Pregnant Mothers Research Articles

Maternal dietary diversity and its association with infant birth weight: a healthcare centre based cross-sectional study

BackgroundMaternal nutrition during pregnancy is essential to fetal growth and producing a healthy child. This study aims to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary diversity and neonatal weight among pregnant women referred to health centers in Qazvin.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 1076 pregnant women referred to healthcare centers affiliated by Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from April to June 2019. The dietary information of study participants was collected by a food frequency questionnaire. It was used to determine their dietary patterns by applying a factor analysis with a varimax rotation using SPSS software, version 20. Regarding the women's Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), women were categorized into two groups: inadequate (DDS < 4) and adequate (DDS ≥ 4) dietary diversity. The primary outcome was birth weight, and a log-binomial model was run to test the association between DSS and birth outcomes in the study population. The analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics for Windows version 20.0.ResultsStudy findings revealed that mothers with higher dietary diversity scores were those with normal BMI and normal levels of hemoglobin who had 8–10.9 kg maternal weight gain and were headed by an employed husband (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the risk of low birth weight in newborns of mothers with inadequate dietary patterns was 2.6 times higher (ARR = 95% CI 2.6, 1.4, 5.12) compared to the newborns from mothers with adequate diets.ConclusionInsufficient intake of dietary diversity during pregnancy can potentially increase the likelihood of low birth weight in newborns. Thus, we recommend that health system authorities prioritize the planning for healthy nutrition of pregnant mothers in different geographical regions, specifically remote, rural, and deprived areas of the country.

Impact of ‘decision-to-delivery’ interval on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a retrospective study of emergency caesarean section from 2017 to 2021 at a secondary health facility in Nigeria

BackgroundThe decision-to-delivery interval (DDI) for a caesarean section is among the factors that reflect the quality of care a pregnant woman receives and the impact on maternal and foetal outcomes and should not exceed 30 min especially for Category 1 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines. Herein, we evaluated the effect of decision-to-delivery interval on the maternal and perinatal outcomes among emergency caesarean deliveries at a secondary health facility in north-central Nigeria.MethodsWe conducted a four-year retrospective descriptive analysis of all emergency caesarean sections at a secondary health facility in north-central Nigeria. We included pregnant mothers who had emergency caesarean delivery at the study site from February 10, 2017, to February 9, 2021.ResultsOut of 582 who underwent an emergency caesarean section, 550 (94.5%) had a delayed decision-to-delivery interval. The factors associated with delayed decision-to-delivery interval included educational levels (both parents), maternal occupation, and booking status. The delayed decision-to-delivery interval was associated with an increase in perinatal deaths with an odds ratio (OR) of 6.9 (95% CI, 3.166 to 15.040), and increased odds of Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) admissions (OR 9.8, 95% CI 2.417 to 39.333). Among the maternal outcomes, delayed decision-to-delivery interval was associated with increased odds of sepsis (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.960 to 8.933), hypotension (OR 3.8, 95% 1.626 TO 9.035), and cardiac arrest (OR 19.5, 95% CI 4.634 to 82.059).ConclusionThis study shows a very low optimum DDI, which was associated with educational levels, maternal occupation, and booking status. The delayed DDI increased the odds of perinatal deaths, SCBU admission, and maternal-related complications.

Pendampingan Pencegahan Risiko Anak Stunting pada Masyarakat, Kader Kesehatan, dan Guru PAUD/TK

The risk of stunting in Batetangnga Village is elevated because a significant number of pregnant mothers and toddlers are malnourished and lack adequate maternal knowledge. Furthermore, cadres and PAUD/TK teachers have not received any training to identify children who are at risk of stunting. The aimed of this community services are to improve participants' knowledge, awareness, motivation, and skills in stunting risk detection, prevention, and management. The results will be accurately measured, evaluated, and interpreted by skilled officers. The support method entails the following: [1] educating pregnant mothers and young mothers, health officers, and PAUD/TK teachers about (a) pregnant women who may be causing the child to stunt; (b) the risk of stunting for young children; and [2] providing health cadres and teachers of PAUD/TTK with training on identifying stunting risks in young children. The results indicated that there was a rise in knowledge from 78.9% to 81.8%, a rise in awareness from 66.7% to 73.8%, and a rise in motivation from 54.5% to 57.6% in the context of the detection, prevention, and treatment of children with stunting risks. Skilled officers promptly identify the potential for stunting. Accompanying activities are advantageous in enhancing the community's, health cadres', and PAUD/TK teachers' ability to prevent stunting in children.

Faktor Resiko Umur &gt;35 Tahun dan Anemia Ringan

Based on data obtained from the Pangkah Health Center, Tegal Regency in 2022, the number of maternal mortality rates (MMR) was 2 cases caused by amniotic fluid bleeding and embolism, whereas in 2023 it was zero or non-existent (Recap of PWS KIA data from Pangkah Community Health Center 2023). The aim of this study was to examine obstetric cases with high risk aged &gt;35 years and mild anemia. This research uses a case study approach. The research subject was pregnant mother Mrs. A is 36 years old with high risk, aged &gt;35 years and mild anemia. Data was taken from October to November 2023. Data was taken using interviews, observation and documentation, the results during pregnancy, the subjects accepted to have their Hb checked because at visit 2 the Hb was low and the results were the same as at visit 3-4 the Hb was high and normal. Pregnant women aged &gt;35 years are still often found or are more at risk because the mother's health has declined, as a result pregnant women at that age have a high probability of preeclampsia, bleeding, preterm labor and others. Suggestion: if a similar case is found, collaboration with a doctor is necessary. during pregnancy until postpartum, apart from that it is necessary to involve the family, especially the child during pregnancy and after the baby is born.

Presentasi Bokong dan Kek

The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Tegal Regency in 2022 reached a high number, namely 27 cases, 13 of which occurred during the postpartum period, 10 cases during pregnancy, 4 cases during childbirth. Based on data obtained from the Lebaksiu Community Health Center from September to October 2023, there were no maternal and infant deaths. The number of pregnant women at high risk was 115 cases. These include pregnant women with breech presentation, Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), age &lt; 20 years, age &gt; 35 years, child spacing &lt; 2, history of CS, TB &lt; 145 cm, HBSAg (+), HIV (+), anemia, history asthma, grand multipara, history of abortion, history of PEB and syphilis (+). The aim of this study was to examine obstetric cases with breech presentation and CED. This research uses a case study approach. The research subject was pregnant mother Mrs. S is 24 years old with breech presentation and CED. Data was taken from September to November 2023. Data was taken using interviews, observation and documentation, the results during the subject's pregnancy were successful in making the pregnancy normal. However, during labor, fetal hypoxia was experienced, so collaboration was carried out with the doctor, after management was carried out according to the doctor's advice, the fetal condition was normal and a SC delivery was carried out. During the postpartum period and the newborn is in normal and healthy condition. Suggestion: it is hoped that if a similar case is found there needs to be collaboration with doctors during pregnancy until postpartum, apart from that it is necessary to involve the family during pregnancy until postpartum.

Post-Partum Clinical and Patient-Reported Outcome Changes in Mothers with Multiple Sclerosis: Findings from the NAPPREMS Study.

Background and Objective: Pregnancy in mothers with multiple sclerosis (MS) commonly results in significant changes in disease activity and changes in clinical care, including the discontinuation of disease modifying therapy (DMT). This study aimed at understanding the clinical and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) before, during and 1-year after delivery. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 pregnant mothers with MS were recruited as part of the study. Clinical (relapse activity and disability changes), PRO information and MRI outcomes were collected on four separate visits: one baseline visit-0-30 days post-delivery; and 3 follow-up visits at week 24, week 36 and week 52 from the baseline. PRO was assessed using a validated questionnaire called the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Function (FSMC). The MRI scans were analyzed, and the count of new T2 lesions and/or contrast-enhancing lesions was determined. Results: The average time between delivery and the start of DMT was 142.5 days. Relapse activity before the pregnancy was numerically linked with the activity during the pregnancy, where up to 57.1% of the activity during pregnancy occurred in pwMS with previously active disease before conception (statistically trending with p = 0.073). The relapse activity after the pregnancy occurred twice as often in pwMS whose MS was clinically active before conception. All five pwMS who experienced a relapse prior to the pregnancy experienced worsening in their physical PRO domain. Conclusions: Pre-pregnancy activity is crucial in the screening of mothers with MS at risk for post-partum relapses, worsening of clinical disability and/or PRO measures. A post-partum MS period may benefit from the routine PRO utilization and screening for its worsening. The inflammatory activity during pregnancy was not associated with short-term disease progression.

Predictors for 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in early pregnancy

Introduction: There are very few studies of vitamin D deficiency in Indonesia. Since vitamin D deficiency is indicated by the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) in blood, the present study aimed to analyse the predictive factors of 25(OH) D concentration in early pregnancy. Methods: The present study was a crosssectional observational study. The sample consisted of 67 pregnant women in their 1st trimester of pregnancy. Parameters assessed included levels of 25(OH)D, glucose, and haemoglobin in the blood. Demographic information such as parity, family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), exposure to cigarette smoke, physical activity level, dietary intake, and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Linear regression analysis was employed. Results: Mean concentration of 25(OH)D was 16.5 (6.6-34.1) ng/ml. Majority of the participants (77.6%) were deficient in vitamin D (25(OH)D &lt;20ng/mL); only 1.5% had normal vitamin D levels (25(OH)D &gt;30 ng/ mL). Bivariate analysis performed revealed that vitamin D intake (p=0.002) and family history of DM (p=0.043) played a significant role in determining 25(OH)D concentration. Additionally, dietary vitamin D intake, blood glucose level, exposure to cigarette smoke, and parental DM history served as predictors of 25(OH)D concentration in 54.5% of cases. Conclusion: The findings indicate that vitamin D deficiency was high in the target population. Thus, it is critical to ensure that for pregnant women to take vitamin D supplements, since nearly 80% of pregnant mothers are vit D deficient. Vitamin D supplementation can be included in national pregnancy programmes

Health literacy and non-communicable disease knowledge of pregnant women and mothers in Tasmania: Qualitative exploration.

The World Health Organisation is prioritising health literacy development to address the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Empowering pregnant women and mothers through health literacy development may help to reduce the intergenerational impact of NCDs. However, significant gaps exist in understanding the health literacy needs of this priority population globally. This study aimed to qualitatively explore the health literacy strengths and challenges as well as NCDs knowledge and beliefs of pregnant women and mothers with young children (0-8 years) in Tasmania. Data were collected online using in-depth semi-structured interviews and analysed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis. Twenty women (mean age 35.5 years, standard deviation 5.13) participated. Four parent themes were generated from the data: perceived knowledge and awareness of NCDs and their causative factors; social determinants of health and the surrounding environment; social networks and peer support as health navigator; and trust in health services and social connections. These themes highlighted diverse factors that influenced the participant's access and use of health information and services and their engagement in healthy lifestyle practices and active health management. Participants demonstrated good knowledge and awareness about NCDs and associated risk factors but experienced numerous health literacy strengths and challenges which influenced their access to health care and engagement in healthy lifestyle practices. This study highlights the need to address the diverse health literacy needs of pregnant women and mothers through codesigning locally informed health literacy development strategies combined with the creation of enabling service environments to reduce the growing burden of NCDs.

Pregnant mother’s intention to use mobile phone-based messaging interventions for improving maternal and newborn health practices in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia

BackgroundMobile phone-based messaging for maternal education has shown promising outcomes in promoting maternal and child healthcare in low- and middle-income countries, where there is poor utilization of healthcare services. However, the success of a mobile phone messaging-based intervention depends on identifying and addressing the underlying factors that determine its utilization before implementation.ObjectiveTo assess pregnant mothers’ intention to use a mobile phone-based messaging intervention to improve maternal and newborn health in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia.MethodThis study employed a cross-sectional study design among randomly selected pregnant mothers residing in six primary health care units that were selected from three districts of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were calculated and presented using tables. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of intention. Standardized regression coefficients were used to understand the effect of the independent variables and outcome variable. A 95% confidence interval and a p-value of < 0.05 were considered significant.ResultTwo hundred seventy-nine pregnant mothers participated in this study, resulting in a 98.9% response rate. Almost all (98.9%) respondents preferred the Afan Oromo language, 41.9% of respondents preferred the afternoon and 48.4% preferred receiving health information as text messages once daily. Having family members who can share SMS information (β = 0.098, 95% CI: (0.279—1.867), perceived usefulness (β = 0.283, 95% CI: (0.143—0.341), perceived easiness (β = 0.209, 95% CI: (0.054—0.392), perceived acceptability (β = 0.158, 95% CI: (0.007—0.178) and perceived feasibility (β = 0.186, 95% CI: (0.057—0.284) were found to have a positive significant association with the intention to use mobile phone-based messaging for maternal and newborn health.ConclusionThe majority of respondents preferred receiving mobile phone-based messaging on MNH in the Afan Oromo language, during the afternoon, and once daily. Having family members who share text message information, perceived usefulness, perceived easiness, perceived acceptability, and feasibility were significantly associated with intention. These findings highlight the importance of considering user preferences and determinants of intention when designing mobile phone-based messaging.

HUSBAND SUPPORT, ADVERSITY QUOTIENT, AND ANXIETY OF PRIMIGRAVIDA THIRD-TRIMESTER PREGNANT MOTHERS

This current study aims to investigate the negative relationship between husband’s support, adversity quotient,and anxiety of third-trimester primigravida pregnant mothers. A quantitative method with a cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 103 primigravida third-trimester mothers (Mean age = 27.02) who received prenatal care at the Sidoarjo health center was participated in this study. Data were collected using the Husband’s Support Scale (51 items, α = .96), the Adversity Quotient Scale (39 items, α = .93), and the Anxiety Scale of the Pregnant Mother (49 items, α = .92). Data analysis was conducted using the Multiple Linear Regression analysis with the assistance of SPSS version 24 for Windows. The results indicate negative relationships between husband’s support (r =-.581, p &lt;.001) and adversity quotient (r = -.612, p &lt;.001) with anxiety. The husband’s support and adversity quotient are together explaining 37.9% variances of anxiety in primigravida third-trimester mothers (Adj. R2 = .379; F(32, 100) = 32.07, p &lt; .001). This research implies the importance of husband support for pregnant mothers and the need for mothers to develop adequate adversity quotient to manage pregnancy related anxiety.

Exploring cytokine levels in pregnancy, preeclampsia, and sepsis-complicated preeclampsia

Around the world, preeclampsia (PE) influences five to eight percent of pregnancies and contributes significantly to maternal mortality. This study applies a scientific observational cross-sectional review to examine how TNF-α, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 play their roles in normal pregnancy, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia associated with sepsis. Blood tests were gathered from subjects at a local medical clinic in Malang, Indonesia, and TNF-α, TNF-R1, and TNF-R2 levels were surveyed utilizing the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) strategy. The results demonstrate raised TNF-α levels in both preeclampsia and preeclampsia with sepsis, along with expanded TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 receptor levels, signifying their association in these circumstances. Validation through bigger scope studies is basic, possibly situating TNF-α as an early indicative biomarker for sepsis. This study highlights the importance of TNF-α in pregnant mothers with preeclampsia and preeclampsia muddled by sepsis, uncovering possible analytic and remedial avenues.

Effectiveness of peanut ball intervention on childbirth experiences, maternal satisfaction and behavioural responses among pregnant mothers: A randomised control trial

IntroductionA positive childbirth experience and satisfaction are the key indicators defining the quality of care pregnant mothers receive in a healthcare institution. Therefore, researchers have sought multiple strategies to improve childbirth experience and maternal satisfaction. In light of this background, the current research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of peanut ball intervention in improving maternal satisfaction and promoting positive childbirth experiences and behavioural responses. MethodsThe current research employed a randomised control trial in which 768 low-risk primigravid women were recruited into two groups: treatment (n = 384) and control (n = 384). A comparative evaluation of the outcomes was carried out between the peanut ball intervention provided to the treatment group and the standard care provided to the control group. Data was collected using an observation checklist for behavioural response and a questionnaire for childbirth experience and maternal satisfaction. ResultsThe study revealed a significant mean score difference in behavioural response, childbirth experience and maternal satisfaction, indicating the effectiveness of the peanut ball intervention in improving these outcomes. ConclusionThe peanut ball intervention can effectively improve positive behavioural response, childbirth experience and maternal satisfaction among low-risk primigravid women. The current study provides insight into healthcare providers' consideration of the peanut ball intervention among pregnant mothers as a safe and comfortable method of childbirth.

Drug addiction and its Effect on the Pregnant Mother and her Fetus

Drug addiction and its Effect on the Pregnant Mother and her Fetus

The impact of social isolation policies during COVID-19 on suburban mothers and pregnant women with opioid use disorder

ABSTRACT The aim of this qualitative research paper was to identify how social isolation policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the lives of pregnant women and mothers with opioid use disorder. Between 2020 and 2022, in-depth interviews were conducted with 37 mothers and pregnant women living in the suburbs of Newark, NJ, and New Haven, CT. Participants had to be at least 18 years old, misused or abused opioids in the last 12 months while residing in a suburban location, and pregnant or caring for children aged 12 and younger. We used syndemics theory to guide our grounded theory analysis to identify relationships between social situations, health conditions, and opioid use disorder. Five major themes emerged that were either directly or indirectly impacted by social isolation caused by policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic: Relationships, Environment, Services, Drug Use, and Health. Findings from this study reveal new insights into how mothers and their health were impacted by prolonged social isolation policies and offer suggestions for policymakers and service providers to better address future crisis.

Determinants of prenatal breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy among Burmese migrant pregnant mothers in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe study aimed to explore the determinants of prenatal breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy among Burmese migrant pregnant mothers in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand.DesignThe data were collected as part of...

Challenges That Hinder Pregnant Mothers and Their Utilization of Maternal Healthcare Services in Nigeria

Women of reproductive age are prone to face deaths and complications from maternal-related health issues if they do not utilize proper healthcare services. Certain challenges act as a disparity and hinder women of reproductive age from accessing maternal health care services leading to deaths and further complications. The study investigated the challenges in pregnancy and how they create disparities in the health of women through poor utilization of maternal healthcare services. The study adopted a phenomenological qualitative design and data was gathered through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The sample size for this study was 24 women of reproductive age from Okrika Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Results of the study revealed that the majority of the women had a good knowledge of maternal healthcare services. Still, there was poor utilization of these care services due to challenges resulting from poverty, distance, religious beliefs, and inappropriate staff attitude which leads to poor care of the pregnant mother and the fetus resulting in preventable deaths and complications. The study concludes that these challenges that affect the utilization of maternal healthcare services must be addressed in order to help promote women’s health and also improve the actualization of Sustainable Development Goals. Thus, there is a need for social service research that highlights the plights of women of reproductive age to ensure that their lives, health, and well-being are promoted. This study also recommends the continuous training of health workers to enable them to know how best to attend to these women.

Dietary diversity and iron deficiency anemia among a cohort of singleton pregnancies: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundIron deficiency anemia (IDA) is considered one of the most common medical disorders observed during pregnancy. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), anemia and micronutrients deficiencies among pregnant women are associated with low consumption of animal products, monotonous starchy-diets, and seasonal consumption of vegetables and fruits.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 198 pregnant mothers aged between 19–45 years who visited the antenatal care clinics in Northern Jordan to document the prevalence of IDA and to describe the associations between dietary diversity, diet quality scores and oral iron supplementation with the pregnant women iron status. Participants were stratified into three groups by gestational age (n = 66 women per group). Gestational age, blood parameters, minimum dietary diversity score (MDD-W), and prime diet quality score for healthy (PDQSHF) and unhealthy foods (PDQSUF) were assessed using 24- hour dietary recall.ResultsPrevalence of mild to moderate anemia was 27.8% among pregnant women. Third-trimester pregnant women were most affected. 52.5% have depleted iron stores (ferritin < 15 ng/ml), of them 30.8% have iron deficiency, and 21.7% have IDA. The (M ± SD) of the MDD-W, PDQSHF, and PDQSUF were 4.8 ± 1.6, 12.8 ± 3.9, and 7.2 ± 2.8 respectively. 52.5% achieved the MDD-W, 68% consumed < 4 servings/week of healthy food groups, and 50% consumed > 4 servings/week of unhealthy food groups. Mothers with higher MDD-W and PDQS had higher Hb and serum concentrations. Those taking iron supplements had significantly (p = 0.001) higher means of Hb, serum ferritin, and gestational weight gain. Significant differences were also found between PDQSHF, PDQSUF and the first and third trimester.ConclusionsMild to moderate IDA is prevalent among pregnant mothers, especially in the third trimester. However, the prevalence of IDA among Jordanian pregnant women is lower than the global average. A high-quality, diverse diet, combined with oral iron supplementation and food fortification with iron, will help improve iron status, prevent anemia, and reduce its prevalence.

Determinants and willingness to practice obstetric analgesia among women attending antenatal clinic at Dr. Bogalech Gebre Memorial General Hospital Central Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundLabor pain is uniquely experienced and described by the woman giving birth, and it is often considered one of the most excruciating experiences for many women. This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with the willingness to receive labor analgesia among women attending the antenatal clinic at Dr. Bogalech Gebre Memorial General Hospital Central Ethiopia in 2022.MethodsAn institution-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2022. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires by a convenience sampling technique. Data was entered in EpiData 4.2 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Both Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to determine factors associated with pregnant women’s willingness to choose labor analgesia. Crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) were computed to assess the association between variables.ResultsA total of 398 pregnant women have participated in the study with a response rate of 94%. Nearly 30%, (29.4%) of the pregnant women had a willingness to practice labor pain management. Being a housewife (AOR: 8.35, 95% CI: 2.07, 33.63). Women who live in urban (AOR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.29, 5.29). Having had awareness about labor analgesia (AOR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.60) and the short duration of labor time (AOR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.96) were statistically significant with a willingness to practice labor analgesia.ConclusionWe conclude that the willingness of pregnant mothers’ toward obstetric analgesia practice was low in the study area. Being a housewife, urban residence, awareness about labor analgesia, and short duration of labor were statistically significant with the willingness of the mothers to practice labor analgesia. To increase willingness to use labor analgesia, authorities should prioritize delivering health education on pain management choices to address concerns and promote effective methods and practices.

Regular Consumption of Iron Tablets With Anemia in Pregnant Mothers

Pregnant mothers are one of the groups vulnerable to malnutrition, as there is an increased nutritional need to meet the needs of the mother and the conceived fetus. During pregnancy, the benefits of taking iron tablets or Fe regularly can increase Hb levels so that pregnant mothers do not subsequently have anaemia and can prevent the occurrence of bleeding at the time of delivery, but there are still many pregnant women who are irregular in taking iron pills up to at least 90 tablets. Objective: This study aims to find out the link between regular consumption of iron tablets and the incidence of anaemia in pregnant women in the village of Margorejo. Methods: The type of surveillance used is analytical observational with a Crosectional approach. The population in this study is a pregnant woman of the third trimester in the village of Margorejo. The sample was taken using a saturated sampling method of 30 respondents. The data analysis used is a know-control correlation test. Results: Research results show that the correlation value is 0.541 and the p-value is 0.015 with a significant value of α 0.05. Conclusion: there is a link between regular consumption of iron tablets and anaemia in pregnant mothers

Systemic/Immune-Modulation of Olea europaea Leaf Extract in Fetuses of Alloxan-Induced T1 Diabetic Rats.

Maternal glucose is the principal macronutrient that sustains fetal growth. Prolonged exposure of the fetus to hyperglycemia from the early stages of pregnancy accelerates the maturation of the stimulus-secretion coupling mechanism in β cell autoimmunity, which leads to early hyperinsulinemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Nowadays, diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common medical complication of pregnancy, and among young women, the prevalence of overt diabetes and undiagnosed hyperglycemia is rising. Even though conventional medication is effective in treating DM, it is expensive and has harmful side effects. Herbal medicine will thus incorporate alternative therapy and be more effective and less toxic. Due to their bioactive components, olive leaves (Olea europaea) are frequently used medicinally; however, little is known about how this plant affects the immune system when it comes to diabetes. The current study used a pregnant mother rat model of alloxan-induced T1DM to examine the antidiabetic properties and embryonic safety of olive leaves. Forty adult female Sprague Dawley rats were split up into four groups as follows: nondiabetic, diabetic, olive, and diabetic-olive groups. All the mother rats were sacrificed on the 20th day of pregnancy, and fetuses were collected for further investigations. In diabetic pregnant mothers, fetuses had systemic modulation-negative effects. These effects were significantly reversed when the diabetic groups were supplemented with extracts from olive leaves. The findings showed that the olive leaf extract inhibits the diabetogenic effect mediated by alloxan with effective and protective systemic immunomodulation during embryonic development.