factors of family upbringing and relationships between parents influence the building of children’s partnerships in the next generation. It is emphasized that there is a lack of Russian studies on this topic, even though it is very important for the well-being of marital relations to identify intergenerational factors that affect them. Keywords: intergenerational transmission, marriage, partnerships, family

The Role of Mothers with Adolescent Readiness which will Menarche at Jolotundo 2 Jetis Elementary School, Mojokerto: Correlation Study

Menarche is the first time menstruation that happened in early adolescent. One factor that affects the readiness of young people in the face of menarche is the source of information of the nearest person is the mother. The role of a good mother would give a good readiness also to his daughter to confront menarche. This research proposed to investigate the role of mother's relationship with the adolescent readiness to confront menarche. Design of research is an analytic correlation with cross sectional approach. The population in this research were 26 girls who have not experienced menarche at SDN Jolotundo 2 Jetis Mojokerto District. The techniques samples used a total of sampling with respondents 26 girls who have experienced menarche.The data collection is done by used a questionnaire research instrument roles of mothers and adolescents readiness. Data processing and data analysis using cross tabulation. The results of research obtained the role of a mother who less good tend to have adolescents readiness was not ready to confront of menarche is 16 people (94,1%), while respondents who have the role of a good mother is likely to have a ready readiness to confront menarche is 7 people (77.8%), which means that there is relationship readiness role of mothers with adolescent readiness confront menarche. Expected for the mother can give education about it what need to be preapared by her daughter in the confront of menarche in order to be able to form the readiness her daughter in the confront of menarche.
 Keywords: adolescent readiness, menarche, the role of mothers

Maternal satisfaction with joint and sole child physical placement arrangements following separation in Wisconsin and Finland.

Families (and sometimes courts) make important decisions regarding child physical custody arrangements post-separation, and shared parenting arrangements are increasingly common in most developed countries. Shared arrangements may be differentially associated with parental satisfaction, and these associations may vary across countries. Using data from surveys of separated mothers in Wisconsin and Finland, the present study explores this possibility and is guided by three aims: (a) to identify child and family characteristics associated with sole and shared child placements 6 or more years after separation; (b) to estimate associations of children's post-separation placements with maternal satisfaction with placements and expense sharing; (c) to examine whether the relationship between post-separation placement and maternal satisfaction varies by mothers' earnings and the quality of parents' relationships. We find that Finnish mothers with shared placement are more satisfied with their placement than are their counterparts with sole placement, while we find the inverse is true for Wisconsin mothers. Moreover, parental satisfaction with shared placement, overall and relative to sole placement, varies greatly depending on the quality of a mother's relationship with the other parent; and differences in relationship quality in Wisconsin and Finland may help explain the difference in satisfaction with shared placement in the two locations. In both Finland and Wisconsin, we find mothers with shared placement are more satisfied with the way expenses are shared between parents than are mothers with sole placement. Associations between placement and satisfaction are robust to extensive controls for child and maternal characteristics.

Potential differences in occurrence of preterm births according to quality of relationship between mothers and fathers of the children.

Premature birth is a serious pregnancy complication that is affected by many biological as well as psychosocial factors. Several studies have shown that a mother's positive relationship with her child's father reduces the mother's stress, anxiety and depression during pregnancy, promotes a healthier mother's lifestyle and thus has a positive effect on pregnancy as such. This research was therefore aimed at identifying possible differences in the incidence of premature births in mothers depending on the quality of the relationship with the father of their child. The research involved 210 mothers after childbirth in the period from October 2020 to September 2021. A questionnaire aimed at obtaining descriptive data about the mother and her child and a questionnaire aimed at determining the quality of the relationship - Quality of Relationship Inventory (QRI) were distributed. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine differences between groups. Of 210 children, 44 (21%) were born prematurely, 154 (73.3%) mothers were married and 176 (83.8%) lived with the father of their child in the same household. The results showed that the degree of quality of the mother's relationship with the child's father is approximately the same for mothers who gave birth prematurely and for those who gave birth at term, so there were no differences in this factor between the two groups of mothers. The results of other researchers have shown the positive impact of partners on pregnancy and the overall well-being of the mothers. However, our research has not confirmed the positive effect of the quality of the relationship between mother and father of her child on reducing the incidence of premature births. Further research is needed to clarify how specifically and whether the quality of the relationship between parents can affect the incidence of premature births at all.

Trauma of shared past in Avni Doshi’s Girl in White Cotton

Voicing the unvoiced thoughts of the human psyche and human demeanour finds its appropriate representation in literature through explorative narratives. Literature represents an unsettling, tenebrous side of human existence that has been tainted by trauma and pain. The term “trauma” is derived from a Greek word which means "wound" or "infiltration." Trauma becomes a metaphor for the struggles and demanding situations of late-twentieth-century life in a society captivated by suffering and victimization. Literature plays an important part in depicting human experiences, emotions, and representations of conventional trauma tales. Motherhood is the most significant and heavenly duty in a woman's life. Throughout childhood, a child is constantly exposed to his or her surroundings, from which they acquire their first lessons. As a result, a mother's relationship with her child during childhood has a significant influence on the child's future behaviour. Trauma is a psychological wound inflicting the mind, causing long-term damaging effects. A child's trauma symbolises a multitude of circumstances, including abandonment and maltreatment. It had a bitter experience in its previous incarnation, that lasts for the rest of its life.

"My problem is that I live next door to my mother-in-law": Arab women's postpartum experiences with positive and negative social interactions and the impact on their well-being: A qualitative study.

Social support is commonly associated with women's postpartum health. Yet such support can also have unintended effects and trigger negative reactions. This study provides a qualitative examination of the positive and negative social interactions described by Arab postpartum women. Participants were Arab women recruited at Mother and Child Healthcare Clinics (MCHC). Inclusion criteria were married women over the age of 18 with a healthy newborn who described both positive and negative social experiences. Exclusion criteria were signs of postpartum depression. Data were gathered using semi-structured in-depth interviews that were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Themes and categories were extracted based on interpretative phenomenological analysis. The impact of lived experiences on the well-being of postpartum women was explored. Data analysis revealed three main themes: (1) Support from the family and community: positive impact on the mother; (2) Negative social interactions as invasion of mother's personal space; (3) Impact of negative social interactions on mother's relationship with her family. A deeper understanding of the social environment of these women and the factors that affect their well-being during the critical postpartum period can help MCHC staff offer culturally appropriate support and relevant interventions.

Pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum in wealthy noble families in the first half of the 18th century in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The article deals with the experience of pregnancy and early motherhood in relation to the milieu of the magnates and nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the first half of the 18th century. The analysis covers extensive source material which includes the preservedcollections of private correspondence of representatives of wealthy nobility and magnates, withparticular emphasis on the female half of this population. In turn, this material has been split by selected key issues, such as: trying to have children, pregnancy, birth, postpartum period, andearly motherhood. Problems resulting from these stages of motherhood have been analysed in a broad context, considering both mental issues – fulfilling the socially expected role of wife and mother, dealing with new situations and diffi culties, building relationships with new-born children – and physical elements, such as health, sickness, dealing with weakness and new responsibilities.

Coping Behavior and Child-Parent Relationshipin Mothers and Children in Alcoholic Families

Coping Behavior and Child-Parent Relationshipin Mothers and Children in Alcoholic Families

Exclusive Breastfeeding Based On The Characteristics Of Breastfeeding Mothers In Kutelintang Village, Belangkejeren District, Gayo Lues Regency

Exclusive breastfeeding is one way to obtain good growth and development of infants. Because milk contains all the essential nutrients that babies need for growth and development and contains antibodies to the baby's immune. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the characteristics of nursing mothers to exclusive breastfeeding in the village Kutelintang Belangkejeren District of Gayo Lues District. This research is an analytical method with a sample size of 19 people. The instrument in this research is a questionnaire that contains the characteristics of nursing mothers and 7 the question of exclusive breastfeeding. The results showed that as much as 44.6% with sig. 0.027 this can be seen from the characteristics of the mother's relationship with breastfeeding simultaneously. And after statistical analysis test using Pearson chi square it was found that there was no significant relationship between the age of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.291). However, there was a significant relationship between the education level of breastfeeding mothers and exclusive breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.007). From the results of this study are expected to be useful for nursing mothers, researchers and for society kutelintang village in order to improve and provide counseling tentangg benefits of exclusive breastfeeding.